鱼藤酮和茶皂素对槟榔红脉穗螟的联合毒力

【背景】鱼藤酮和茶皂素均为典型的植物源药剂,而两者混配对棕榈害虫的防治效果还未见报道。【方法】采用室内毒力测定方法研究了鱼藤酮和茶皂素以不同比例混配对槟榔红脉穗螟的联合毒力。【结果】鱼藤酮和茶皂素对红脉穗螟3龄幼虫的LC50分别为19.06和35.07 mg·L-1。鱼藤酮和茶皂素以有效成分1∶1、5∶1、1∶2和1∶5混配后,对红脉穗螟均表现出增效作用。其中以1∶5混配处理组的共毒系数最高,达327.26;1∶2混配处理组次之,共毒系数为298.16。【结论与意义】鱼藤酮和茶皂素以合理比例混配,对红脉穗螟具有增效作用。     

常用杀虫剂对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜羧酸酯酶活性的抑制及对高效氯氰菊酯的增效作用

【目的】有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类药剂对拟除虫菊酯的增效作用与其对羧酸酯酶(Car E)(EC3.1.1.1)活性的抑制有关。本研究旨在评价13种常用有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类药剂及4种增效剂在防治麦蚜中对高效氯氰菊酯的增效作用。【方法】利用离体活性抑制的方法测定了13种杀虫剂及两种Car E抑制剂对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi无翅成蚜Car E活性的抑制中浓度(I50),利用玻璃管药膜法测定了8种杀虫剂及两种抑制剂分别与高效氯氰菊酯以3∶1混配后对两种麦蚜的毒力效果,采用共毒系数(co-toxicity coefficient,CTC)法评价其联合作用。【结果】除硫双灭多威外,测定的其他12种药剂对麦长管蚜Car E活性的抑制作用显著高于对禾谷缢管蚜Car E活性的抑制作用,其中敌敌畏对麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜Car E活性的抑制作用最强,I50分别为(5.40±0.74)×10-8mol/L和(1.41±0.41)×10-5mol/L。抗蚜威、灭多威、丁硫克百威、西维因、三唑磷、丙溴磷、马拉硫磷、敌敌畏及两种增效剂DEF和TPP分别与高效氯氰菊酯联合毒力测定表明,除丙溴磷外,上述药剂均可显著增强高效氯氰菊酯对禾谷缢管蚜的毒力,其中与马拉硫磷混配增效作用最强(CTC=467.59);除灭多威、丙溴磷和马拉硫磷外,其余7种药剂均可显著增强高效氯氰菊酯对麦长管蚜毒力,CTC在146.87~626.30之间,其中与三唑磷混配的增效作用最强(CTC=626.30)。【结论】筛选出对两种麦蚜毒力效果较好的杀虫剂或增效剂与高效氯氰菊酯的组合,包括抗蚜威、丁硫克百威、三唑磷、敌敌畏、DEF和TPP,对小麦蚜虫的有效防治具有重要指导意义。     

植物源杀虫剂对槟榔红脉穗螟幼虫的致死效应

【背景】红脉穗螟是棕榈科植物的重要害虫,目前主要采用化学防治措施对其进行防控。【方法】采用药膜法和饲喂法研究了4种植物源杀虫剂对槟榔红脉穗螟幼虫的室内毒力。【结果】印楝素、烟碱、鱼藤酮和除虫菊素对红脉穗螟各龄幼虫均表现一定的杀虫活性。其中,采用药膜法处理后,除虫菊素和烟碱对槟榔红脉穗螟各龄幼虫的毒力最高,LC50分别为3.83~17.01 mg·L-1和3.75~24.78 mg·L-1,且其毒力随着幼虫龄期的增大而减弱。浸叶饲喂法结果表明,烟碱和鱼藤酮表现出较强的杀虫活性,LC50分别为7.72~20.69 mg·L-1和11.41~25.25 mg·L-1。【结论与意义】植物源杀虫剂不同处理方法对红脉穗螟的毒力存在差异,生产上应根据药剂的作用方式合理选择。     

烟碱对槟榔红脉穗螟生长发育和存活的影响

【背景】红脉穗螟是槟榔上的重要害虫,近年来危害日愈严重。【方法】采用饲喂法、浸卵法研究了烟碱对红脉穗螟不同龄期幼虫的生物活性及对卵、幼虫、蛹发育和存活的影响。【结果】烟碱对红脉穗螟各龄幼虫均表现出生物活性,且随着龄期的增大,红脉穗螟幼虫对烟碱的敏感性呈现降低的趋势;烟碱对红脉穗螟5龄幼虫的L％、￡c。￡cq。分别为5．13、20．69、292．10mg·L-1,同时烟碱可延长幼虫和蛹的发育历期。经不同浓度烟碱处理后,卵的孵化率大大降低,且初孵幼虫存活率也受到影响,部分幼虫无法成功转至2龄;同一卵龄中,LC25和LC50。处理的卵孵化率无明显差异,且显著高于LC90处理组。不同浓度烟碱处理后的红脉穗螟化蛹率和羽化率均显著降低,其中以LC90处理组影响最大,化蛹率和羽化率仅为18．89％和15．56％,显著低于对照组。【结论与意义】烟碱作为一种重要的植物源杀虫剂,对红脉穗螟的发育和存活均表现出生物活性,可作为该虫防治的备选药剂。     

三种杀虫剂及其混配使用对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)卵的室内触杀效果

【目的】筛选对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)卵具有高效触杀作用的药剂,旨在为梨小食心虫卵期的科学防治提供理论依据。【方法】采用浸渍法室内测定了螺虫乙酯、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯3种药剂及阿维菌素和高效氯氰菊酯分别与螺虫乙酯混配对梨小食心虫卵的触杀效果。【结果】在供试药剂处理范围内,高效氯氰菊酯240μg·g~(-1)处理对梨小食心虫卵的触杀效果最好,校正死亡率达96.42%,其次为高效氯氰菊酯120μg·g~(-1),60μg·g~(-1)和高效氯氰菊酯与螺虫乙酯1:2混配96μg·g~(-1)处理,校正死亡率分别为81.70%、76.73%和70.72%。其余供试药剂处理对梨小食心虫卵的触杀效果均低于70%,特别是螺虫乙酯单用,或者阿维菌素与螺虫乙酯混用,或者高效氯氰菊酯与螺虫乙酯1:4、1:3混用,对梨小食心虫卵的室内触杀效果几乎均小于30%。【结论】高效氯氰菊酯或高效氯氰菊酿与螺虫乙酯1:2混配在生产中有较大的推广价值;螺虫乙酯或阿维菌素均不宜在梨小食心虫的卵期防治中单独使用。     

印楝素对红脉穗螟发育调节及产卵力的影响

【背景】印楝素是一种重要的植物源杀虫剂,已有研究表明其对红脉穗螟具有胃毒和触杀效果,但印楝素对红脉穗螟生长发育的影响还未见报道。【方法】采用生物测定方法研究了印楝素不同亚致死剂量水平下,对红脉穗螟幼虫和蛹发育历期的影响,并对药剂处理后成虫的寿命、产卵量和孵化率等进行了分析。【结果】经印楝素处理后,红脉穗螟幼虫和蛹的发育历期与对照相比均有所延长,成虫寿命变短,同时处理后红脉穗螟成虫产卵量及后期的卵孵化率均显著降低,其中经LC25、LC50和LC90剂量处理后,产卵量分别降低了14.30%、20.38%和19.43%,卵孵化率分别降低了24.24%、26.89%和31.60%。【结论与意义】印楝素可通过干扰红脉穗螟虫体的生长发育和后代产卵力来达到对害虫种群的防控效果。     

氟雷拉纳与三种杀虫剂对灰飞虱的 室内毒力及其联合作用

采用点滴法,测定了氟雷拉纳与毒死蜱、吡虫啉、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(简称甲维盐)单剂及其混剂对灰飞虱雌成虫的毒力,并通过共毒系数法评价复配药剂的联合作用。结果表明,氟雷拉纳和甲维盐对灰飞虱的毒力高,药后96 h,其LD_(50)值分别为0.382和0.201 ng/头;毒死蜱和吡虫啉对试虫的毒力低于氟雷拉纳和甲维盐,其LD_(50)值分别为1.127和1.016 ng/头。此外,氟雷拉纳与毒死蜱混配时表现出良好的增效作用,且配比为3∶2时,共毒系数最高为142;氟雷拉纳与甲维盐混配时,对灰飞虱的增效作用不显著,在配比为4∶1时,共毒系数仅为129;而氟雷拉纳与吡虫啉混配,当配比为2∶3和3∶2时对灰飞虱表现为拮抗作用,但配比为1∶4时表现为增效。以上结果说明,氟雷拉纳与毒死蜱复配对灰飞虱具有增效作用,可为研发田间有效防控该害虫的药剂组合提供科学依据。     

薇甘菊提取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避及杀卵作用

【目的】探讨入侵杂草薇甘菊Mikania micrantha对棕榈害虫红脉穗螟Tirathaba rufivena的产卵忌避活性。【方法】采用室内生物测定法,研究薇甘菊不同溶剂提取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避作用和杀卵活性。【结果】产卵忌避试验结果表明,薇甘菊各提取物中,以正己烷和三氯甲烷提取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避效果最好,两者的选择性忌避率分别为43.64%和44.20%,非选择性忌避率分别为51.60%和59.20%。对卵孵化率的影响显示,各溶剂提取物均对红脉穗螟具有一定的杀卵活性,其中三氯甲烷提取物对卵孵化率的影响最大,校正孵化率最低,仅为53.39%,而且三氯甲烷提取物引起的1龄幼虫的死亡率最高,可达42.64%。在薇甘菊三氯甲烷提取物的不同溶剂萃取物中,正丁醇萃取物对红脉穗螟的产卵忌避和杀卵活性均显著高于其他溶剂萃取物。【结论】薇甘菊提取物具有一定的产卵忌避和杀卵活性,具有用于红脉穗螟的生态防控的潜力。     

混配杀虫剂对烟蚜的毒力测定

选用氰戊菊酯乳油为底药,与其它3种药剂分别按有效成份进行不同比例的混配,测定其对烟蚜的毒力差异.实验结果表明:氰戊菊酯乳油与辛硫磷乳油按3:2进行混配时,其共毒系数最大,为825.96;其次是按1:1进行混配时,其共毒系数为462.45;最小的为2:3进行混配时,其共毒系数为244.62.氰戊菊酯乳油与灭多威乳油按1:1进行混配时,其共毒系数最大,为367.09;其次是按3:2进行混配时,其共毒系数为297.08;最小的为2:3进行混配时,其共毒系数为157.32.氰戊菊酯乳油与吡虫啉按2:3进行混配时,其共毒系数最大,为1558.28;其次是3:2进行混配时,其共毒系数为603.01;最小的为1:1进行混配时,其共毒系数为326.13.各个配比的共毒系数均大于100,均表现出增效作用.     

增效剂对桔小实蝇抗药性的影响

采用药膜法分别测定了增效醚（PBO）和磷酸三苯酯（TPP）两种增效剂对桔小实蝇抗敌百虫、高效氯氰菊酯和阿维菌素三个种群的抗药性产生的影响。结果表明,对这三种药剂分别产生的桔小实蝇抗性种群,PBO和TPP均能对其抗药性有一定的影响,但影响程度不同,对抗敌百虫、抗高效氯氰菊酯的两个桔小实蝇种群,TPP对敌百虫和高效氯氰菊酯的增效作用均高于PBO,且增效作用显著,增效比分别达3．98和2．43,PBO的增效比为1．71和1．66;对抗阿维菌素的桔小实蝇种群则略相反,PBO对阿维菌素的增效作用高于TPP,但增效作用均低于敌百虫与高效氯氰菊酯。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.