Evolutionary morphology of the caecilian urogenital system. I. The gonads and the fat bodies

The comparative morphology of the gonads and fat bodies of members of 17 genera and 46 species of caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) is described and analyzed. Comparison is made with the morphology of salamanders and frogs in order to elucidate evolutionary trends and relationships within the order Gymnophiona and within the class Amphibia. The structure of the testis lobes and transverse and longitudinal ducts is described based on gross dissection and histological investigation. The pattern of spermatogenesis and interstitial tissue changes are described and compared with those of other amphibians. A trend toward fusion of testis lobes is analyzed. The characteristics of the seasonal reproductive cycle of male Gymnopis m. proxima are described, and evidence for cyclic reproductive activity in other forms is presented. The morphology of the ovaries and ova is described. Size of ovary and size and number of ova is dependent on the state of maturation of the ova. Some evidence for seasonal ovum production and breeding is presented. Fat body morphology is found to be correlated with size, nutrition, and gonad condition, as in other amphibians.     

三种蛙类呼吸系统比较解剖及进化关系探讨

对昆明地区滇蛙Rana pleuraden和昭觉林蛙R.chaochiaoensis及大蹼铃蟾Bombina maxima的呼吸系统比较解剖,结果表明,3种蛙鼻孔的开合与颏下肌的收缩无关;大蹼铃蟾的内鼻孔较昭觉林蛙与滇蛙的更靠近口前端;昭觉林蛙和滇蛙的下颌下肌倾斜走向,大蹼铃蟾的呈水平走向;滇蛙和昭觉林蛙喉气管室较膨大而长,环状软骨后端有棘突,大蹼铃蟾喉气管室狭小而短,环状软骨后端无棘突;昭觉林蛙和滇蛙喉肌共5对,大蹼铃蟾喉肌仅有喉口开肌和前杓肌2对;昭觉林蛙和滇蛙肺囊表面沟回较大蹼铃蟾的小而密.     

葡萄属种子发育的物候、萌发行为及其对冷层积的反应

以3个起源和分布中心的不同葡萄种及其杂交种作为实验材料, 观察了开花、果实和种子成熟的物候, 研究了成熟种子的基本特性和最初萌发率以及冷层积对成熟种子萌发的影响。结果表明, 葡萄种子具有休眠特性, 生理成熟时都具有分化完全的胚, 在休眠解除过程中胚的形态不发生变化; 美洲种休眠最深, 欧亚种休眠最浅, 其它种类的葡萄种子的休眠程度介于美洲种和欧亚种之间; 不同种葡萄花期、果实和种子成熟过程的物候存在差异, 果实成熟与种子成熟不同步, 其间隔时间越短, 种子休眠程度越深。冷层积60天能有效地解除东亚种、欧亚种、欧山杂种和蘡欧杂种的种子休眠, 但对解除美洲种、美洲种种间杂种和欧美杂种的种子休眠效果较差。     

两种新的茴香脑资源植物

茴香菖蒲和香叶菖蒲是我国新近发现的特有植物,全株具有浓郁的茴香味。用气相色谱和色谱—质谱对这两种植物的根茎和叶挥发油进行了分析并与我国传统的香料和调味料—小茴香和大茴香的果实的挥发油进行了比较。发现:茴香菖蒲和香叶菖蒲的根茎和叶挥发油的主要成分是异茴香脑,分别为94.54(?)96.70％和60.29(?)86.20％;而小茴香和大茴香果实的挥发油的主要成分是反式—茴香脑,分别为80.29％、92.10％。异茴香脑的香味比反式—茴香脑弱,但它和醇碱液共热时即可发生异构化变成反式—茴香脑。且茴香菖蒲和香叶菖蒲是草本植物,容易栽培和繁殖。所以这是两种至今未被利用的,有发展前途的香料植物。     

The Spore-Pollen and Algal. Assemblages from the Surface Sediments of Yellow Sea

Yellow Sea is a shelf sea situated between China and Korea Peninsula. The distribution of spore-pollen and algae of the surface sediments of Yellow Sea may be divided into 4 characteristic regions:1. Artemisia-Chenopodiaccae-Gramineae region. 2. Pinus-Quercus-herbaceous pollen-Hystrichosphaera region. 3. Pinus-Balti-sphaeridinm-Quercus-Pteridium-Pteris region. 4. Pinus-Quercus-Pteris-Baltisphaeridium region. Through the study of spore-pollen and algae, the problems under discussion are: 1. the relationship between the spore-pollen assemblages of surface sediments and vegetation of continental margin, 2. resedimentation of fossils of spore-pollen and sedimental provenance of the sea basin, 3. the relationship between the distribution of Hystrichosphaera and Baltisphaeridium and water depth, 4. the relationship between the distribution of diatom and depth and characteristics of water bodies and 5. the relationship between mangrove pollen and sea currents.     

金钱豹和猪獾冠状动脉的解剖

为了阐明金钱豹(Panthera pardus)和猪獾(Arctonyx collaris)心冠状动脉的分支分布特征及血供情况,为心脏生物学及动物学研究提供结构基础资料,利用血管铸型和组织透明方法观察研究了金钱豹与猪獾心左、右冠状动脉的分支分布.结果表明,金钱豹和猪獾的心均由左右冠状动脉营养.金钱豹左冠状动脉分为室间隔支、前降支和旋支.前降支又分出左室上支、左室中支和左室下支.右冠状动脉沿途分出右室前支、右室后下支和右室后上支.猪獾左冠状动脉分为前降支和旋支.前降支又分出室间隔支和左室前支,旋支又分出左缘支和左室后支.其右冠状动脉沿途分出右室前支、右缘支和右室后支.金钱豹和猪獾心的室间隔均由发自左冠状动脉的独立的室间隔支营养,二者左右冠状动脉在膈壁的分布属于均衡型.     

被内生真菌侵染的禾草提取液对真菌的抑制作用

以带有与不带有Neotyphodium属内生真菌的醉马草Achnatherum inebrians、披碱草Elymus dahuricus和野大麦Hordeum brevisubulatum的草粉浸提液对细交链孢Alternaria alternata、根腐离蠕孢Bipolaris sorokiniana、燕麦镰孢Fusarium avenaceum和绿色木霉Trichoderma viride进行了抑菌活性研究。结果表明:披碱草、醉马草和野大麦草粉浸提液对细交链孢、根腐离蠕孢、燕麦镰孢和绿色木霉的菌落生长、孢子萌发率和芽管长度均有一定的抑制作用。而披碱草中的Neotyphodium可显著增强披碱草草粉浸提液对细交链孢、燕麦镰孢、绿色木霉菌落生长及对细交链孢和根腐离蠕孢孢子萌发及燕麦镰孢芽管长度的抑制作用;醉马草中的Neotyphodium显著增强了醉马草草粉浸提液对燕麦镰孢、绿色木霉菌落生长和芽管长度,以及细交链孢、根腐离蠕孢和燕麦镰孢孢子萌发的抑制作用;野大麦中的Neotyphodium显著增强了野大麦草粉浸提液对绿色木霉菌落生长、孢子萌发和芽管长度的抑制作用。     

Microbial quality and direct PCR identification of lactic acid bacteria and nonpathogenic Staphylococci from artisanal low-acid sausages

Detection of six species of lactic acid bacteria and six species of gram-positive catalase-positive cocci from low-acid fermented sausages (fuets and chorizos) was assessed by species-specific PCR. Without enrichment, Lactobacillus sakei and Lactobacillus curvatus were detected in 11.8% of the samples, and Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus xylosus were detected in 17.6%. Enriched samples allowed the detection of L. sakei and S. xylosus in all of the samples (100%) and of Enterococcus faecium in 11.8% of the sausages. The percentages of L. curvatus, L. plantarum, Staphylococcus carnosus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis varied depending on the sausage type. L. curvatus was detected in 80% of fuets and in 57% of chorizos. L. plantarum was found in 50% of fuets and 100% of chorizos. S. epidermidis was detected in only 11.8% of fuets, and S. carnosus was detected in only 5.9% of chorizos. Lactococcus lactis, Staphylococcus warneri, and Staphylococcus simulans were not detected in any sausage type. From a microbiological point of view, 70.6% of the samples could be considered of high quality, as they had low counts of Enterobacteriaceae and did not contain any of the food-borne pathogens assayed.     

Repertoire, genealogy and genomic organization of cruzipain and homologous genes in Trypanosoma cruzi, T. cruzi-like and other trypanosome species

Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, is a complex of genetically diverse isolates highly phylogenetically related to T. cruzi-like species, Trypanosoma cruzi marinkellei and Trypanosoma dionisii, all sharing morphology of blood and culture forms and development within cells. However, they differ in hosts, vectors and pathogenicity: T. cruzi is a human pathogen infective to virtually all mammals whilst the other two species are non-pathogenic and bat restricted. Previous studies suggest that variations in expression levels and genetic diversity of cruzipain, the major isoform of cathepsin L-like (CATL) enzymes of T. cruzi, correlate with levels of cellular invasion, differentiation, virulence and pathogenicity of distinct strains. In this study, we compared 80 sequences of genes encoding cruzipain from 25 T. cruzi isolates representative of all discrete typing units (DTUs TcI-TcVI) and the new genotype Tcbat and 10 sequences of homologous genes from other species. The catalytic domain repertoires diverged according to DTUs and trypanosome species. Relatively homogeneous sequences are found within and among isolates of the same DTU except TcV and TcVI, which displayed sequences unique or identical to those of TcII and TcIII, supporting their origin from the hybridization between these two DTUs. In network genealogies, sequences from T. cruzi clustered tightly together and closer to T. c. marinkellei than to T. dionisii and largely differed from homologues of T. rangeli and T. b. brucei. Here, analysis of isolates representative of the overall biological and genetic diversity of T. cruzi and closest T. cruzi-like species evidenced DTU- and species-specific polymorphisms corroborating phylogenetic relationships inferred with other genes. Comparison of both phylogenetically close and distant trypanosomes is valuable to understand host-parasite interactions, virulence and pathogenicity. Our findings corroborate cruzipain as valuable target for drugs, vaccine, diagnostic and genotyping approaches.     

环剥和去叶对红松雌球果和枝生长及不同组织和器官中养分含量的影响

为探索红松雌球果发育和新枝生长的养分来源和供需关系,对生殖母枝进行环剥、去叶及两者相结合处理,研究不同处理对雌球果发育和枝生长及不同组织和器官中碳水化合物(NSC)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量的影响.结果表明:环剥处理对雌球果发育和新枝生长及不同组织和器官中NSC、N和P含量影响显著,去叶处理的影响较小.环剥后母枝木质部和韧皮部NSC含量显著低于对照(CK,不环剥+0%去叶),并随去叶程度的增加显著减少,尤其是环剥+100%去叶的木质部和韧皮部中NSC含量分别比CK减少59.0%和64.8%,NSC的不足导致母枝、新枝死亡和雌球果败育.环剥处理下,0%、50%和100%去叶处理的母枝木质部和韧皮部中N和P含量显著高于CK,其中木质部中N含量比CK分别高17.3%、18.2%和24.3%,P含量比CK分别高17.9%、7.1%和3.6%,韧皮部中N含量比CK分别高39.3%、35.2%和48.9%,P含量比CK分别高31.0%、28.2%和14.8%.红松雌球果发育和新枝生长消耗大量的碳水化合物、N和P,母枝本身制造或贮存的碳水化合物和矿质养分不能满足雌球果发育和新枝生长的需求,碳水化合物和矿质养分需要从母枝以外的其他组织输入.     

新疆南北疆灌木植物组成及区系比较

在文献和标本查阅以及野外调查的基础上,比较了北疆和南疆灌木植物的种类、组成及分布区类型的差异,并分析了北疆和南疆灌木植物的相似性。结果表明:新疆共分布有野生灌木植物39科127属462种,其中北疆分布有37科104属350种,南疆分布有28科63属160种。北疆和南疆灌木植物中含2~10种的科最多,分别占北疆和南疆灌木植物总科数的59.5%和60.7%,共有的优势科为菊科(Compositae)、豆科(Leguminosae)和藜科(Chenopodiaceae);在属级水平上均以含1种的属和含2~10种的属占优势。北疆和南疆灌木植物科的分布区类型均以世界广布型和北温带分布型为主,其中,在北疆灌木植物中这2个分布型科的数量分别占总科数的43.2%和32.4%、在南疆灌木植物中分别占总科数的50.0%和28.6%。北疆和南疆灌木植物属的分布区类型均以地中海区、西亚至中亚分布型和北温带分布型为主,其中,在北疆灌木植物中这2个分布型属的数量分别占总属数的26.9%和22.1%、在南疆灌木植物中则分别占总属数的31.7%和27.0%。北疆和南疆灌木植物中分别包含特有种15和8种,此外还包含一些珍稀濒危种类及古老的孑遗种。北疆与南疆灌木植物区系在科、属、种水平上的相似性系数分别为86.1%、69.4%和40.8%,表明在科、属水平上2个区域的灌木植物区系有较为密切的关系。研究结果显示:北疆和南疆灌木植物在种类组成、分布区类型和特有种数量等方面有一定差异,但均具有明显的温带性质,并形成了一系列适应于当地生态环境的生存策略。     

初春马来眼子菜分解对水体和底泥碳、氮和磷积累及释放的影响

通过实验室模拟初春温度(17℃)条件,研究了沉水植物马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus Miq.)分解过程对其有机碳、总氮和总磷的释放,水体和底泥中有机碳、总氮和总磷含量以及水体中铵态氮和硝态氮含量的影响,同时对水体N2和N2O的释放状况进行了分析。结果表明:在70 d的实验周期内,马来眼子菜分解迅速,至实验结束时植株失重率达到86.92%,植株中有机碳量、总氮量和总磷量分别较实验初始时降低了88.51%、88.93%和86.63%;底泥中有机碳、总氮和总磷含量分别较实验初始时增加了5.56%、17.06%和2.17%。在马来眼子菜分解过程中,水体中的溶解氧含量和氧化还原电位均较对照明显降低,并呈现在实验初期迅速下降然后逐渐增加并趋于稳定的趋势;水体中的有机碳、总氮、总磷以及铵态氮含量均较对照大幅度增加,并呈现在实验初期迅速上升然后逐渐下降并趋于稳定的趋势;而水体中的硝态氮含量则呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势。水体中N2和N2O释放通量较对照明显增加,且在实验中期N2和N2O释放通量达到峰值。研究结果表明:随时间推移,马来眼子菜向水体释放的磷大部分沉积到底泥中,而氮则部分沉积到底泥中、部分以气体形式(N2和N2O)逸出水体。     

几种党参属植物及其近缘种花粉形态的比较

对6种桔梗科（党参属Codonopsis4个种以及桔梗属Platycodon和风铃草属Campanula各1种）花粉进行了光镜及扫描电镜的观察比较,发现党参属不同种花粉的形态特征很不相同,易于区别,如党参花粉极面观多为7裂圆形,外壁形面具乳突状的短刺,川党参花粉极面观圆形,刺在沟的两旁排成两列,小花党参花粉极面观近圆形至7裂圆形,外壁表面的刺比其它种的都大,鸡蛋参花粉外壁表面的刺柔软而稍为弯曲,其长度为上述各种刺的数倍,桔梗属和风铃草属花粉与党参属花粉的差异更大,桔梗属花粉粒扁球形,极面观五角形,少数四或六角形,风铃草属花粉粒更为特殊,极面观近圆三角形,具3孔,花粉外壁的刺不仅锐利而且很粗,花粉形态在党参属不同种间以及党参属与桔梗属和风铃草属之间的差异为其分类学提供了进一步的孢粉学资料。     

昆明北郊水源保护区圣诞树人工林分生物量及生产力的研究

昆明北郊松华坝水源保护区１０年生圣诞树人工林分生物量为１３７．９２６ｔ／ｈｍ２,净生产量为２４．１２８ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ,其中乔木层生物量为１３０．４１８ｔ／ｈｍ２,净生产量为１９．３６９ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ,下木和草本植物生物量和净生产量分别为０．９３５ｔ／ｈｍ２和０．６０９ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ,枯枝落叶层现存量和林分凋落物量分别为６．５７３ｔ／ｈｍ２和４．１５０ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ。在林分产量结构方面,１０ｍ以下树干生物量占其总量的９８．３７％,４～１２ｍ之间枝、叶生物量分别占整个枝、叶生物量的８５．５１％和９４．９０％,地下根系在离地面２０ｃｍ深土层内的生物量占总根量的７３．０４％。目前,该类林分群落结构不合理,整体效应较差,保持水土作用未能充分发挥出来。应及时进行间伐,调整群落产量结构;注重对林下地被植物及枯枝落叶层的保护,以提高其综合效益。     

Correlation between biochemical properties and adaptive diversity of skeletal muscle myofibrils and myosin of some air-breathing teleosts

Functional properties of myofibrils and relative stability of myosin of five teleosts Channa punctata, Clarias batrachus, M astacembalus armatus, Labeo rohita and Catla catla adapted to different breathing modes were compared. Myofibrillar contractility and m-ATPase of air-breathing organ (ABO) possessing C.punctata and C. batrachus were low and least affected by pH in the range of 7.1-8.5. However, their myosin isoforms were relatively thermostable, more soluble at sub-neutral pH values, between 0.1 to 0.15 M KCl concentrations and less susceptible to a-chymotryptic digestion. In contrast, myofibrils and myosin of water-breather major carps L. rohita and C. catla were more contractile and susceptible to pH and salt concentrations. Thus, correlation between catalytic efficiency and relative stability of myofibrils and myosin of ABO-possessing teleosts was of reverse order and magnitude, as compared to water-breathers. Interestingly, myofibrils and myosin of the behavioral air-breather M. armnatus showed intermediate properties. The specific levels of m-ATPase of all the five teleosts were in conformity with the levels of metabolic marker, the lactate dehydrogenase. The effect of chymotryptic cleavage of 94 and 173 kDa domains on ATPase, individuality of peptide maps of MyHC isomers and perturbation of phenylalanine residues by urea implicated hydrophobic residues in stabilizing myosin structure in these fish. The present study suggests two apparent evolutionary modifications of myofibrils and myosin in ABO-possessing teleosts: (i), 'down-regulation' of ATPase that explains sluggishness of such species and, (ii), more stable molecular structure to support stress of air-breathing modes of life.     

长江中下游湖泊两种混生苦草属植物生活史特征与共存分布格局

 在对长江中下游流域湖南、湖北、江西和安徽4省25个湖泊苦草属(Vallisneria)植物种群进行广泛的取样调查、鉴定和查明种间共存格局的基 础上,结合同园种植实验,对该属两个混生近缘种刺苦草(V. spinulosa)和苦草(V. natans)有性和无性生活史特征进行了定量测定和比较研究 ,探讨了种间生活史差异对种间共存格局的影响。结果表明：1)刺苦草是长江中下游湖泊的优势物种,苦草为常见种,而密刺苦草(V. denseserrulata)仅有很少分布;2)苦草和刺苦草常混生于这些湖泊中,形成共存分布格局：刺苦草和苦草种间呈明显的的带状相间分布格局, 或苦草只零星分布于刺苦草群落中;3)刺苦草和苦草有性和无性生活史特征显著不同：刺苦草为多年生,主要以无性繁殖为主,只有有限的有 性繁殖投入;相反,苦草在调查的地区为一年生,以有性繁殖为主,只进行微弱的克隆生长,且不能产生克隆繁殖器官(冬芽)。刺苦草和苦草 在有性和无性繁殖生活史对策上的权衡,导致种间资源利用和竞争能力的分异而使这两个近缘种得以共存。     

水稻胚与胚乳分化发育中的内源多胺

稻胚发育过程中,其内源多胺以腐胺、亚精胺为主。在幼胚分化期,腐胺和亚精胺的含量很高;幼胚分化完成时,其含量急剧下降;直至分化后期才趋稳定。在胚及胚乳发育时期,还出现一种未知多胺X_(22),其含量除在胚分化完成时较少外,在胚发育的其他各期中,含量则一直很高。DNA和蛋白质含量的变化,从分化期开始递增直至物质积累成熟期,其趋势均相同。多胺可能参与胚与胚乳中核酸和蛋白质合成的调节。     

增温背景下克氏针茅枯黄期物候对降水响应的光合生理机制

基于红外线辐射增温与控水相结合的原位模拟试验资料,分析了克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)枯黄期对水热变化响应的光合生理机制。结果表明: 增温背景下降水是枯黄期的主要影响因子,增水(减水)导致枯黄始期和枯黄盛期的发生时间均延迟(提前),枯黄期持续时间均延长,减水处理对枯黄期持续时间的延长作用更显著。增温背景下,降水变化显著影响枯黄期的生理生态特性,且在枯黄始期最为显著,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸(RuBP)羧化的最大速率(V_{c max})、RuBP再生能力的最大速率(J_max)均与降水量呈显著正相关。通径分析表明,克氏针茅枯黄期的光合生理机制因水热变化的不同而异。当前环境条件下,枯黄期物候变化的主要影响因子是J_max,主要限制因子是V_{c max}。未来暖干和暖湿气候下枯黄期物候变化的主要影响因子均是V_{c max};但在暖干气候下主要限制因子为J_max,而在暖湿气候下则无限制因子。这表明克氏针茅枯黄期物候的变化取决于气候环境条件变化对其光合能力的影响。     

Effect of digestive site acidity and compatibility on the species, lipopily and bioavailability of iron, manganese and zinc in Prunus persica Batsch and Carthamus tinctorus

The effects of compatibility, that is combination of Prunus persica Batsch (L.) and Carthamus tinctorus (L.), and different acidity of digestive site on the species, lipopily and bioavailability of coordinated complex of iron, manganese, and zinc in medical decoction were studied. In view of octanol, a long-chain alkanol, resembled as the configuration of carbohydrate and adipose in human body, the octanol- and water-solubility were used to define the species of trace element in phytomedicine, to identify the lipopily and bioavailability of trace element, and octanol-water system was adopted to study the distribution of trace element in decoction of P. persica Batsch (L.) (A), C. tinctorus (L.) (B), and combination of medicine A and B (C) in stomach and intestine. The total concentration, water- and octanol-solubility concentration of iron, manganese, and zinc in medicinal material A, B and C or its decoction under gastric and intestinal acidity, were determined respectively by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, analyzed and compared. The compatibility of medicine A and B enhances the extract percent, octanol-solubility concentration, and stability of coordinated complex of iron, manganese, and zinc. Different acidity of digestive site and compatibility of medicines impact on the ligands of iron, manganese, and zinc, then greatly affect the species and its quantification, the lipopily and bioavailability of trace element. Such influence is quite different for different trace element. Such factors, especially the concentration of octanol-solubility trace element, could be the basis of the dosage to avoid trace element overload.