阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯混配对红脉穗螟的增效作用

【目的】阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯作为作用机制不同的2种杀虫剂,常被种植户用于红脉穗螟的防治;但是2种药剂的混配增效作用如何尚不明确。【方法】采用室内生物测定的方法,研究了阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯对红脉穗螟的生物活性,同时开展了2种药剂混配增效作用的研究。【结果】阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯均对红脉穗螟表现出胃毒活性,LC50值分别为22.24和18.18 mg·L~(-1)。阿维菌素(A)和高效氯氰菊酯(B)以质量浓度比(ρA∶ρB)4∶5和9∶5混配,对红脉穗螟表现出联合作用,共毒系数分别为93.78和107.78;以ρA∶ρB=5∶1混配后共毒系数达259.07,表现出显著的增效作用;而以ρA∶ρB=3∶10混配表现出拮抗作用,共毒系数仅为76.72。【结论】阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯在不同的混配比例下,会表现出不同的混配效果。其中,以质量浓度比5∶1混配表现出增效作用。     

植物源杀虫剂对槟榔红脉穗螟幼虫的致死效应

【背景】红脉穗螟是棕榈科植物的重要害虫,目前主要采用化学防治措施对其进行防控。【方法】采用药膜法和饲喂法研究了4种植物源杀虫剂对槟榔红脉穗螟幼虫的室内毒力。【结果】印楝素、烟碱、鱼藤酮和除虫菊素对红脉穗螟各龄幼虫均表现一定的杀虫活性。其中,采用药膜法处理后,除虫菊素和烟碱对槟榔红脉穗螟各龄幼虫的毒力最高,LC50分别为3.83~17.01 mg·L-1和3.75~24.78 mg·L-1,且其毒力随着幼虫龄期的增大而减弱。浸叶饲喂法结果表明,烟碱和鱼藤酮表现出较强的杀虫活性,LC50分别为7.72~20.69 mg·L-1和11.41~25.25 mg·L-1。【结论与意义】植物源杀虫剂不同处理方法对红脉穗螟的毒力存在差异,生产上应根据药剂的作用方式合理选择。     

马缨丹乳油及其混剂对黄曲条跳甲的拒食活性

测试了自制的12.5%马缨丹乳油对黄曲条跳甲成虫拒食活性、持效性及其与7.5%鱼藤酮乳油、1.5%除虫菊水乳剂、0.3%印楝乳油混配的联合活性。该乳油1000倍液处理菜心叶片后48h对黄曲条跳甲成虫具有40%的拒食率,随着浓度升高,拒食活性增强;200、400和600倍液处理120h后对黄曲条跳甲成虫的累计拒食率分别达到76%、68%和43%。12.5%马缨丹乳油与7.5%鱼藤酮乳油以5∶5比例混配使用时,增效作用最为明显,拒食中浓度AFC50为5.25μg.ml-1,共毒系数CTC为213;与1.5%除虫菊水乳剂以1∶9比例混配使用时的增效作用次之,共毒系数CTC为149;与0.3%印楝乳油以9∶1、7∶3、5∶5、3∶7和1∶9比例混配使用时,其共毒系数CTC均100,表现为相互拮抗作用。结果表明:12.5%马缨丹乳油对黄曲条跳甲成虫具有强烈的拒食活性,其200倍液和400倍液拒食持效性好,且该乳油可与7.5%鱼藤酮乳油混配使用。     

吡虫啉和杀虫单混配对稻纵卷叶螟的毒力测定

室内进行吡虫啉和杀虫单混配对稻纵叶螟的毒力测定,测定结果表明:吡虫啉和杀虫单不同配比的混合物对稻纵叶螟均有一定的增效作用,其中吡虫啉∶杀虫单(1∶29)混配物增效作用最为显著。     

nC22矿物油及其与吡虫啉混用对柑橘木虱的室内毒力评价

【目的】室内评价nC22矿物油单独使用,以及与吡虫啉混用对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri的毒力,并筛选nC22矿物油对吡虫啉防治柑橘木虱具有增效作用的混配比例,为矿物油防治柑橘木虱的应用提供科学依据。【方法】使用nC22矿物油以及阳性对照nC23和nC28矿物油,采用浸渍法和喷雾法分别检测矿物油对柑橘木虱卵和低龄若虫、高龄若虫、成虫的致死作用,以处理后第7天(卵)和第1天(若虫和成虫)的LC 50值评估毒力。将nC22矿物油与吡虫啉以不同配比混配,测定混配液对低龄若虫的毒力,使用交互测定法、共毒因子(co-toxicity factor,CTF)法和共毒系数(co-toxicity coefficient,CTC)法评价矿物油对吡虫啉的增效作用。【结果】单独使用时,nC22矿物油对卵的LC 50值低于nC23和nC28矿物油;对低龄若虫和高龄若虫的LC 50值与nC23矿物油相当,都低于nC28矿物油;对成虫的LC 50值与nC28矿物油相当,都低于nC23矿物油。与吡虫啉混用时,nC22矿物油与吡虫啉混配比例为3∶7,4∶6和7∶3时,矿物油对吡虫啉有增效作用:交互测定法中柑橘木虱低龄若虫的实际死亡率位于等效线的上方,CTF值分别为34.807,22.655和40.798,CTC值分别为187.410,183.876和222.936。3种混配液中7∶3的混配比例对吡虫啉的增效作用最强。【结论】nC22矿物油对柑橘木虱的毒力高于进口nC23矿物油及传统nC28矿物油,且以适当混配比例混用时nC22矿物油对吡虫啉具有显著增效作用,理论上可大幅减少化学杀虫剂的使用量,可进一步通过田间试验进行验证。     

烟碱对槟榔红脉穗螟生长发育和存活的影响

【背景】红脉穗螟是槟榔上的重要害虫,近年来危害日愈严重。【方法】采用饲喂法、浸卵法研究了烟碱对红脉穗螟不同龄期幼虫的生物活性及对卵、幼虫、蛹发育和存活的影响。【结果】烟碱对红脉穗螟各龄幼虫均表现出生物活性,且随着龄期的增大,红脉穗螟幼虫对烟碱的敏感性呈现降低的趋势;烟碱对红脉穗螟5龄幼虫的L％、￡c。￡cq。分别为5．13、20．69、292．10mg·L-1,同时烟碱可延长幼虫和蛹的发育历期。经不同浓度烟碱处理后,卵的孵化率大大降低,且初孵幼虫存活率也受到影响,部分幼虫无法成功转至2龄;同一卵龄中,LC25和LC50。处理的卵孵化率无明显差异,且显著高于LC90处理组。不同浓度烟碱处理后的红脉穗螟化蛹率和羽化率均显著降低,其中以LC90处理组影响最大,化蛹率和羽化率仅为18．89％和15．56％,显著低于对照组。【结论与意义】烟碱作为一种重要的植物源杀虫剂,对红脉穗螟的发育和存活均表现出生物活性,可作为该虫防治的备选药剂。     

叶蝉散与杀虫双混剂的药效测定

室内毒力测定结果表明,叶蝉散与杀虫双混配剂对稻褐飞虱表现有增效作用。其中以1:1混配剂增效作用较为明显,共毒系数为175.6,增效倍数约为1.8倍;1:2和1:3混配剂的共毒系数分别为150.7和137.3,增效倍数约为1.5倍和1.4倍。从而为叶蝉散与杀虫双混剂的开发提供了科学依据。     

印楝素对红脉穗螟发育调节及产卵力的影响

【背景】印楝素是一种重要的植物源杀虫剂,已有研究表明其对红脉穗螟具有胃毒和触杀效果,但印楝素对红脉穗螟生长发育的影响还未见报道。【方法】采用生物测定方法研究了印楝素不同亚致死剂量水平下,对红脉穗螟幼虫和蛹发育历期的影响,并对药剂处理后成虫的寿命、产卵量和孵化率等进行了分析。【结果】经印楝素处理后,红脉穗螟幼虫和蛹的发育历期与对照相比均有所延长,成虫寿命变短,同时处理后红脉穗螟成虫产卵量及后期的卵孵化率均显著降低,其中经LC25、LC50和LC90剂量处理后,产卵量分别降低了14.30%、20.38%和19.43%,卵孵化率分别降低了24.24%、26.89%和31.60%。【结论与意义】印楝素可通过干扰红脉穗螟虫体的生长发育和后代产卵力来达到对害虫种群的防控效果。     

氟雷拉纳与三种杀虫剂对灰飞虱的 室内毒力及其联合作用

采用点滴法,测定了氟雷拉纳与毒死蜱、吡虫啉、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(简称甲维盐)单剂及其混剂对灰飞虱雌成虫的毒力,并通过共毒系数法评价复配药剂的联合作用。结果表明,氟雷拉纳和甲维盐对灰飞虱的毒力高,药后96 h,其LD_(50)值分别为0.382和0.201 ng/头;毒死蜱和吡虫啉对试虫的毒力低于氟雷拉纳和甲维盐,其LD_(50)值分别为1.127和1.016 ng/头。此外,氟雷拉纳与毒死蜱混配时表现出良好的增效作用,且配比为3∶2时,共毒系数最高为142;氟雷拉纳与甲维盐混配时,对灰飞虱的增效作用不显著,在配比为4∶1时,共毒系数仅为129;而氟雷拉纳与吡虫啉混配,当配比为2∶3和3∶2时对灰飞虱表现为拮抗作用,但配比为1∶4时表现为增效。以上结果说明,氟雷拉纳与毒死蜱复配对灰飞虱具有增效作用,可为研发田间有效防控该害虫的药剂组合提供科学依据。     

Toxicity evaluation of botanical insecticides and their mixture against the spiraling whitefly,Aleurodicus dispersus

【背景】螺旋粉虱是新入侵海南省的严重为害经济作物及园林苗木的害虫。目前,植物源杀虫剂因具有高效和环境友好等特性而被广泛用于害虫防治中。【方法】采用喷雾法和药膜接触法分别测定了9种植物性杀虫剂对螺旋粉虱的毒力。【结果】在供试的9种植物性杀虫剂中,除虫菊素和鱼藤酮对螺旋粉虱成虫的毒力最强,24h的LC50分别为2.56和34.15mg·L-1;印楝素和苦瓜叶提取物的毒力次之,LC50分别为158.36和311.02mg·L-1。除虫菊素对螺旋粉虱若虫和卵也有一定的触杀作用,LC50分别为61.42和77.39mg·L-1。将印楝素和鱼藤酮分别与除虫菊素以1:1的比例混合,对螺旋粉虱成虫的毒力表现出明显的增效作用,其共毒系数(CTC)分别为193.11和224.35。【结论与意义】除虫菊素、鱼藤酮、印楝素和苦瓜叶提取物对螺旋粉虱均具有较强的毒性;印楝素或鱼藤酮与除虫菊素(1:1)的混合物不仅能增强触杀效果,而且能延缓害虫抗药性的产生。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细