里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei产纤维素酶的发酵培养基碳氮源优化

研究C、N源对里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)生产纤维素酶的影响,采用单因素实验方法和中心复合方法对发酵培养基进行优化。单因素实验表明:黄豆饼粉、玉米芯、玉米浆对纤维素酶的影响显著。通过响应面优化,得到最优培养基C、N源的组成:黄豆饼粉32.21 g/L,玉米芯42.29 g/L,玉米浆4.45 g/L。优化条件下,摇瓶发酵7 d的比酶活达到(10.65±0.50)U/mL。     

氮源及碳氮比对产朊假丝酵母合成谷胱甘肽的影响

研究了N源对产朊假丝酵母细胞生长和谷胱甘肽(GSH)合成的影响。在此基础上,分别以(NH4)2SO4和尿素作为单一N源,摇瓶条件下研究了不同C、N比对GSH发酵的影响。结果发现尿素有利于细胞生长,而(NH4)2SO4更有利于GSH的合成,并且酵母细胞在利用这2种N源合成GSH时,各自具有最佳的C、N比((NH4)2SO4为8.3 mol/mol,尿素为5.6 mol/mol)。最佳C、N比下的GSH分批发酵结果显示,尿素是更合适的N源,最终细胞干质量和GSH产量可以分别达到16.48 g/L和246.4 mg/L。最后分别采用发酵动力学模型和代谢网络分析对该结果产生的原因进行了定量解释。     

利用毕赤酵母发酵废液培养原始小球藻的研究

以毕赤酵母发酵废液为水源并提供部分C源和N、P,在500 mL摇瓶中,比较了发酵废液培养基与SE基础培养基对原始小球藻的生长影响,并通过单因素和正交优化发酵废液培养基。结果表明,发酵废液培养基适合于原始小球藻的培养。利用发酵废液培养小球藻,在添加葡萄糖0.05 mol/L,硝酸钠0.01 mol/L,磷酸二氢钾0.003 mol/L,海绿素浓度300μL/L,培养7 d后最高生物量达6.56 g/L,油脂含量达33.68%,两者均高于SE基础培养基。油脂的脂肪酸组成分析表明,废液培养基培养下小球藻油脂的脂肪酸组成主要是C16∶0(25.12%)、C18∶0(4.69%)、C18∶1(50.46%)、C18∶2(6.78%)、C18∶3(8.58%),而SE培养基培养的小球藻油脂脂肪酸组成主要是C16∶0(24.56%)、C18∶0(20.36%)、C18∶1(16.66%)、C18∶2(14.32%)、C18∶3(30.98%),两种培养基培养所得藻油脂肪酸组成虽相差较大,但均适合作为生物柴油的原料。     

树干毕赤酵母和酿酒酵母混合糖发酵产乙醇

以树干毕赤酵母和酿酒酵母为发酵菌株,酸性蒸汽爆破玉米秸秆预水解液和纯糖模拟液为C源,采用固定化酵母细胞的方法,研究了酸爆玉米秸秆预水解液初始pH、N源种类及其浓度、3种发酵模式对树干毕赤酵母戊糖发酵的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆预水解液适合发酵的初始pH范围为6.0～7.0;1.0 g/L的(NH4)2SO4作为N源,在40 g/L葡萄糖和25 g/L木糖培养基中发酵24 h,糖利用率达到99.47%,乙醇质量浓度为24.72 g/L,优于尿素和蛋白胨作为N源;3种模式的发酵体系中,以游离树干毕赤酵母和固定化酿酒酵母发酵性能最好,糖利用率和乙醇得率分别为99.43%和96.39%。     

高产纤维素酶枯草芽胞杆菌S-16的筛选及其发酵工艺优化

利用刚果红鉴别培养基及基础液体筛选培养基进行菌种筛选,从新疆盐碱地分离得到的16株菌株中筛选获得一株产纤维素酶活力较高的菌株S-16,对该菌株进行16SrDNA鉴定,确定该菌为枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。对S-16发酵产纤维素酶的主要影响因素进行研究,分别考察了碳源、氮源、培养基初始pH和接种量等因素对发酵产纤维素酶的影响。结合单因素影响实验得到优化后的培养基配方为:羧甲基纤维素钠1.5%,酵母粉1%,NaCl 1%,MgSO_4·7H_2O 2‰,KH_2PO_4·3H_2_O 1‰。优化后的发酵条件为:初始pH为8,接种量1%,种龄8h,培养时间48h。经过发酵工艺优化,S-16产生的羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMCase)和滤纸酶活(FPase)分别达到4.64IU/mL和0.46IU/mL,与初始培养条件下的酶活相比分别提高了3.14倍和1.30倍。本研究得到的枯草芽胞杆菌S-16及其优化发酵工艺为秸秆的快速腐熟和高产纤维素酶的应用奠定了基础。     

极地适冷菌Pseudoalteromonas sp. QI-1产适冷蛋白酶发酵条件的优化

对极地适冷菌Pseudoalteromonas sp. QI-1产适冷蛋白酶的发酵条件进行优化。结果表明:菌株QI-1的最适生长和产酶温度均为5℃;最佳接种量为1%;发酵培养基的最适初始pH和最佳装样量分别为5和10%;盐度为2%时对菌株的生长和产酶最为有利;麸皮和醋酸钠分别为最佳N源和C源;添加0.75%酪蛋白时菌株QI-1胞外蛋白酶的活性最高;10 mmol/L Mg2+和0.5%Tween-80有利于产酶。正交试验结果表明:菌株Pseudoalteromonassp. QI-1产蛋白酶较佳培养基配方(g/L)为麸皮5,酵母粉2.5,酪蛋白3,MgCl2.6H2O 3,KCl 1.5;发酵液比酶活为166.20 U/mL,较优化前提高了约56%。     

应用稳定同位素测定贵州凤冈麻湾洞洞穴陆生动物的食物来源及营养级

以贵州凤冈麻湾洞洞穴生态系统为研究对象,运用δ~(13)C、δ~(15)N测定了洞穴动物及其有机碳源的同位素比值,分析了洞穴生态系统的营养级关系及洞穴动物食源。结果表明:洞内植物δ~(13)C范围为-41. 78‰～-38. 80‰,较洞外植物低;δ~(15)N范围为-1. 31‰～1.23‰,在洞外陆源有机质δ~(15)N范围内;洞穴土壤有机质的δ~(13)C范围为-31. 09‰～-24.95‰,δ~(15)N范围为-1.08‰～7.72‰;洞穴动物δ~(13)C范围为-30.41‰～-12.02‰,δ~(15)N范围为2.07‰～8.94‰;洞穴土壤有机质对动物的食源贡献率超过72%,远高于植物对动物的食源贡献率,即洞穴土壤有机质是洞穴动物的主要食物来源。麻湾洞生态系统主要由4个营养层次组成:植物为第一营养层次;闪夜蛾、螺类、马陆类处于第二营养层次;裸灶螽、长头地蜈蚣处于第三营养层次;蜘蛛类处于第三或第四营养层次。即大部分同种(或同类群)动物在洞穴中所处的营养级位置相对稳定,少部分同种动物在不同光带或同种类群的不同种动物在同一光带所处的营养级位置有差异。     

Bacillus subtilis BE-91生长及其胞外表达β-甘露聚糖酶的发酵条件优化

【目的】优化枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) BE-91生长及其胞外表达β-甘露聚糖酶的发酵条件。【方法】对影响菌株生长和发酵的主要因素(C源、N源、起始pH、温度等)进行单因素试验后,采用正交试验法研究B. subtilis BE-91生长培养条件和摇瓶发酵条件的优化组合。【结果】优化生长条件为：0.3%牛肉膏、0.2%酵母膏、0.1%葡萄糖、0.4%魔芋精粉、0.5% NaCl,初始pH 6.0、培养温度35 °C;胞外表达β-甘露聚糖酶活力的摇瓶发酵条件优化组合为：0.7%魔芋精粉、0.4%大豆蛋白胨、0.1% (NH4)2SO4、0.5% NaCl,发酵温度35 °C和起始pH 6.0;优化条件下发酵10 h,β-甘露聚糖酶活力最高达432.4 IU/mL,比国内外已有相关菌株报道的发酵时间缩短了14?86 h,最高酶活力提高了5倍以上。【结论】B. subtilis BE-91生长与发酵周期短、胞外表达β-甘露聚糖酶的活力高,是酶制剂产业具有重大开发价值的菌种资源。     

会仙喀斯特湿地三种典型植物叶片碳同位素(δ13C)特征及其指示意义

为探讨会仙喀斯特湿地不同生长环境下植物叶片碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、稳定碳同位素(δ~(13)C)特征及其生态学指示意义,该文以挺水植物芦苇、浮水植物水葫芦和沉水植物金鱼藻为研究对象,分析了三种典型不同生活型植物叶片的δ~(13)C特征及种间和微生境的差异,并基于植物碳同位素与碳酸酐酶显著正相关的二端元模型,估算了植物利用光合作用固定的碳酸氢根离子(HCO3-)的碳量。结果表明:(1)三种植物叶片δ~(13)C的变化范围为-28.47‰～-21.69‰,平均值为-24.83‰,不同生活型植物间δ~(13)C存在差异,金鱼藻水葫芦芦苇。(2)植物δ~(13)C值与叶片C、N和P元素含量间呈显著正相关,与C/N、C/P和N/P呈显著负相关关系,与底泥的有机质、速效氮、总氮、速效磷和总磷含量呈显著正相关。(3)会仙喀斯特湿地三种不同生活型植物叶片N/P平均值为10.34,表现出植物受N、P共同影响的特征。(4)δ~(13)C的变化特征,揭示了三种水生植物可能通过增加磷利用效率来促进低水分利用率环境下的碳的合成,通过提高植物水分利用效率的策略来代偿较低的氮素利用效率。(5)芦苇光合作用固定HCO3-碳量为159.60 t·a~(-1)·km~(-2),水葫芦为10.80 t·a~(-1)·km~(-2),金鱼藻为9.24 t·a~(-1)·km~(-2),平均值为59.88 t·a~(-1)·km~(-2)。会仙喀斯特湿地植物的不同生活型、光合作用途径和生长微环境,是影响叶片δ~(13)C变化的主要因素。     

一组降解纤维素细菌的分离筛选及产酶特性研究

用稀释法从腐殖泥中分离菌株,根据它们在羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)-刚果红培养基上的透明圈直径及对滤纸的崩解能力,获得7株纤维素分解细菌(编号:B-37、B-35、B-31、B-25、B-17、Z-a和Z-b),其中菌株Z-b的纤维素崩解能力最强,分子鉴定结果表明它与Stenotrophomonas maltophilia的16S rDNA序列有99.8%的同源性,初步确定为嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌。适合7个菌株生长的C源为马铃薯浸出液,无机盐组分为:CaCl_2 0.20、MgSO_4 1.25、NaCl 5.00、(NH_4)_2SO_4 1.30、KH_2PO_4 1.35、FeSO_4·7H_2O 0.015、Na-EDTA 0.02g/L。在滤纸为唯一碳源的培养基中,菌株Z-b的滤纸酶(FPase)和CMC酶(CMCase)活性最大,为0.099 U/mL和0.075 U/mL,而在固体PSA上,菌株B-31和B-37的FPase和CMCase活性最高,为0.131 U/mL和0.175 U/mL。7个细菌单独发酵,Z-b对滤纸的崩解能力最强,滤纸块完全崩解成粉未状;与真菌34混合发酵,菌株组合Z-a+34、Z-b+34、B-31+34、B-25+34将滤纸完全水解为水溶性物质。可见,各菌株的纤维素酶活与培养条件密切相关,某些真菌、细菌间存在协同作用,它们混合发酵可大大提高纤维素的水解效率。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细