牛初乳的安全性毒理学实验研究

目的：评价牛初乳的安全性。方法：按照《保健食品检验与评价技术规范（2003版）》进行急性经口毒性试验、Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验、精子畸形试验和大鼠30d喂养试验等毒理学安全评价试验。结果：牛初乳大鼠经口急性毒性试验中MTD值＞15.0g/kg·BW。小鼠骨髓微核试验、Ames试验、小鼠精子致畸试验对牛初乳样品没有致突变的作用。大鼠30d喂养试验各项指标也均未见明显毒性反应：对照组和各剂量组大鼠的生长发育均未见异常,血液学、血液生化、主要脏器重量、脏器系数均在正常值范围内,组织病理学检查未见与受试物有关的异常改变。结论：牛初乳属于无毒级、不会引起突变,大鼠30d喂养试验各项指标也均未见明显毒性反应。     

虾青素的毒理学安全性评价研究

目的：对虾青素进行毒理学安全性评价,为其食用安全性提供科学依据。方法：通过急性经口毒性试验、Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验、精子畸形试验和大鼠30d喂养试验等毒理学评价试验,评估虾青素的食用安全性。结果：虾青素对雌、雄大鼠的急性经口最大耐受量（MTD）均大于19.0g/kg·BW。Ames试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均未见该样品有致突变作用,大鼠30d喂养试验各项指标也均未见明显毒性反应。结论：虾青素急性毒性分级属无毒级,无遗传毒性,在该实验研究剂量和条件下,虾青素未见明显毒副作用。     

紫茎泽兰醇提物的毒理学研究

为确保以紫茎泽兰提取物为主要原药的植物源农药的安全性,对紫茎泽兰醇提物进行了小鼠经口急性毒性试验、大白兔急性皮肤和眼刺激试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核计数及小鼠精子畸形试验等急性毒性和遗传毒性试验。结果表明,受试物对两种性别的小鼠经口急性毒性试验,LD50大于5000mg／kg,对大白兔皮肤无刺激性;小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验及小鼠精子畸形试验结果均为阴牲,受试物未见遗传毒性。     

Mix-G200益生菌粉安全性毒理学评价

目的通过对Mix-G200益生菌粉的安全性毒理学进行研究,为以后的应用提供科学依据。方法采用雌雄小鼠急性毒性试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、Ames试验和大鼠30天喂养试验等对Mix-G200益生菌粉进行安全性试验研究。结果急性经口毒性试验表明,Mix-G200益生菌粉对雌雄小鼠的急性经口LD50均大于21500 mg/kg,以急性毒性半数致死量毒性分级,属无毒级物质。小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、Ames试验结果均为阴性。30天喂养试验结果表明,大鼠生长情况良好,血液学检查、生化学检查、主要脏体以及组织学检查结果与对照组相比,差异均无统计学意义。结论 Mix-G200益生菌粉未见遗传毒性,使用Mix-G200益生菌粉是安全可靠的。     

嗜酸乳杆菌LA-G80的毒理学研究

目的对嗜酸乳杆菌的毒性进行研究。方法采用大、小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验和大鼠30 d喂养等对嗜酸乳杆菌进行安全性试验研究。结果急性经口毒性试验表明,大、小鼠灌胃给予嗜酸乳杆菌,最大耐受剂量雌雄两性别均大于20.0 g/kg体重,Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性。大鼠30 d喂养试验结果表明各项指标均未见明显毒性反应。结论在本次实验条件下,嗜酸乳杆菌未见遗传毒性。由此可初步判定,使用嗜酸乳杆菌是安全可靠的。     

成团泛菌低分子脂多糖的急性毒性、刺激性、致敏性及遗传毒性评估

本研究对成团泛菌低分子脂多糖(Pantoea agglomerans lipopolysaccharide,LPSp)的安全性进行初步评估.本研究采用一次限量法,用昆明种小鼠进行LPSp急性经口毒性试验,了解LPSp的急性毒性;采用新西兰兔分别进行LPSp急性和多次皮肤刺激性试验以及急性眼刺激性试验,了解LPSp的皮肤和粘膜刺激性;采用豚鼠进行LPSp皮肤变态反应试验,了解LPSp的致敏性;应用平板掺入法进行鼠伤寒沙门氏菌/回复突变试验和小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验考察LPSp的遗传危害.急性毒性试验结果显示,LPSp对小鼠经口一次灌胃的LD50大于5 000 mg/kg体重,属实际无毒级别;LPSp急性和多次皮肤刺激性试验以及急性眼刺激性试验结果显示,皮肤刺激和眼刺激积分均为0分,LPSp对皮肤无刺激性、对眼睛无急性刺激性;在皮肤变态反应试验中,LPSp在各观察时间点的皮肤变态反应积分均为0分,其致敏率均为0%,说明LPSp对豚鼠无致敏性; LPSp的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌/回复突变试验结果呈阴性(P>0.05);LPSp的小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验结果亦呈阴性,LPSp 各剂量组的微核发生率与阴性对照组未见统计学差异(P>0.05),而与阳性对照组有明显差异(P<0.01).本研究结果表明,在本实验剂量范围内,LPSp对小鼠经口毒性极低,属实际无毒级别,对家兔皮肤和眼睛无明显刺激性,对豚鼠无致敏性,对所试菌株和小鼠体细胞无诱变性和致突变性.     

三株光合细菌的毒性试验研究

以昆明小白鼠为实验动物,对类球红细菌Z1、沼泽红假单胞菌Z2及光合细菌分离株C2采用急性毒性试验、骨髓细胞微核试验和精子畸形试验进行安全性评定。结果表明,急性毒性试验:实验组小白鼠的一般状况、器官含水量、器官系数及血常规检查,与对照组差异均无显著性(P>0.05);骨髓细胞微核试验和精子畸形试验实验组与阴性对照组(生理盐水)差异均无显著性(P>0.05),与阳性对照组(环磷酰胺40 mg/kg)比较,骨髓细胞微核试验差异有极显著性(P<0.01),精子畸形率试验差异有显著性(P<0.05)。以上结果说明,三株光合细菌均不具有毒性。     

萝卜过氧化物酶的毒理学研究

为了探讨萝卜过氧化物酶应用的安全性,对其进行了小鼠经口急性毒性实验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核实验和小鼠精子畸形实验等急性和遗传毒性实验.结果表明,受试物对小鼠的LD50(半数致死剂量)大于10.0g/kg体重,属实际无毒物质.小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核实验及小鼠精子畸形实验结果均为阴性.受试物未显示有遗传毒性.     

益生菌粉（副干酪乳酪杆菌207-27）的毒理学安全性评价

目的 评估益生菌粉（副干酪乳酪杆菌207-27）的毒理学安全性,为其应用提供依据。方法 通过大鼠急性经口毒性试验、细菌回复突变试验、小鼠红细胞微核试验、小鼠精母细胞染色体畸变试验及大鼠28 d经口毒性试验研究益生菌粉（副干酪乳酪杆菌207-27）的安全性。结果 大鼠急性经口毒性试验结果显示,益生菌粉（副干酪乳酪杆菌207-27）对大鼠的经口急性毒性LD50均大于15.00 g/（kg·BW）,根据急性毒性分级标准属实际无毒。细菌回复突变试验、小鼠红细胞微核试验及小鼠精母细胞染色体畸变试验结果均显示阴性。大鼠28 d经口毒性试验结果表明,实验组大鼠体质量、摄食量、食物利用率、眼部状况、血液学指标、血液生化指标、脏器指数、大体及病理学检查结果与对照组相比差异均无统计学意义。结论 益生菌粉（副干酪乳酪杆菌207-27）具有良好的毒理学安全性。     

水飞蓟的毒理学安全性评价

目的：对水飞蓟进行毒理学安全性评价,为其食用安全性提供科学依据。方法：采用大鼠急性毒性实验、Ames实验,小鼠骨髓细胞微核实验、精子畸形实验和大鼠30d喂养实验等安全性评价实验,评估水飞蓟的食用安全性。结果：水飞蓟对雌、雄大鼠的急性经口最大耐受量（MTD）均大于18.0g/kg·BW。Ames实验、小鼠骨髓微核验和精子畸形实验结果均未见该样品有致突变作用,大鼠30d喂养实验各项指标也均未见明显毒性反应。结论：水飞蓟急性毒性分级属无毒级、无遗传毒性,在该实验研究剂量和条件下,水飞蓟未见明显毒副作用。     

Producing a low ovomucoid egg white preparation by precipitation with aqueous ethanol

A novel method for producing a low ovomucoid egg white preparation is proposed. Egg white powder (0.5 g) was dissolved in a 10-fold weight of distilled water and adjusted to pH 5, and ethanol was added to the solution at a final concentration of 20% (v/v). The mixture was vigorously stirred and centrifuged. The precipitate was washed three times with 20% ethanol (6.25 ml each), with about 65% of egg white proteins occurring in the precipitate. The use of ELISA demonstrated that 70% of ovomucoid was recovered from the supernatant fraction. However, functionally important proteins such as ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, and lysozyme still remained in the precipitate. These results may be due primarily to the much higher solubility of ovomucoid in this aqueous ethanol. Food quality evaluation showed that high whippability and foam stability were retained in the low ovomucoid preparation as in its material egg white. This product would thus be applicable as a new processed food for ovomucoid-sensitive allergic patients.     

杜仲叶绿原酸的提取，分离和鉴定

杜仲叶绿原酸的提取、分离和鉴定＠戚向阳＠张声华￥华中农业大学食品科学系杜仲叶;绿原酸;提取;鉴定杜仲叶绿原酸的提取、分离和鉴定戚向阳张声华（华中农业大学食品科学系,武汉４３００７０）Ｔｈｅｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ,ｉｓｏｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔ...     

Isolation and partial characterization of a glial hyaluronate-binding protein

A glial hyaluronate-binding protein (GHAP) with an isoelectric point of 4.3-4.4 was isolated from human brain white matter. The 60-kDa glycoprotein appeared to be quite resistant to proteolysis, and comparison with GHAP from a viable glioma removed at surgery showed that the protein isolated from autopsy material was not a degradation product resulting from postmortem autolysis. The protein was localized immunohistochemically with mouse monoclonal and rabbit polyclonal antibodies in cerebral white matter. Only small amounts could be found in the gray matter. After enzymatic deglycosylation, an immunoreactive 47-kDa polypeptide was obtained. Two amino acid sequences of GHAP showed a striking similarity (up to 89%) with a highly conserved region of cartilage proteins (bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan and rat and chicken link protein). However, the amino acid composition and other amino acid sequences suggested that there are also differences between brain-specific GHAP and cartilage proteins.     

pYEMF,a pUC18-Derived <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xcm</Emphasis>I T-Vector for Efficient Cloning of PCR Products

A 1330-bp DNA sequence with two XcmI cassettes was inserted into pUC18 to construct an efficient XcmI T-vector parent plasmid, pYEMF. The large size of the inserted DNA fragment improved T-vector cleavage efficiency, and guaranteed good separation of the molecular components after restriction digestion. The pYEMF-T-vector generated from parent plasmid pYEMF permits blue/white colony screening; cloning efficiency analysis showed that most white colonies (>75%) were putative transformants which carried the cloning product. The sequence analysis and design approach presented here will facilitate applications in the fields of molecular biology and genetic engineering.     

利用混合样本池法对鸡显性白羽基因PMEL17突变位点的检测

显性白羽基因座是影响鸡羽色形成的重要基因座位之一, 该基因座上的显性等位基因I 会抑制黑色素合成, 从而使携带该基因的个体全身羽毛呈现白色。目前已确认鸡显性白羽基因座编码PMEL17蛋白: 是一种黑素细胞特异性蛋白, 在黑素细胞的分化与成熟中起到重要作用, 并证明PMEL17基因的突变与显性白羽的形成有关。文章利用混合样本池建立了一种低成本、高效率, 并能在大规模群体中检测PMEL17基因突变的方法, 称为PCR产物混合样本池法。该方法的基本步骤如下: 首先, 提取个体基因组DNA, 并设计相关引物对每一个体单独进行PCR扩增; 其次, 将PCR产物等比例混合, 10个样品混在一个池中; 然后, 将PCR产物混合池样品于非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上进行电泳; 最后, 待电泳结束后进行银染, 根据凝胶上所显条带判定是否存在突变体。此外, 文章还将这种方法与传统基因组DNA混合样本池法进行了比较试验, 并利用该方法对试验鸡群显性白羽基因PMEL17突变进行检测, 证实该方法具有较高准确度。     

猪MyoG基因的PCR-RFLP多态性分析

以杜洛克、长白、大约克、南昌白、二花脸、梅山猪、玉山黑猪、乐平花猪、金华两头乌及上高两头乌等中外10个猪种共计561头猪为研究材料,采用3对引物（PCR1、PCR2、PCR3）分别扩增猪肌细胞生成素（MyoG）基因的不同区域,扩增产物经限制性核酸内切酶MspⅠ酶切后发现：（1）在PCR1 MspⅠ-RFLP位点上,外来品种杜洛克、长白、大约克及培育品种南昌白中极大多数个体表现为AA型,个别为BB型;而6个中国地方猪种除乐平花猪外均以BB型居多。（2）在PCR2 MspⅠ-RFLP位点上,6个中国地方猪种除一头玉山黑猪表现为MN型外,其余均为MM型;而外来品种以NN型占大多数,培育品种南昌白更趋向于外来品种。（3）在PCR3 MspⅠ-RFLP位点上,所有猪种均可得到扩增产物,但无MspⅠ酶切位点。（4）在梅山猪及与其亲缘关系较近的二花脸猪中,没有发现Soumillion等(1997)报道的梅山猪特异性MspⅠ多态性酶切位点。     

SCD1 promotes lipid mobilization in subcutaneous white adipose tissue

Beiging of white adipose tissue (WAT) has beneficial effects on metabolism. Although it is known that beige adipocytes are active in lipid catabolism and thermogenesis, how they are regulated deserves more explorations. In this study, we demonstrate that stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) in subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) responded to cold stimulation and was able to promote mobilization of triacylglycerol [TAG (triglyceride)]. In vitro studies showed that SCD1 promoted lipolysis in C3H10T1/2 white adipocytes. The lipolytic effect was contributed by one of SCD1’s products, oleic acid (OA). OA upregulated adipose TAG lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase expression. When SCD1 was overexpressed in the scWAT of mice, lipolysis was enhanced, and oxygen consumption and heat generation were increased. These effects were also demonstrated by the SCD1 knockdown experiments in mice. In conclusion, our study suggests that SCD1, known as an enzyme for lipid synthesis, plays a role in upregulating lipid mobilization through its desaturation product, OA.     

Quantitative histochemical studies of the effect of levamisole on splenic T-cells in thymectomized Bufo bufo larvae

Summary The ability of levamisole (LVS) to correct the effect of thymectomy on splenic T-cell population in Bufo bufo larvae was tested. Using the nonspecific acid -naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) technique, the T-lymphocytes displayed a characteristic reddish brown spot (T-pattern). The total number of white cells per spleen and the number of T-pattern cells per 100 splenic white cells were determined. In addition, differential counts of the T-patterns were made on the basis of the size of their spots.Thymectomized larvae in comparison to sham-operated larvae posessed a lower total number of splenic white cells with a similar proportion of T-pattern cells, but a lower proportion of cells with a large T-pattern. After seven days of LVS treatment, the thymectomized larvae showed an increased total number of splenic white cells and an increased proportion of cells with a large T-pattern, both data falling within normal limits. The effect of LVS appeared marked in thymectomized larvae, but was slight or absent in sham-operated larvae. Differential counts of the large T-pattern cells, based on the size of ANAE reaction product, showed the capacity of LVS to stimulate T-cell maturation. It was concluded that LVS induced proliferation and differentiation of splenic T-cells and that the different sizes of T-pattern reaction represent different maturational stages of T-cells.     

孔雀活化素基因(activin)ßA 亚基成熟肽序列的分子克隆及其对白孔雀起源与分类的佐证分析

参考已经克隆的活化素(activin)基因βA亚基成熟肽序列,设计一对兼并引物,从绿孔雀(pavo muticus)、蓝孔雀(pavo cristatus)和白孔雀基因组中克隆到活化素基因βA亚基成熟肽序列。测序结果表明,活化素基因βA亚基成熟肽序列长345bp,编码115个氨基酸。序列分析表明,蓝孔雀与绿孔雀核苷酸同源性为98.0%,而蓝孔雀与白孔雀核苷酸同源性为98.8%。NCBI收索结果显示,活化素基因βA亚基成熟肽序列在不同物种间都非常保守。氨基酸功能位点分析表明,活化素βA亚基成熟肽可能在细胞信号传递过程中发挥了很重要的作用。另外,利用活化素基因βA亚基成熟肽序列构建了三种孔雀的限制性酶切图谱及系统发生树。结果显示,白孔雀与蓝孔雀的亲源关系比与绿孔雀的亲源关系近。我们认为,白孔雀来源于蓝孔雀,很可能是蓝孔雀一个杂交后代或亚种,而不是人们通常所认为的仅仅是蓝孔雀的一个颜色突变体。Abstract: The sequences of activin geneβA subunit mature peptide have been amplified from white peafowl, blue peafowl (pavo cristatus) and green peafowl (pavo muticus) genomic DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a pair of degenerate primers. The target fragments were cloned into the vector pMD18-T and sequenced. The length of activin gene βA subunit mature peptide is 345bp, which encoded a peptide of 115 amino acid residues. Sequence analysis of activin gene βA subunit mature peptide demonstrated that the identity of nucleotide is 98.0% between blue peaflowl and green peafowl, and the identity of that is 98.8% between blue peaflowl and white peafow. Sequences comparison in NCBI revealed that the sequences of activin geneβA subunit mature peptides of different species are highly conserved during evolution process. In addition, the restriction enzyme map of activins is high similar between white peafowl and blue peafowl. Phylogenetic tree was constructed with Mega 2 and Clustalxldx software. The result showed that white peafowl has a closer relationship to blue peafowl than to green peafowl. Considered the nucleotide differences of peafowls’ activin geneβA subunit mature peptides, a highly conserved region, we supported that white peafowl was derived from blue peafowl, and it is more possible the hybrid but just the product of color mutation, or maybe as a subspecies of Pavo genus.