瑞拉菌素产生菌的鉴定

自陕西秦岭太白山土壤中分离到 1株编号为S 5 12 0的放线菌。根据对其生物特征鉴定、生理生化特征分析 ,它与链霉菌属中委内瑞拉链霉菌最为相近 ,但菌种S 5 12 0对梨黑星病菌、苹果腐烂病菌等多种引起植物病害的病原真菌有拮抗和溶菌作用 ,故认为S 5 12 0是委内瑞拉链霉菌的一个新变种 ,定名为委内瑞拉链霉菌秦岭变种(Streptomycesvenezuelaevar .qinlingensis.n .Var)。     

神农架林区和自然保护区链霉菌拮抗性的研究(Ⅱ)

用琼脂移块法对由神农架林区和自然保护区土壤中分离并鉴定了的３６种５７株链霉菌进行拮抗性试验,结果显示３６种５５株链霉菌对细菌或真菌有拮抗性,或对细菌和真菌都有拮抗性,并发现这些链霉菌以较高的百分率拮抗丝状真菌和酵母菌。     

链霉菌科分类的研究III．链霉菌科中的一个新属

从我国云南省西双版纳热带植物研究所的土壤中分离到二株菌,编号80—56、80 57。该菌株气丝形成非轮生的孢子链,基内菌丝体不断裂,形态与培养特征与链霉菌属基本相似。但由于细胞壁水解物中含有…o一二氨基庚二酸、甘氨酸。全细胞水解物中含有半乳糖,与链霉菌属胞壁组分含LL二氨基庚二酸、甘氨酸,不含特征性糖有明显区别。故菌株80—56、80一57不能归人到过去任何一个放线菌属中,因此建立新属——类链霉菌属(Streptomycoides n.gen．),此二菌株为该新属的代表种,定名为青黄类链霉菌(Streptomycoides glaucoflavus n.sp．),典型菌株80—56。     

粉红孢链霉菌的两个新种

从山东省和西安市的土样中,分离到3株气丝为粉红色调的链霉菌,编号为0769、01762和01 763。经形态、培养特征和生理生化特性的研究,它们与已知的近似种均不相同,因此定为新种,命名为玫瑰暗红链霉菌(Streptomyces roseoerythraeus n.sp.)(0769)和玫瑰肉色链霉菌(Streptomyces roseocarneus n.sp．)(01 762、01763,其中以01 762为标准株)。     

吸水类群链霉菌的研究IV．两个新种的鉴定

从湖北省房县郊区土壤中分离到SH-121和SH-4两株菌。对其形态、培养特征、生理生化特性、细胞壁化学组份及DNA中G+C克分子含量进行了研究。此两株菌在高氏合成一号等培养基上均产生带成链孢子的气生菌丝体,并具有吸水现象,细胞壁化学组份I型,属于链霉菌属吸水类群,经与已知种比较,定为两个新种,命名为肉色吸水链霉菌(Streptomyces car-neohygroscopicus Zhou et Lin,nov．sp．)和团块普拉特链霉菌(Streptomtces glomeroplatensis Zhou et Lin,nov．sp．)。     

神农架林区和自然保护区链霉菌资源考察

首次从神农架林区和自然保护区的原始林、次生林、荒地、耕地采集土样 78份 ,用 5种培养基分离放线菌。经挑选留取 96株 ,其中 86株放线菌为白长链霉菌 (Streptomyces .albolongus)等 5 5个种或类群种。对神农架林区和自然保护区链霉菌的分布规律作了初步探讨 ,讨论了土壤类型、植被类型、海拔高度、气候条件、人类活动等对神农架林区和自然保护区链霉菌分布的影响     

链霉菌属的两个新种

从陕西省武功县的土壤中分离到二株链霉菌,编号为78一113和78一118。其气生菌丝体分别为淡蓝及浅灰蓝,基内菌丝体为蓝色和棕色。螺旋形孢子丝随着培养过程逐渐盘卷成球形或亚球形的团状体,未观察到硬的孢囊壁,类似假孢囊,盘卷的分生孢子链清晰可见。经鉴定,认为是链霉菌属的两个新种,命名为蓝色假孢囊链霉菌(Streptomyces cyaneo-pseudosporangiusn.sp.)和微蓝灰假孢囊链霉菌(Streptomyres plumbeo-pseudosporangius n．Sp．)。     

深海链霉菌选择性分离及活性菌株16S rRNA聚类分析

选择性分离深海链霉菌,检测其抗肿瘤细胞,抗金黄色葡萄球(Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 51650),抗PTP1B和抗caspase-3活性,对活性菌株做16s rRNA聚类分析.用8种选择性培养基分离培养,检测活性和构建活性菌株16S rRNA聚类分析图.共分离到90株链霉菌,其中在RH培养基上分离到的菌株数量和类群最多,占38.9%,次之为GS1和OA培养基,而M5培养基未分离到菌株;共筛选到活性菌株44株,有抗肿瘤活性14株,抗金黄色葡萄球菌22株,抗PTP1B活性19株和抗caspase-3活性2株,其中16株至少有两种活性;16S rRNA聚类分析结果表明44株活性菌株分布在4个clade,分别是S.coelicolor,S.pactum,S.stramineus和S.restomycificus clade,以S.coelicolor和S.restomycificus clade为主,分别占66.0%和11.1%.在常温,常压下可分离培养到大量高活性和活性多相样性的深海链霉菌,KH培养基最适用于分离深海链霉菌.     

西藏土壤中分离的链霉菌含有丰富的线型和环型质粒

【目的】研究极端自然环境对链霉菌线型和环型质粒分布的影响。【方法】从西藏高原采集了20份土壤样品,分离和初步鉴定链霉菌,提取和检测质粒DNA。【结果】从中分离到46株链霉菌,其中有23株菌含有1 4个线型质粒,大小在19 650 kb之间,8个菌株含有1 4个环型质粒,大小在4 80 kb之间。【结论】西藏土壤来源的链霉菌含有大量的、多样的线型质粒和环型质粒,暗示极端环境中诸如强紫外辐射等可能会引发DNA损伤和修复,进而造成质粒的多样性。     

番茄灰霉菌拮抗放线菌LA-5的筛选及鉴定

利用稀释涂布法从番茄根际土壤中分离放线菌,并以番茄灰霉菌为靶标,利用对峙培养法和牛津杯法筛选拮抗放线菌,得到一株具有较强抑菌活性的放线菌LA-5.通过培养特征、生理生化特性及基于16S rDNA 序列系统进化分析,将菌株LA-5初步鉴定为链霉菌.复筛结果显示,LA-5发酵滤液对番茄灰霉菌孢子萌发及菌丝生长均有明显的抑制作用,其中100倍发酵滤液对孢子萌发抑制率和菌丝生长抑制率均在50%以上;受抑制菌落呈白色,气生菌丝萎缩稀疏,菌丝纤细、分支明显减少.离体防效试验显示,菌株LA-5发酵原液对番茄灰霉病防效可达83.4%.该菌株有望开发为防治番茄灰霉病的生防菌株.     

云南酸性土壤中度嗜酸链霉菌的多样性

[目的]了解酸性土壤环境里中度嗜酸链霉菌的多样性,调查其物种资源.[方法]用分散和差速离心法及选择性分离培养基从14份云南酸性土壤样品中分离到367株具有链霉菌培养特征的放线菌,并进行了颜色分群.从各颜色类群中选取代表菌株共97株,通过显微形态观察和pH梯度生长实验确定其中的中度嗜酸链霉菌.进一步从中筛选出16株中度嗜酸链霉菌代表菌株,进行16SrRNA基因序列的相似性和系统发育分析,并结合基因组DNA-DNA相关性数据.[结果]分离菌株归为12同的颜色类群,其中80%属于中度嗜酸链霉菌,其代表菌株在系统发育树上形成了8个距离较远且与已知种不同的进化分枝,可能代表链霉菌属内至少8个不同的新基因种.[结论]用以上方法筛选出的中度嗜酸链霉菌可归为8个不同于已知种的进化群,说明云南酸性土壤含有丰富多样的中度嗜酸链霉菌新物种.     

Biosystematic studies on novel streptomycetes from soil

Members of three putatively novel Streptomyces species, designated Streptomyces groups A, B and C, were repeatedly isolated from environmental samples taken from four hay meadow plots at Cockle Park Experimental Farm, Northumberland (UK). Representative isolates were found to have properties consistent with their classification in the genus Streptomyces and were recovered in three taxa using different phenotypic criteria, namely morphological and pigmentation properties, rapid enzyme tests, and whole-organism fatty acid, protein electrophoretic and pyrolysis mass-spectrometric data. The isolates were rapidly characterised as three taxonomic groups using pyrolysis mass spectrometry. The three taxa were also distinguished from one another and from validly described species of Streptomyces using rapid enzyme tests based on the fluorophores 7-amino-methylcoumarin and 4-methylumbelliferone, and computer-assisted identification procedures. The results indicate that selective isolation and rapid characterisation of streptomycetes using pyrolysis mass spectrometry provide a practical way of determining the phenotypic species diversity of streptomycetes in natural habitats. The experimental data also indicate that representative sampling of cultivable streptomycetes from soil can best be achieved using a multi-step extraction procedure coupled with the use of selective isolation procedures.     

Biosystematics of alkaliphilic streptomycetes isolated from seven locations across a beach and dune sand system

Alkaliphilic streptomycetes were isolated from composite sand samples collected from six out of seven locations across a beach and dune sand system using starch-casein-nitrate agar supplemented with cycloheximide and buffered to pH 10.5. The isolates had colonial and chemotaxonomic properties consistent with their classification in the genus Streptomyces. They were assigned to 49 multimembered and 114 single-membered colour-groups given their ability to produce pigments on oatmeal and peptone-yeast-extract-iron agars and to corresponding taxa based on whole-genome rep-PCR banding patterns. Twenty-four isolates representing the colour and rep-PCR groups grew well from pH 5 to 11, and optimally at pH 9, as did phylogenetically close members of the Streptomyces griseus 16S rRNA gene clade. One hundred and twelve representative alkaliphilic streptomycetes formed a heterogeneous but distinct clade in the Streptomyces 16S rRNA gene tree. A 3-dimensional representation of 16S rRNA sequence data showed that the alkaliphilic streptomycetes formed a distinct group in multidimensional taxospace. It is evident that alkaliphilic streptomycetes are common in the beach and dune sand system and that representatives of this community form new centers of taxonomic variation within the genus Streptomyces that can be equated with species. GenBank accession numbers for the 16S rRNA gene sequences for the strains of the alkaliphilic streptomycetes Bd 095, Bd 064, Bd 077, Bd 013, Bd 108, Bd 088, Bd 012, Bd 187, Bd 128, Bd 174, Bd 167, Lt 005, Lt 006, Fd 015, Bd 099, Bd 059, Bd 159, Ht 015, Md 005, Ht 020, Bd 205, Md 063, Fd 004, Md 039 and Bd 092 are EU477215, EU477216, EU477217, EU477218, EU477219, EU477220, EU477221, EU477222, EU477223, EU477224, EU477225, EU477226, EU477227, EU477228, EU477229, EU477230, EU477231, EU477232, EU477233, EU477234, EU477235, EU477236, EU477237, EU477238 and EU477257, respectively.     

pH effects on 10 Streptomyces spp. growth and sporulation depend on nutrients

AIMS: Streptomycetes are regarded to prefer neutral to alkaline environmental pH, although they commonly occur at remarkably variable pH and nutritional conditions. Therefore, the dependence of 10 Streptomyces spp. pH tolerance on nutrients was determined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ten environmental Streptomyces spp. were grown and sporulated between pH 4.0 and 11.5, at the interval of 1.5, on starch-casein-KNO(3), tryptone-yeast extract-glucose, glycerol-arginine and tryptone-soy agars, and three their modifications. On media with starch and casein; glucose, tryptone and yeast extract; tryptone and soy peptone; and glycerol-arginine and yeast extract strains grew over a broad pH range between 4.0-5.5 and 10.0-11.5. On glycerol-arginine and on medium with Na-propionate, NH(4)NO(3) and yeast extract, streptomycetes grew optimally at pH 7.0 and above. The high organic load enabled the growth over a wide pH range. The sporulation pH ranges followed those for growth. CONCLUSIONS: The high organic load enabled the growth over a wide pH range. The strain-specific differences in sporulation were greater than those caused by pH. The best medium for sporulation contained glucose and tryptone with minerals of glycerol-arginine agar at pH 5.5. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The growth pH ranges, pH ranges for the optimal growth, and sporulation were strongly dependent on nutrients.     

Spore Germination and Mycelial Growth of Streptomycetes at Different Humidity Levels

This study is the first to show the ability of streptomycetes to develop at a very low humidity level. All of the streptomycetes studied produced growth at low humidity (a_w 0.86 and 0.67). This capacity was most markedly pronounced in Streptomyces odorifer, whose spores were capable of germinating, and mycelial germs increased in length, at the air humidity a_w 0.50. The formation of lateral branches (mycelium branching) at this humidity was noted only in single S. odorifer germs and only after 72 h of incubation. Study of streptomycete growth on an agarized medium with different osmotic pressures, created by various glycerol concentrations in the medium, showed that, at a_w 0.67, the spores of all the streptomycetes studied germinate, producing mycelial germs but not microcolonies. The ecological significance of mycelial prokaryotes in soil microbial communities that develop and function under conditions of extremely low humidity is discussed.     

链霉菌看家基因引物的设计与验证

看家基因的扩增与测序是进行多基因系统进化分析首先需要解决的问题。针对链霉菌这一群高(G C)mol%革兰氏阳性细菌,选定4个看家基因:atpD、recA、rpoB和trpB,利用NCBI数据库中已有的2个链霉菌和3个分枝杆菌的全基因组序列,以及另两个链霉菌的recA基因序列,通过软件分析设计了各基因的扩增和测序引物,并优化了扩增反应条件。从所试验的55株链霉菌中,均特异地扩增出了上述4个基因的片段,并成功进行了序列测定,验证了所设计引物的实用性。所归纳的引物设计方法可用于高(G C)mol%革兰氏阳性细菌的其它看家基因,以促进多基因系统进化研究的开展。     

Actinomycetes of the Genus Micromonospora in Meadow Ecosystems

Investigations showed that micromonosporas, along with streptomycetes, are the major inhabitants of floodplain meadow ecosystems, where their population varies from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of CFU per g substrate. In spring, the population of micromonosporas in soil and on the plant roots was found to be denser than that of streptomycetes.     

链霉菌最新研究进展

链霉菌(streptomycetes)因其产生的抗生素广泛应用于医疗与制药领域而闻名,是放线菌门中最为庞大且极富物种多样性的分支。链霉菌经过多年来系统且深入的研究,在系统分类学、多样性以及天然产物资源勘探等领域都取得了巨大进展。本文综述了链霉菌3个主要方向的研究近况,阐述了目前研究面临的机遇与挑战,并对未来的研究工作进行了展望。     

Bioactive endophytic streptomycetes from the Malay Peninsula

Three novel endophytic streptomycetes have been isolated and characterized from plants with ethnobotanical uses on the Malay Peninsula including: Thottea grandiflora (family -Aristolochiaceae), Polyalthia spp. (family -Annonaceae), and Mapania sp. (family -Cyperaceae). Each isolate, as studied by scanning electron microscopy, has small hyphae, and produces typical barrel-shaped spores arising by hyphal fragmentation. Interestingly, although none has any detectable antibacterial killing properties, each has demonstrable killing activity against one or more pathogenic fungi including organisms such as Phytophthora erythroseptica, Pythium ultimum, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Mycosphaerella fijiensis and Rhizoctonia solani. Molecular biological studies on the rRNA gene sequence of each isolate revealed that it is distinct from all other genetic accessions of streptomyectes in GenBank, and each bears some genetic similarity to other streptomycetes. The bioactivity of each microbe was extractable in various organic solvents.     

不同生境放线菌的卤化酶基因分析及其对卤代产物筛选的意义

摘要：【目的】在基因水平上分析并比较陆地来源与海洋来源的放线菌产生卤化代谢产物的潜力。【方法】基于依赖黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸的卤化酶基因筛选,从经过表型去重复的70株陆地来源和71株海洋来源的放线菌中,通过PCR筛选获得卤化酶基因片段,并进行测序鉴定;通过卤化酶氨基酸序列的系统发育分析,比较不同来源放线菌的卤化酶序列,以及海洋链霉菌和小单孢菌的卤化酶序列。另外,对卤化酶阳性菌株进行了聚酮合酶和非核糖体多肽合成酶基因的检测。【结果】本研究中36.6%的海洋放线菌具有卤化酶基因,其阳性率远高于本研究所涉及的陆地放