大田条件下增强UV-B辐射对元阳梯田2个地方水稻品种叶片形态解剖结构的影响

研究了大田原位种植条件下,人工模拟UV-B辐射增强(0、2.5、5.0、7.5kJ·m-2)对元阳梯田2个地方水稻品种——月亮谷、白脚老粳分蘖期、拔节期和孕穗期的叶片形态解剖结构的影响。结果表明:(1)UV-B辐射增强导致2个供试水稻叶片的叶长、叶宽和单叶面积逐渐减小;叶片厚度显著或极显著增加;叶片上表皮厚度不同程度的增加和下表皮厚度显著或极显著减小;叶片上、下表皮角质层厚度显著或极显著增加;(2)对叶片解剖结构观察进一步发现,UV-B辐射增强导致水稻叶肉细胞排列疏松,细胞间隙增大;(3)2个供试水稻相比,只有5.0与7.5kJ·m-2UV-B辐射处理的白脚老粳叶片下表皮角质层厚度显著大于月亮谷,其他处理均没有显著性差异;(4)各辐射处理间的抑制率相比,2个供试水稻5.0和7.5kJ·m-2UV-B辐射处理的叶长、叶片上表皮厚度和下表皮角质层厚度以及白脚老粳7.5kJ·m-2UV-B辐射处理的单叶面积和叶片上表皮角质层厚度显著或极显著大于2.5kJ·m-2UV-B辐射处理,其他处理均无显著性差异。表明UV-B辐射增强对元阳梯田地方水稻品种叶片的形态、解剖结构有显著影响。     

酸雨和UV-B对玉米幼苗光合速率和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以玉米( Zea mays L.)的两个品种渝糯7号和苏玉糯为研究材料, 研究酸雨与UV-B辐射单一因子和复合处理对植物光合作用及抗氧化酶活性的影响机理, 模拟酸雨[pH6.5(A0), 4.5(A1)和3.5(A2)]和增强UV-B辐射[0(B0), 2.88(B1)和5 76(B2)kJ·m-2·d-1]及其复合作用下, 玉米叶片光合速率, 膜脂过氧化程度, 抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明, 与对照相比, 酸雨或增强UV-B辐射单因素处理下两个品种的玉米幼苗所测生理指标有相似的变化, 基本表现为: 净光合速率和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低, 质膜透性与丙二醛(MDA)含量增加, 过氧化物酶(POD)活性亦增加, 超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性随处理时间延长先升高后降低.复合处理下, 两个品种的玉米幼苗所测生理指标与对照相比也与单因素处理表现相似, 且随处理组合的不同, 复合胁迫下各指标的效果可能表现为协同效应, 但更多地表现为拮抗作用.以上结果说明, 模拟UV-B辐射升高和酸雨pH值降低促进了玉米叶片活性氧的代谢速率, 导致了抗氧化酶系统的紊乱, 抑制了光合作用.在复合处理下, 两个因子对不同指标在不同处理时间和复合水平下, 表现出一定的协同或拮抗效应可能与作物对环境变化产生一定的抗逆性和适应性有关.在不同时期两玉米品种对紫外辐射与酸雨敏感性不同.与苏玉糯相比, 渝糯7号对外界环境变化的抗性更大.     

He-Ne激光对小麦幼苗增强UV-B辐射损伤的修复研究

分别采用5mW·mm-2He-Ne激光辐照和增强UV-B辐射(10.08kJ·m-2·d-1)及其二者组合对晋麦8号小麦幼苗进行处理,5d后测定各处理幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白、硝酸还原酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性的变化以分析He-Ne激光对小麦幼苗受增强UV-B损伤的修复作用.结果显示:He-Ne激光辐照可使UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白含量增加,谷氨酸脱氢酶活性增强,而使硝酸还原酶活性先升高后降低.表明小麦幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白、谷氨酸脱氢酶、硝酸还原酶的变化同小麦幼苗损伤修复的能力相关,一定剂量的He-Ne激光辐照可部分修复增强UV-B对小麦幼苗氮代谢水平的辐射损伤.     

茉莉酸对小麦幼苗UV-B抗性的生理学效应研究

以小麦品种‘西农88’(Triticum aestivum L.,cv.Xinong 88)为材料,研究了外源施加不同浓度茉莉酸(1、2.5、5、10 mmol/L)对UV-B辐射(1.5 kJ·m-2·d-1)下小麦幼苗光合色素、抗氧化酶、丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、紫外吸收物、花青素、根系活力等生理指标以及对其生长的影响,探讨了茉莉酸在UV-B辐射胁迫中的可能作用及其作用机制.研究结果表明,外源茉莉酸对小麦幼苗生理指标产生显著影响,并且表现出浓度效应,其中较低浓度的茉莉酸(1 mmol/L和2.5 mmol/L)能明显提高小麦幼苗的UV-B抗性.表现为低浓度茉莉酸显著提高UV-B辐射下小麦幼苗叶片中的总叶绿素含量、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性.并且外源施加的茉莉酸还能够增加小麦幼苗的游离脯氨酸含量,降低脂质过氧化水平,提高花青素含量,增强根系活力.可见,茉莉酸通过提高小麦幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,增加渗透调节物含量以及保护性色素含量,从而缓解膜脂过氧化程度和提高防御物质含量,进而增强植物抵抗UV-B辐射胁迫的能力,保证小麦幼苗正常生长.     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗根抗氧化酶的影响

采用5 mW·mm-2He-Ne激光辐照、10.08 kJ·m-2d-1 UV-B辐射及二者组合对冬小麦“临优2018”幼苗进行处理,研究各处理组幼苗根过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及同工酶变化.研究结果显示,增强UV-B辐射能抑制POD、CAT和SOD的活性,差异显著,关闭了...     

He—Ne激光对UV—B辐射小麦幼苗糖代谢的影响

分别采用5 mW·mm-2 He-Ne激光辐照、10.08 kJ·m-2·d-1 增强UV-B辐射及二者组合对"晋麦8号"小麦幼苗进行处理,测定各处理幼苗叶片可溶性糖、还原性糖、蔗糖合成酶(SS)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS) 以及α,β-淀粉酶的变化.研究分析He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射引起小麦损伤的修复效应.结果表明:He-Ne激光辐照可使UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗可溶性糖含量升高,还原性糖含量降低,SS,SPS活力降低,α,β-淀粉酶活力升高.该结果同时表明可溶性糖、还原性糖、SS、SPS、α,β-淀粉酶的变化同小麦幼苗损伤修复的能力相关,一定剂量的He-Ne激光辐照可部分修复增强UV-B对小麦幼苗糖代谢的辐射损伤.     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼叶叶绿素荧光和Rubisco活化酶的影响

选用小麦‘ML7113’品种为材料,人工模拟He-Ne激光(5mJ·s-1·mm-2)、增强UV-B(10.8kJ·m-2·d-1)辐射及两者复合辐照进行处理,利用叶绿素荧光仪、考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法和PCR技术研究7d龄小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性、Rubisco活化酶含量、基因表达量及其基因序列的变化。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,增强UV-B辐射后,小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性减弱,Rubisco活化酶含量及其基因表达量均下降;而低剂量的He-Ne激光辐照后能够在一定程度上修复经UV-B辐射后对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性所造成的损伤,且使Rubisco活化酶含量及其基因表达量上升。(2)与对照组相比,经He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射以及两者复合辐照处理后基因序列均出现两个相同的点突变,但并未造成氨基酸序列的变化。研究认为,低剂量He-Ne激光辐照能够在一定程度上修复受UV-B辐射小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光活性、Rubisco活化酶含量及其基因表达量的降低;He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗Rubisco活化酶活性的影响可能发生在其转录水平,从而使小麦光合能力发生相应的变化。     

He-Ne激光和增强UV-B辐射对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的影响

选用"ML7113"小麦幼苗为材料,分别采用He-Ne激光(5mW·mm-2)和增强UV-B(10.8 kJ/m-2·d-1)辐射以及两者的复合辐照进行处理,利用PAM-2100便携式叶绿素荧光仪测定小麦幼苗在不同处理天数(5、6、7、8)下叶绿素荧光特性的变化。结果表明:增强UV-B辐射后,随着处理时间的延长,小麦幼苗的Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm、qP、ФPSⅡ、叶绿素含量的值均逐渐下降,qN值均逐渐升高,从而不断减弱小麦幼苗的叶绿体荧光特性;而低剂量的He-Ne激光辐照后能够在一定程度上修复经UV-B辐射后对小麦幼苗叶绿素荧光所造成的损伤。     

He-Ne激光对UV-B辐射小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

分别采用5 mW.mm-2He-Ne激光辐照、10.08 kJ.m-2.d-1的UV-B辐射及二者组合对‘晋麦8号’小麦幼苗进行处理,5 d后测定各处理幼苗叶片超氧阴离子(O 2)产生速率,丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、抗坏血酸(AsA)及类胡萝卜素(Car)的变化,分析He-Ne激光对增强UV-B辐射引起小麦损伤的修复效应。结果显示:He-Ne激光辐照可使UV-B辐射后小麦幼苗超氧阴离子的产生速率和MDA含量均减小,GR和APX活性升高,AsA和Car含量增加。表明超氧阴离子的产生速率、MDA、GR、APX、AsA和Car变化同小麦幼苗损伤修复的能力相关,一定剂量的He-Ne激光辐照可部分修复增强UV-B对小麦幼苗抗氧化系统的辐射损伤。     

外源NO对UV-B胁迫下红豆杉抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)对紫外线-B( UV-B)辐射胁迫下植物抗氧化系统的影响,以盆栽5年生南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)幼苗为材料,硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP)为外源NO供体,设置CK(对照)、SNP(+0.1 mmol·L-1SNP)、UV-B(+4.22 kJ·m-2·d-1 UV-B)及UV-B+ SNP(+0.1 mmol·L-1 SNP+4.22 kJ·m-2·d-1UV-B)4个处理,研究外源NO对UV-B胁迫下南方红豆杉幼苗针叶过氧化氢(H2O2)含量、脂质过氧化程度及抗氧化物质含量的影响.结果表明:UV-B胁迫显著提高了南方红豆杉针叶H2O2及MDA含量(P＜0.05),施加外源NO降低UV-B胁迫下针叶H2O2及MDA含量,提高紫杉醇、类黄酮及类胡萝卜素等抗氧化物质含量(P＜0.05);各处理对抗氧化酶活性影响不同,SNP处理显著提高针叶中CAT和POD活性(P＜0.05),UV-B和SNP+UV-B处理均提高针叶中POD活性,降低CAT活性和APX活性(P＜0.05).本研究证实,外源NO可提高UV-B胁迫下植物抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化物质含量,降低其H2O2含量及脂质过氧化程度,从而在一定程度上缓解UV-B胁迫对植物的伤害.     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Determination of stoichiometry of radioiodination of proteins

A sensitive method for the detection of small quantities of hydrophobic antioxidant free radical scavengers such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous samples is described. The procedure involves extraction of the hydrophobic free radical scavenger into an organic solvent phase, followed by the subsequent reaction of an aliquot of this extract with the stable cation radical tris(p-bromophenyl)amminium hexachloroantimonate (TBACA). In experiments with BHT and BHA, the loss of TBACA absorbance at 730 nm was found to be linearly proportional to the amount of antioxidant added, with quantities of BHT as small as 200 pmol being easily detectable. In aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, assays of the aqueous BHT concentration showed that BHT partitioned strongly into the membrane phase, achieving very high BHT/phospholipid ratios. For a given concentration of BHT, partitioning into the membrane phase was greater in large, multilamellar liposomes than in either small, single-walled vesicles or in purified rat brain synaptic vesicle membranes. Direct assay of BHT and BHA in phospholipid membranes, however, was complicated by a nonspecific interaction between TBACA and the phospholipid.