Ⅳ型限制酶ScoMcrA中SRA结构域介导的二聚体化对硫结合结构域功能的影响机制

【背景】部分细菌的DNA骨架会发生磷硫酰化修饰,硫结合结构域(Sulfur Binding Domain,SBD)可以特异性识别这种生理修饰。与绝大多数SBD-HNH双结构域核酸酶不同,ScoMcrA的SBD和HNH结构域中间插入了一个特异性识别5-甲基胞嘧啶(5m C)修饰DNA的SET and RING-Associated(SRA)结构域。晶体结构显示,单独的SBD是单体,而SBD-SRA是双体。【目的】探究ScoMcrA中SRA结构域的存在对SBD识别硫修饰DNA的影响及影响方式。【方法】凝胶迁移实验(Electrophoresis Mobility Shift Assay,EMSA)比较SBD、SBD-SRA对硫修饰DNA结合力的差异;对参与SBD-SRA二聚体化的关键氨基酸残基突变,并检测点突变对SBD-SRA蛋白二聚体化及结合硫修饰DNA的影响。【结果】相较于SBD结构域,SBD-SRA双结构域对磷硫酰化修饰DNA的结合能力明显增强。对SBD-SRA双体互作界面进行单点突变基本不影响其对硫修饰DNA的结合,当二聚体化界面连续的L261LGET265突变成A261AAAA265时,突变体对硫修饰DNA的结合力下降到与SBD相似的水平。【结论】根据EMSA实验结果可以初步判断,SRA结构域介导的SBD-SRA双体化能增强SBD对硫修饰DNA的结合力;L261LGET265是SRA结构域上影响SBD对硫修饰DNA结合力的关键氨基酸位点。     

沙门氏菌硫修饰基因dptC的克隆表达与分离纯化

摘要:【目的】细菌DNA磷硫酰化修饰是指DNA骨架非磷氧桥上的一个氧被硫取代,该修饰增加了机体的抗氧化作用,其发生受被称为dnd的基因簇控制。沙门氏菌(Salmonella entericaserovar Cerro 87)是具有磷硫酰化修饰现象的细菌之一,其dnd基因簇被命名为dptBCDE。本研究旨在克隆其中的dptC基因,优化dptC表达条件,为进一步研究DptC 在DNA磷硫酰化修饰过程中的酶学功能奠定基础。【方法】以沙门氏菌总DNA为模板,设计特异引物、PCR扩增获得dptC基因片段,连接于表达载体pGEX-6P-1的SmaI和XhoI位点 之间,构建融合表达载体pJTU3622;将pJTU3622转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coliDH10B),经氨苄霉素抗性初选及序列测定,获得阳性克隆;提取阳性中pJTU3622再转化大肠杆菌表达宿主［E. coli BL21 (DE3)pLysS］,获得工程菌株Anxh103;优化表达条件,诱导表达dptC基因;采用GST-Trap柱和kata FPLC纯化系统分离纯化DptC蛋白。【结果】获得沙门氏菌dptC基因表达载体pJTU3622和工程菌株Anxh103;确定dptC最佳诱导表达条件为:诱导温度18℃,诱导时间8－18 h,IPTG诱导浓度0.6 mmol/L,LB培养基中添加50 μmol /L Fe2+。【结论】成功克隆了沙门氏菌dptC基因,实现了沙门氏菌dptC基因的高通量表达;表达载体中引入TEV酶切位点,使得很容易切除GST标签,为进一步研究DptC的酶学功能奠定了基础;沙门氏菌DptC发酵体系中添加50 μmol/L Fe2+可以提高DptC产量,纯化的DptC显示浅棕色,推测与变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyces lividans)中的同源蛋白蛋白DndC一样,也是一种含4Fe－4S的铁硫蛋白。     

耐热DNA连接酶介导的TLCR技术在简化DNA重组实验中的应用

传统的DNA重组方法Type Ⅱ型限制酶技术受到片段纯化的限制,无法做到复杂混合体系中DNA片段的特异性连接。为解决这个问题,本研究将耐热连接酶链式反应(Thermostable ligase chain reaction, TLCR)引入DNA片段的连接与捕获。该技术利用耐热型DNA连接酶的特性,在热循环反应中配合针对目的片段末端序列设计的单链寡核苷酸连接模板--Helper,实现目的片段的特异性连接和产物数量的指数性增长。两个质粒构建实验被用于验证TLCR技术的可行性和应用效果。首先利用TLCR技术从一个未经纯化的含有7种不同大小片段的混杂体系中特异性地将一段1.5 kb的片段捕获进载体,随机抽取的克隆样品经检验准确率达到80%,验证TLCR技术在复杂混合体系中特异性连接DNA片段的可行性和准确性。在另一个质粒构建实验中,TLCR技术从λ噬菌体基因组Hind消化物中将两段总长达27 kb的片段按顺序捕获进载体,随机抽取的克隆样品经检验同样达到了80%的准确率。结果表明,TLCR技术能够简化DNA重组实验的操作,并且适用于多片段和大片段的连接,可以为生物学研究提供便利。     

平末端DNA随机连接构建重组质粒

目的:拼接DNA片段并克隆。方法:用T4DNA连接酶将DNA片段以平末端随机连接,随后用限制性内切酶切割,琼脂糖电泳分离酶切产物,挑选特定片段纯化回收,与线性化的载体质粒连接,转化大肠杆菌感受态细胞。结果:通过以上步骤,成功拼接了不同DNA片段,构建了含有目的拼接片段的重组质粒。结论:该方法简便、易行、可靠,可作为拼接、克隆DNA的备选方案,在分子生物学研究和基因工程中应用。     

双退火温度PCR扩增DNA

【目的】与设置单一退火温度的常规PCR(S-T_m PCR)不同,本研究探讨双退火温度PCR(D-T_m PCR)由高到低设置2条引物各自退火温度。【方法】以PxF61和VPel为正/反向引物,用Q5 DNA聚合酶扩增4.3 kb的模式DNA pET20b-Xyn(黑曲霉木聚糖酶基因)。PCR程序为:98°C预变性3 min,30次循环{98°C变性30 s,设置双退火[T_(m1) 70°C(Px F61)退火15 s、T_(m2) 62°C(VPel)退火15 s],72°C延伸130 s}。【结果】与S-T_m PCR(61°C)相比,D-T_m PCR扩增4.3 kb的目的条带亮度更高,减少2条杂带;经25次循环目的 DNA产物量最高。D-T_m PCR用于长片段引物扩增5.3 kb重组质粒DNA条带更明显。【结论】D-T_m PCR直接扩增目的条带,避免了探讨T_m的麻烦,不要求2条引物T_m相近,从理论上更加清晰地认识引物与各自模板分步退火过程。     

耐辐射奇球菌基因组DNA表达文库的构建与鉴定

目的:构建耐辐射奇球茵(Dcinoeoccus radiodurans R1)基因组DNA表达文库,为进一步研究耐辐射奇球茵高抗辐射的调控网络奠定基础.方法:提取耐辐射奇球菌基因组DNA,用Sau3AI酶将基因组DNA部分酶切成0.5-5 kb大小的片段,用T4DNA连接酶将部分酶切片段与经BamH I和碱性磷酸酶(CIAP)处理的pGADT7栽体进行连接后电击转化大肠杆菌DH5a.结果:得到重组子数为2.2×104,扩增后的文库滴度为108 cfu/mL.结论:构建了耐辐射奇球菌基因组pGADT7表达文库,为进一步筛选与高抗辐射相关基因产物的互作蛋白奠定了基础.     

IV型限制酶ScoMcrA中SRA结构域介导的二聚体化对硫结合结构域功能的影响机制

[背景] 部分细菌的DNA骨架会发生磷硫酰化修饰,硫结合结构域（Sulfur Binding Domain,SBD）可以特异性识别这种生理修饰。与绝大多数SBD-HNH双结构域核酸酶不同,ScoMcrA的SBD和HNH结构域中间插入了一个特异性识别5-甲基胞嘧啶（5mC）修饰DNA的SET and RING-Associated （SRA）结构域。晶体结构显示,单独的SBD是单体,而SBD-SRA是双体。[目的] 探究ScoMcrA中SRA结构域的存在对SBD识别硫修饰DNA的影响及影响方式。[方法] 凝胶迁移实验（Electrophoresis Mobility Shift Assay,EMSA）比较SBD、SBD-SRA对硫修饰DNA结合力的差异;对参与SBD-SRA二聚体化的关键氨基酸残基突变,并检测点突变对SBD-SRA蛋白二聚体化及结合硫修饰DNA的影响。[结果] 相较于SBD结构域,SBD-SRA双结构域对磷硫酰化修饰DNA的结合能力明显增强。对SBD-SRA双体互作界面进行单点突变基本不影响其对硫修饰DNA的结合,当二聚体化界面连续的L₂₆₁LGET₂₆₅突变成A₂₆₁AAAA₂₆₅时,突变体对硫修饰DNA的结合力下降到与SBD相似的水平。[结论] 根据EMSA实验结果可以初步判断,SRA结构域介导的SBD-SRA双体化能增强SBD对硫修饰DNA的结合力;L₂₆₁LGET₂₆₅是SRA结构域上影响SBD对硫修饰DNA结合力的关键氨基酸位点。     

假单胞菌Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0-1中转录调控因子SpfB负调控DNA磷硫酰化修饰（英文）

【目的】DNA磷硫酰化修饰是DNA骨架上非桥接的氧原子以序列选择性和R-构型被硫取代的一种新型DNA修饰。目前,磷硫酰化修饰在多种细菌、古生菌以及人类致病菌中多有发现,但其分子调控机制尚不清楚。为了全面解析磷硫酰化修饰的调控机制,本文选择荧光假单胞菌Pf0-1为研究对象,开展了其DNA磷硫酰化修饰的调控机制研究。【方法】首先,构建了spfB基因缺失和回补菌株,使用碘能特异性断裂磷硫酰化修饰DNA的方法,研究了该基因缺失对修饰表型的影响。利用cDNA在相邻同方向的基因间隔区进行PCR,确定了磷硫酰化修饰基因簇spf BCDE内的共转录单元。通过荧光定量RT-PCR,分析了spfB基因缺失突变株中磷硫酰化修饰基因的转录量。利用异源表达并纯化得到的重组蛋白SpfB进行了体外功能研究。通过EMSA实验,验证了SpfB蛋白具有与spfB启动子序列结合活性。通过DNase I footprinting实验,精确定位了Spf B蛋白与DNA结合序列。【结果】spf B基因的缺失加剧了磷硫酰化修饰DNA断裂所致电泳条带弥散的表型,spf B基因的回补能够恢复该表型,证明spf B基因负调控磷硫酰化修饰。鉴定了spf基因簇中只含有1个共转录单元,且该共转录单元在?spfB突变株中转录水平明显上升。通过EMSA和DNase I footprint实验,检测了SpfB蛋白与磷硫酰化修饰基因spf BCDE的启动子区域5′-TGTTTGT-3′相结合。【结论】SpfB作为转录调控因子负调控磷硫酰化修饰基因spf BCDE的表达,为解析磷硫酰化修饰的调控机制和全面理解基因组上的部分修饰特征奠定了基础。     

一种用于构建红色红曲霉基因组Cosmid文库的大片段DNA制备方法

摘要：【目的】制备用于构建红色红曲霉cosmid文库的大片段基因组DNA。【方法】采用优化的酚氯仿抽提法制备DNA,并利用Sau3AI切割至平均大小为40 kb,然后使用Stratagene包装蛋白构建cosmid文库。基于PCR法使用同源探针从该文库中进行了目的基因的筛选。【结果】制备了浓度为5 μg/μL,平均片段大小大于48 kb的红色红曲霉大片段基因组DNA。利用该DNA构建的cosmid文库基因组覆盖倍数为10,并筛选到了含有目的片段的cosmid。【结论】通过该方法制备红色红曲霉大片段基因组D     

额外的错配碱基提高T4 DNA连接酶等位特异性连接

连接是一种主要的DNA处理过程。由于较低的商业成本以及核酸底物识别的灵活性,T4 DNA连接酶被广泛应用于生物分子工程,特别是特定核酸序列的等位特异性连接检测。本文评估了在T4 DNA连接酶介导的连接反应中,引入额外的错配碱基对所产生的影响。设计了超过150组DNA/DNA或DNA/RNA带有的额外错配碱基对的组合。结果发现,引入额外的错配碱基对后,T4 DNA 连接酶在DNA/DNA连接中特异性可提高60倍以上,而在DNA/RNA连接中特异性只能提高2倍。在等位特异性连接中,有的错配碱基对可使T4 DNA连接酶的特异性提高600多倍。     

Active DNA demethylation and DNA repair

DNA methylation on cytosine is an epigenetic modification and is essential for gene regulation and genome stability in vertebrates. Traditionally DNA methylation was considered as the most stable of all heritable epigenetic marks. However, it has become clear that DNA methylation is reversible by enzymatic “active” DNA demethylation, with examples in plant cells, animal development and immune cells. It emerges that “pruning” of methylated cytosines by active DNA demethylation is an important determinant for the DNA methylation signature of a cell. Work in plants and animals shows that demethylation occurs by base excision and nucleotide excision repair. Far from merely protecting genomic integrity from environmental insult, DNA repair is therefore at the heart of an epigenetic activation process.     

Studies on human DNA polymerase epsilon and GINS complex and their role in DNA replication

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is carried out by the coordinated action of three DNA polymerases (Pols), Pol α, δ, and ε. In this report, we describe the reconstitution of the human four-subunit Pol ε and characterization of its catalytic properties in comparison with Pol α and Pol δ. Human Pol ε holoenzyme is a monomeric complex containing stoichiometric subunit levels of p261/Pol 2, p59, p17, and p12. We show that the Pol ε p261 N-terminal catalytic domain is solely responsible for its ability to catalyze DNA synthesis. Importantly, human Pol (hPol) ε was found more processive than hPol δ in supporting proliferating cell nuclear antigen-dependent elongation of DNA chains, which is in keeping with proposed roles for hPol ε and hPol δ in the replication of leading and lagging strands, respectively. Furthermore, GINS, a component of the replicative helicase complex that is composed of Sld5, Psf1, Psf2, and Psf3, was shown to interact weakly with all three replicative DNA Pols (α, δ, and ε) and to markedly stimulate the activities of Pol α and Pol ε. In vivo studies indicated that siRNA-targeted depletion of hPol δ and/or hPol ε reduced cell cycle progression and the rate of fork progression. Under the conditions used, we noted that depletion of Pol ε had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on cellular DNA replication than depletion of Pol δ. We suggest that reduction in the level of Pol δ may be less deleterious because of its collision-and-release role in lagging strand synthesis.     

一种快速有效纯化DNA序列分析模板的方法

介绍一种ＤＮＡ序列分析模板的快速、有效的纯化方法。该法对ＤＮＡ模板的回收率可达９５％以上。多次测序结果表明,此法与其他常规纯化方法相比,具有简便、快速、有效、可靠等优点,其测序结果电泳带清晰,无模糊带及“鬼带”出现,重复性及稳定性较好。     

DNA complexes with polycations useful for delivery of DNA into cells

Generation and physicochemical properties of complexes formed by high-molecular thymus DNA and plasmid DNA with synthetic polymers of (dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate, (diethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate, and poly(vinyl amine) were studied in solutions of different ionic strength using low-gradient viscometry, electrophoresis, circular dichroism, spectrophotometry, and dynamic light scattering. The complexes were tested for toxicity with T98G cell cultures. Condensation of DNA was shown to occur when the ratio of charged groups in the polycations and DNA exceeded unity. This condensation manifested itself as an increase in the optical density of DNA solutions. Condensation-associated changes in the dimensions of DNA molecules were determined, and phase diagrams of DNA-polycation systems were analyzed in the presence of NaCl. MTT analysis revealed no toxicity of these complexes.     

线粒体DNA与DNA甲基化的关系

线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA）遗传信息量虽小,却控制着线粒体一些最基本的性质,对细胞及其功能有着重要影响。mtDNA的损伤与衰老、肿瘤等疾病的发生有关。DNA甲基化是调节基因表达的重要方式之一。mtDNA基因的表达受核DNA（nuclear DNA,nDNA）的调控,mtDNA和nDNA协同作用参与机体代谢调节和发病。本文就近年来mtDNA与DNA甲基化的关系作一综述。     

Perspectives of DNA microarray and next-generation DNA sequencing technologies

DNA microarray and next-generation DNA sequencing technologies are important tools for high-throughput genome research, in revealing both the structural and functional characteristics of genomes. In the past decade the DNA microarray technologies have been widely applied in the studies of functional genomics, systems biology and pharmacogenomics. The next-generation DNA sequencing method was first introduced by the 454 Company in 2003, immediately followed by the establishment of the Solexa and Solid techniques by other biotech companies. Though it has not been long since the first emergence of this technology, with the fast and impressive improvement, the application of this technology has extended to almost all fields of genomics research, as a rival challenging the existing DNA microarray technology. This paper briefly reviews the working principles of these two technologies as well as their application and perspectives in genome research. Supported by the National High-Tech Research Program of China (Grant No.2006AA020704) and Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (Grant No. 05DZ22201)     

Association between the Herpes Simplex Virus-1 DNA Polymerase and Uracil DNA Glycosylase

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is a large dsDNA virus that encodes its own DNA replication machinery and other enzymes involved in DNA transactions. We recently reported that the HSV-1 DNA polymerase catalytic subunit (UL30) exhibits apurinic/apyrimidinic and 5′-deoxyribose phosphate lyase activities. Moreover, UL30, in conjunction with the viral uracil DNA glycosylase (UL2), cellular apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease, and DNA ligase IIIα-XRCC1, performs uracil-initiated base excision repair. Base excision repair is required to maintain genome stability as a means to counter the accumulation of unusual bases and to protect from the loss of DNA bases. Here we show that the HSV-1 UL2 associates with the viral replisome. We identified UL2 as a protein that co-purifies with the DNA polymerase through numerous chromatographic steps, an interaction that was verified by co-immunoprecipitation and direct binding studies. The interaction between UL2 and the DNA polymerase is mediated through the UL30 subunit. Moreover, UL2 co-localizes with UL30 to nuclear viral prereplicative sites. The functional consequence of this interaction is that replication of uracil-containing templates stalls at positions −1 and −2 relative to the template uracil because of the fact that these are converted into non-instructional abasic sites. These findings support the existence of a viral repair complex that may be capable of replication-coupled base excision repair and further highlight the role of DNA repair in the maintenance of the HSV-1 genome.     

Homologies to chloroplast DNA in the nuclear DNA of a number of Chenopod species

Summary Sequences homologous to chloroplast (ct)DNA have been found in nuclear DNA in five species of the Chenopodiaceae, extending the earlier observations of promiscuous DNA in Spinacia oleracea (Timmis and Scott 1983). Using the 7.7 kbp spinach ctDNA Pst I fragment as a hybridization probe, several separately located homologies to ctDNA were resolved in the nuclear DNA of Beta vulgaris, Chenopodium quinoa, and Enchylaena tomentosa. In Chenopodium album and Atriplex cinerea the major region of homology was to a nuclear Eco RI fragment (6 kbp) indistinguishable from that in ctDNA. These homologies may therefore involve larger tracts of ctDNA because the same restriction sites are apparently retained in the nucleus. This suggests that in these latter two species there is a contrasting, more homogeneous arrangement of ctDNA transpositions in the nucleus.     

Mitochondrial DNA Repair Pathways

It has long been held that there is no DNA repair in mitochondria. Early observations suggestedthat the reason for the observed accumulation of DNA damage in mitochondrial DNA is thatDNA lesions are not removed. This is in contrast to the very efficient repair that is seen inthe nuclear DNA. Mitochondrial DNA does not code for any DNA repair proteins, but it hasbeen observed that a number of repair factors can be found in mitochondrial extracts. Mostof these participate in the base excision DNA repair pathway which is responsible for theremoval of simple lesions in DNA. Recent work has shown that there is efficient base excisionrepair in mammalian mitochondria and there are also indications of the presence of morecomplex repair processes. Thus, an active field of mitochondrial DNA repair is emerging. Anunderstanding of the DNA repair processes in mammalian mitochondria is an important currentchallenge and it is likely to lead to clarification of the etiology of the common mutations anddeletions that are found in mitochondria, and which are thought to cause various humandisorders and to play a role in the aging phenotype.     

Processing DNA molecules as text

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is the DNA-equivalent of Gutenberg’s movable type printing, both allowing large-scale replication of a piece of text. De novo DNA synthesis is the DNA-equivalent of mechanical typesetting, both ease the setting of text for replication. What is the DNA-equivalent of the word processor? Biology labs engage daily in DNA processing—the creation of variations and combinations of existing DNA—using a plethora of manual labor-intensive methods such as site-directed mutagenesis, error-prone PCR, assembly PCR, overlap extension PCR, cleavage and ligation, homologous recombination, and others. So far no universal method for DNA processing has been proposed and, consequently, no engineering discipline that could eliminate this manual labor has emerged. Here we present a novel operation on DNA molecules, called Y, which joins two DNA fragments into one, and show that it provides a foundation for DNA processing as it can implement all basic text processing operations on DNA molecules including insert, delete, replace, cut and paste and copy and paste. In addition, complicated DNA processing tasks such as the creation of libraries of DNA variants, chimeras and extensions can be accomplished with DNA processing plans consisting of multiple Y operations, which can be executed automatically under computer control. The resulting DNA processing system, which incorporates our earlier work on recursive DNA composition and error correction, is the first demonstration of a unified approach to DNA synthesis, editing, and library construction.

Electronic supplementary material

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