芒果老叶在增强UV-B辐射处理下的损伤和保护反应

以‘台衣一号’芒果盆栽苗离体老叶为试材,研究增强UV—B辐射条件下芒果老叶的损伤和保护反应。结果表明：UV—B辐射处理使芒果叶片MDA含量和相对电导率升高、叶绿素含量和叶绿素a／b降低,表明叶片受到损伤,且随处理时间延长叶片损伤加重。UV—B辐射处理叶片可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶（SOD、CAT、POD）活性、保护色素（类胡萝卜素、类黄酮）和还原型GSH含量显著高于对照叶片,UV—B辐射处理叶片维生素C含量显著低于对照叶片,表明增强UV—B辐射可诱导叶片细胞通过提高活性氧清除能力和积累保护色素而直接吸收部分UV—B辐射来提高抗增强UV—B辐射损伤的能力。     

外源NO对UV-B胁迫下红豆杉抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)对紫外线-B( UV-B)辐射胁迫下植物抗氧化系统的影响,以盆栽5年生南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)幼苗为材料,硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)为外源NO供体,设置CK(对照)、SNP(+0.1 mmol·L-1SNP)、UV-B(+4.22 kJ·m-2·d-1 UV-B)及UV-B+ SNP(+0.1 mmol·L-1 SNP+4.22 kJ·m-2·d-1UV-B)4个处理,研究外源NO对UV-B胁迫下南方红豆杉幼苗针叶过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、脂质过氧化程度及抗氧化物质含量的影响.结果表明:UV-B胁迫显著提高了南方红豆杉针叶H2O2及MDA含量(P＜0.05),施加外源NO降低UV-B胁迫下针叶H2O2及MDA含量,提高紫杉醇、类黄酮及类胡萝卜素等抗氧化物质含量(P＜0.05);各处理对抗氧化酶活性影响不同,SNP处理显著提高针叶中CAT和POD活性(P＜0.05),UV-B和SNP+UV-B处理均提高针叶中POD活性,降低CAT活性和APX活性(P＜0.05).本研究证实,外源NO可提高UV-B胁迫下植物抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量,降低其H2O2含量及脂质过氧化程度,从而在一定程度上缓解UV-B胁迫对植物的伤害.     

增强UV-B辐射与不同水平氮素对谷子（Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.） 叶片保护物质及保护酶的影响

研究了生长在1.875 mmol·L-1和15 mmol·L-1硝态氮素水平条件下的谷子(Setaria italica(L.)Beauv.)开花期间在进行强度为7.12 kJ·m-2.d-1增强UV.B辐射处理时叶片类黄酮含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和保护酶活性变化差异.主要结果表明在开花期无论是否进行增强UV-B辐射处理,较低水平氮素均比较高水平氮素更有利于提高谷子叶片PAL活性;叶片类黄酮含量除在进行增强UV-B处理时较低氮素条件下生长的谷子在开花末期显著高于较高氮素条件下生长的谷子外,受氮素水平影响不甚明显.而在开花期不进行与进行增强UV-B辐射处理,氮素水平对叶片保护酶的影响有所差异:不进行增强UV-B辐射处理,整个开花期氮素水平对谷子叶片SOD活性有显著影响而对ASP活性无显著影响,对CAT和POD活性则在开花期部分阶段有显著影响.进行增强UV-B辐射处理,整个开花期氮素水平对谷子叶片SOD与CAT活性有显著影响而对ASP、POD活性影响不显著.     

短期增强UV-B辐射对青榨槭幼苗生理特性的影响

在中国科学院茂县生态站选择2年生青榨槭幼苗进行室外盆栽实验,以人工增强0.27 W·m^-2(7.7kJ·m^-2·d^-1)的UV-B辐射剂量,研究模拟当地平流层臭氧削减1%时近地面太阳UV-B的增强对木本植物幼苗生理生态适应性的影响.处理0 d后,移除UV-B处理装置,就地测定气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数,并取样测定叶绿素及UV吸收物质含量.结果表明,增强UV-B辐射显著降低了青榨槭幼苗叶片最大净光合速率P_max(对照为6.214,处理为4.42),显著增加叶片暗呼吸速率Rd(对照为0.413,处理为1.29)和光补偿点LCP(对照为21.629,处理为9.861),但对表观量子速率a(对照为0.021,处理为0.032)影响不明显;它降低青榨槭幼苗每日净光合速率和水分利用效率,以及原初光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光化学量子产量(ΦPS∏).此外,增强UV-B辐射使叶片叶绿素a、b含量降低(对照为16.23,.39,处理为13.17,4.93),但对叶绿素b含量影响未达显著水平.增强UV-B处理降低了青榨槭幼苗UV吸收物质含量(对照为0.87,处理为0.79).光合指标、叶绿素荧光指标和叶绿素含量的变化有较好的一致性,表明增强UV-B对青榨槭幼苗的光合作用可能有一定的抑制作用.     

CO2浓度倍增减轻UV-B辐射对大棚番茄的抑制作用研究

在CO2浓度倍增(700 μmol·mol-1)条件下,以5个不同剂量的UV-B辐射对大棚番茄的光合作用及SOD、POD、CAT酶活性的影响进行了研究.结果表明CO2倍增能够明显提高番茄叶绿素含量、净光合速率和抗氧化酶活性.在CO2倍增条件下,低剂量UV-B辐射(<1.163 kJ·m-2·d-1)可以刺激番茄叶片叶绿素含量升高,抗氧化酶活性升高,与CO2的正效应有叠加现象,但对光合作用的影响不大;高剂量的UV-B(>1.163 kJ·m-2·d-1)辐射使植株的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和抗氧化酶活性降低,对植物产生胁迫作用,CO2倍增与UV-B辐射复合处理可以减弱和部分抵消这种抑制作用.     

增强UV-B辐射对麻花艽叶片的抗氧化酶的影响

以青藏高原的特有植物麻花艽为材料,研究麻花艽叶片抗氧化酶系统对增强UV-B辐射的响应。结果表明：在UV-B处理初期,麻花艽叶片SOD、POD的酶活性都能增加,但随着处理时间的延长,SOD、POD的活性呈现下降趋势。麻花艽叶片CAT的酶活性在UVB处理后下降明显,但作为清除叶绿体中H2O2的关键酶AP的酶活性表现为明显地增加趋势,说明在对麻花艽叶片增强UV-B辐射反应中AP起有着重要作用。MDA的含量随UV-B处理时间延长而增加,表明UV-B降低了细胞内活性氧自由基的清除能力,膜脂过氧化作用加剧,导致了对麻花艽叶片的伤害效应。     

增强UV-B辐射和干旱对春小麦光合作用及其生长的影响

在室外盆栽条件下研究了UV-B辐射和土壤干旱对春小麦 '和尚头'生长和光合作用的影响.结果显示:(1)干旱、UV-B辐射、干旱+UV-B(复合)处理均可使叶片类黄酮含量增加,且干旱+UV-B处理增加显著高于其他处理(P<0.05).UV-B辐射和干旱单独处理均能显著降低叶片光合色素含量,但UV-B辐射的副作用大于干旱,复合处理对光合色素的影响介于UV-B和干旱之间.(2)各处理间的光合速率日均值大小次序为:对照>UV-B+干旱>UV-B>干旱;增强UV-B对净光合速率的抑制作用大于干旱,而UV-B+干旱处理的抑制作用较二者单独处理有所减轻.(3)UV-B辐射和干旱单独处理后总生物量比对照减少15%,且抑制作用为:干旱>UV-B>复合处理; UV-B辐射和干旱胁迫不但影响春小麦的生物量,而且影响小穗特征和产量.研究表明,UV-B辐射和干旱之间存在交互作用,说明一种胁迫可以减缓(轻)另外一种胁迫对春小麦的抑制作用.     

UV-B辐射对报春花的生理生化效应

通过室内模拟试验,研究不同强度的UV-B辐射(10μW/cm2和20μW/cm2)对报春花生理代谢的影响,结果表明:(1)增强UV-B辐射下,报春花叶片叶绿素含量降低,且随UV-B辐射时间的延长,降低程度加大;(2)随UV-B辐射强度的增加,叶片质膜透性增加;(3)叶片类黄酮含量随着UV-B辐射强度的增加而增加,在辐射至40 d时,叶片类黄酮含量达到最大值;(4)增强UV-B辐射下,报春花花瓣中花青素含量增加.     

增强UV-B辐射和接种稻瘟病菌对2个水稻品种幼苗叶片3个生理指标的影响

通过盆栽实验研究了单一增强UV-B辐射(2.5、5.0和7.5 kJ·m-2·d-1)以及增强UV-B辐射和稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea,菌株Y98-16T和Y99-63C)侵染复合胁迫对水稻(Oryza sativa L. )品种'黄壳糯'('Huangkenuo')和'合系41'('Hexi-41')幼苗叶片相对电导率、MDA含量和SOD活性3个生理指标的影响.结果表明:在低剂量(2.5和5.0 kJ·m-2·d-1)单一UV-B辐射条件下,2个水稻品种幼苗叶片的3个生理指标均较对照(自然光)有所降低;而在高剂量(7.5 kJ·m-2·d-1)单一UV-B辐射条件下,2个水稻品种幼苗叶片的3个生理指标均较对照有所增加.与对照(仅接种稻瘟病菌)相比,经低剂量(2.5和5.0 kJ·m-2·d-1) UV-B辐射后再接种稻瘟病菌,'黄壳糯'幼苗叶片的3个生理指标总体上均降低;而经高剂量(7.5 kJ·m-2·d-1)UV-B辐射后再接种稻瘟病菌,'黄壳糯'幼苗叶片的3个生理指标均有所增加.经不同剂量UV-B辐射后再接种稻瘟病菌,'合系41'幼苗叶片的3个生理指标总体上均有所增加,且2个水稻品种幼苗叶片的相对电导率与SOD活性均有显著的正相关性(P<0.05).与对照(仅接种稻瘟病菌)相比,接种稻瘟病菌后再经不同剂量UV-B辐射处理,'黄壳糯'幼苗叶片的3个生理指标均有所增加;而 '合系41'幼苗叶片的3个生理指标变化各异.接种稻瘟病菌菌株Y98-16T后再用UV-B辐射处理,2个水稻品种幼苗叶片的3个生理指标间均有显著或极显著的正相关性(P<0.05或P<0.01);而接种稻瘟病菌菌株Y99-63C后再用UV-B辐射处理,2个水稻品种幼苗叶片的3个生理指标间无明显的相关性.研究结果显示,在增强UV-B辐射和稻瘟病菌侵染复合胁迫条件下,因2个胁迫因子的作用顺序不同、稻瘟病菌菌株不同、UV-B辐射量不同以及水稻品种的差异,水稻幼苗叶片的细胞膜透性、MDA含量和SOD活性呈现出不同的变化趋势.     

大田条件下增强UV-B辐射对元阳梯田2个地方水稻品种叶片形态解剖结构的影响

研究了大田原位种植条件下,人工模拟UV-B辐射增强(0、2.5、5.0、7.5kJ·m-2)对元阳梯田2个地方水稻品种——月亮谷、白脚老粳分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期的叶片形态解剖结构的影响。结果表明:(1)UV-B辐射增强导致2个供试水稻叶片的叶长、叶宽和单叶面积逐渐减小;叶片厚度显著或极显著增加;叶片上表皮厚度不同程度的增加和下表皮厚度显著或极显著减小;叶片上、下表皮角质层厚度显著或极显著增加;(2)对叶片解剖结构观察进一步发现,UV-B辐射增强导致水稻叶肉细胞排列疏松,细胞间隙增大;(3)2个供试水稻相比,只有5.0与7.5kJ·m-2UV-B辐射处理的白脚老粳叶片下表皮角质层厚度显著大于月亮谷,其他处理均没有显著性差异;(4)各辐射处理间的抑制率相比,2个供试水稻5.0和7.5kJ·m-2UV-B辐射处理的叶长、叶片上表皮厚度和下表皮角质层厚度以及白脚老粳7.5kJ·m-2UV-B辐射处理的单叶面积和叶片上表皮角质层厚度显著或极显著大于2.5kJ·m-2UV-B辐射处理,其他处理均无显著性差异。表明UV-B辐射增强对元阳梯田地方水稻品种叶片的形态、解剖结构有显著影响。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Five additional genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi from Europe

Three remarkable new genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi, with pycnidial or acervular conidiomata are described and illustrated.Hastifera tenuispora gen. et spec. nov. from the South-Tyrol, Italy, is characterized by very long and narrow hyaline conidia produced in pycnidial conidiomata immersed in thalline warts.Lichingoldia gyalectiformis gen. et spec. nov. from rocks subject to inundation by freshwater in Norway has long sigmoidly curved conidia which appear to be adapted to dispersal in water.Woessia fusarioides gen. et spec. nov. from aQuercus stump in the Burgenland, Austria, has a finely granular thallus and disc-like conidiomata producing falcate conidia; this species is also of interest in that it hasChlorella as the photobiont. The recently described hyphomyceteCheiromycina flabelliformis B. Sutton is reported from Austria for the first time, and is also lichenized. Recent collections ofNigropuncta rugulosa D. Hawksw. from Austria and Italy also show that this species is lichenized rather than parasymbiotic. In all five cases the fungal hyphae of the conidiogenous structures are continuous with those in intimate contact with cells of the algal partners and the biological relationship appears to be mutualistic giving rise to stable crustose lichen thalli.