改良组织块消化法建立大鼠气道平滑肌细胞模型

目的：建立改进大鼠气道平滑肌细胞（ASMC）的体外培养方法,为相关研究提供实验材料。方法：将组织块连续贴壁进行细胞原代培养,胰酶消化传代培养,差速贴壁进行细胞纯化,形态学及免疫细胞化学染色法进行细胞鉴定。MTT法检测PDGF-BB诱导的ASMC增殖。结果：成功培养大鼠ASMC,以改良组织块消化法最为理想。第四代平滑肌细胞纯度可达95％以上。相差显微镜下培养细胞呈典型“峰谷状”生长。免疫荧光化学染色显示特异性平滑肌肌动蛋白阳性表达。随着PDGF浓度的升高（2-80ng／ml）,MTT比色A490值呈上升趋势。与对照组相比较,80ng／ml、20ng／ml PDGF—BB组有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：改良组织块消化法可缩短培养周期,在充分利用标本的基础上获得大量气道平滑肌细胞。     

小鼠颌下腺上皮细胞的培养及表皮生长因子的鉴定

体外培养小鼠颌下腺细胞,形态学观察可见有上皮样细胞生长。免疫细胞化学及蛋白质印迹转移分析结果表明,体外培养的颌下腺上皮样细胞可合成并分泌表皮生长因子。     

前列腺基质细胞的原代培养方法

目的:建立一种操作简单、成功率高、重复性好的前列腺增生组织原代基质细胞(PSC)培养方法。方法:采用胶原酶消化法、组织块贴壁法和胰酶消化组织块贴壁法,从70岁及以上男性的良性前列腺增生组织中分离培养PSC,通过显微镜观察比较PSC的数量、形态、培养周期,用免疫荧光染色法鉴定PSC的纯度。结果:胶原酶消化法得到的贴壁细胞少,细胞体积较小且形态无法铺展,增殖能力较弱;组织块贴壁法培养72h后细胞会从组织边缘缓慢爬出,生长周期长;胰酶消化组织块贴壁法,细胞培养7d后基本融合,折光性强,细胞多呈长梭形,通过免疫荧光染色鉴定,基质细胞纯度在95%以上。结论:利用胰酶消化组织块贴壁法建立了一种易行、高效且重复性好的前列腺增生组织基质细胞培养方法。     

体外诱导小鼠脂肪来源干细胞向内皮细胞分化的实验研究

目的：探索体外小鼠脂肪来源干细胞（Adipose—derivedstemcells,ASCs）诱导分化为内皮细胞（endothelialprogenitorcells,EPCs）的可行性。方法：利用I型胶原酶消化法和传代培养纯化法从小鼠脂肪组织中分离、培养及扩增ASCs,通过流式细胞仪检测ASCs特异性表面抗原CD29和CD44、CD105的表达;取第2代ASCs进行内皮诱导：即BD基质胶包被＋内皮细胞生长诱导培养基（M199＋10％血清＋10ng／mL血管内皮细胞生长因子VEGF＋10ng／ml碱性生长因子bFGF）。诱导两周左右,倒置显微镜观察诱导前后细胞的一般形态学特征;同时通过成血管实验观察成管腔能力;通过免疫荧光鉴定CD31表型分子的表达。结果：成功培养小鼠ASCs;CD29、CD44、CD90、呈阳性表达,而CD31、CD34、CD45呈阴性表达;诱导后的细胞形态呈三角形或多边形;HE染色观察可见明显的管腔样结构;免疫荧光法CD31表达阳性;MTT法成功记录EPCs增殖生长曲线。结论：成功的诱导小鼠脂肪来源干细胞分化为血管内皮细胞,为后续体内移植实验提供理论基础,同时也为临床受损组织或器官的重建再生提供实验基础。     

分离与培养人脂肪组织间充质干细胞的研究

目的：探索人脂肪组织源性间充质干细胞（ASCs）的分离、体外培养,为其广泛应用提供实验依据。方法：无菌条件下获取腹部手术病人皮下脂肪组织,酶消化法分离、培养ASCs,观察细胞形态并绘制细胞生长曲线,计算细胞群体倍增时间;对第2代细胞进行免疫组织化学染色,鉴定其表面分子CD44表达;取2—4代细胞用含体积分数为10％胎牛血清、1％青链霉素原液、1μmmol／L地塞米松、10μmmol／L胰岛素、0．5mmmol／LIBMX的高糖DMEM培养基中诱导培养一周,观察细胞形态变化,并用油红“O”染色定性。结果：人脂肪组织中含有大量间充质干细胞,呈成纤维细胞样贴壁生长,细胞群体倍增时间为55h左右;免疫化学染色鉴定CD44阳性;成脂诱导分化一周,可见细胞内有大量脂滴,油红“0”染色可见胞浆内有大量红染颗粒。结论：建立了一种自人体脂肪组织分离,培养ASCs经济简便的方法,为其能够作为组织工程理想的种子细胞及广泛应用于临床提供实验依据。     

胎鼠脊髓神经干细胞分离方法的比较

目的：比较机械法和胰酶消化法对胎鼠脊髓源神经干细胞增殖分化的影响。方法：分别用机械法和胰酶消化法分离胎鼠脊髓组织获得神经干细胞,应用台盼蓝检测细胞成活率,用无血清培养技术培养神经干细胞,应用MTT法检测细胞分裂增殖能力．采用免疫细胞化学法鉴定神经干细胞和分化细胞。结果：机械法获得的细胞数量多于胰酶消化法。细胞经过培养其增殖能力机械法略强于胰酶消化法,但无统计学意义。培养形成的细胞球Nestin阳性,诱导分化后可见NSE和GFAP阳性细胞。结论：运用机械法比胰酶消化法分离胎鼠脊髓组织获得神经干细胞方法简单,容易操作,经过培养细胞增殖能力较强。并可提供健康的细胞来源。     

大鼠颌下腺及其离体培养细胞脱氢表雄酮（DHEA）的免疫组织化学定位

用免疫组织化学ABC法,研究了颌下腺及无血清培养的颌下腺上皮细胞DHEA的定位,结果显示,大鼠颌下腺的浆液性腺泡的上皮细胞及各级导管上皮细胞均呈DHEA免疫反应阳性,无血清培养腺上皮细胞也呈DHEA免疫反应阳性,阳性物质分布于胞质,胞核呈阴性反应,此结果提示：大鼠颌下腺能自身合成DHEA,DHEA对消化功能可能具有重要的调节作用。     

新生大鼠肺成纤维细胞的原代培养改良法及细胞鉴定

探讨新生大鼠肺成纤维细胞原代培养的改良方法及细胞鉴定。用胰酶消化组织块结合的方法提取新生大鼠肺成纤维细胞,并纯化细胞,对肺成纤维细胞进行形态学观察,用HE染色及免疫组化染色法对细胞进行鉴定,并用MTT法测定细胞生长曲线。倒置相差显微镜下观察选用改良法获得的细胞,3 d后可见组织块周边有少许细胞,5 d后组织块周围有大量细胞爬出,生长迅速,10 d接近融合。经改良后的方法纯化细胞,细胞活性状态较好的为3~5代,5代以后的细胞增殖能力下降。对第3代肺成纤维细胞进行HE染色,镜下可见形态典型的成纤维细胞,免疫组化结果显示波形蛋白(Vi-mentin)阳性表达,细胞角蛋白(cytokeratin)阴性表达。MTT法检测第3代细胞于3~5 d处于对数生长期。胰酶消化组织块结合法是一种可靠快速的肺成纤维细胞分离纯化的培养方法,使用这种方法可得到具有典型形态特征且活性较好的肺成纤维细胞,初学者容易掌握。     

大鼠细小肺动脉平滑肌细胞原代培养和鉴定方法的研究

目的：建立一种重复性好、培养周期短及传代次数多的大鼠细小肺动脉平滑肌细胞（PASMCs）培养方法。方法：在无菌条件下,分离雄性SD大鼠肺细小动脉,剥离外膜和剔除内皮细胞,经胶原酶I消化,培养PASMCs。0.4%台盼蓝染色测定细胞活力;倒置相差显微镜观察;免疫细胞化学法和免疫荧光染色法,进行平滑肌α-肌动蛋白（α-SMactin）鉴定。结果：形态学观察、免疫细胞化学法及免疫荧光染色法鉴定表明培养细胞为PASMCs;细胞存活率在96.5%以上;原代培养后4～7d即可传代,并且生长特点、细胞形态不易发生改变。结论：采用胶原酶I消化法培养PASMCs,方法简单、酶消化时间易控制、培养周期短、重复性好,培养的原代PASMCs具有数量多和生长迅速的特点。     

SD大鼠胸腹主动脉平滑肌细胞的原代培养及鉴定

目的建立原代大鼠胸腹主动脉平滑肌细胞培养方法,为研究心脑血管动脉粥样硬化疾病提供重要的载体和工具细胞。方法选取6～8周龄SD大鼠2只,剪开胸腹腔,剥离主动脉,刮除血管内、外膜,经0.2%Ⅱ型胶原酶/弹性蛋白酶消化后,剪碎成块,种瓶进行原代培养。通过细胞形态学观察、α平滑肌肌动蛋白免疫细胞化学染色法鉴定所培养的目的细胞。结果接种于培养瓶中的血管组织块培养48h后开始贴壁;72h后细胞以组织块为中心,向外迁移,"岛屿状"细胞团簇初步形成;96h后原代细胞集落逐渐融合,铺满瓶底,呈现典型的"峰-谷"样生长;第一代传代细胞形态基本保持不变,高倍镜下细胞呈三角形或星形。免疫细胞化学染色显示,细胞α平滑肌肌动蛋白阳性率达99%以上。结论复合酶消化法结合组织块法能够成功高效地分离培养出原代大鼠胸腹主动脉平滑肌细胞。     

Cells of mouse submandibular salivary gland in culture in vitro

A cell culture that preserves its phenotype up to the 20th passage was obtained from mouse submandibular salivary glands. An analysis of the heterogeneous culture indicates the existence of several morphological types of cells, including small, densely packed cells of cuboidal or polygonal shapes and large, rounded cells. Epithelial cells of the submandibular gland cultured for several weeks were able to form tubular structures. Our studied cell culture of glandulocytes (cells of glandular epithelium) was represented by K19- and NGF-positive cells. It is important to note that, using both immunocytochemical staining and PCR, the expression of genes that encode the proinsulin and insulin proteins is revealed in the studied cell population.     

Study of cell culture of mouse submandibular salivary gland in vitro

Cell culture keeping its phenotype till the 20th passage was obtained from mouse submandibular salivary glands. The analysis of the heterogeneous culture showed that there were some morphological types of cells: densely packed small cells that had cuboidal or polygonal form and also large round cells. Epithelial cells of submandibular gland cultured during several weeks were able to form tubular strucures. It was shown that glandulocyte culture was presented by K19-positive and NGF-positive cells. It is important to note that expression of genes coding proinsulin and insulin was detected by immunocytochemical staining and by PCR as well.     

小鼠外胎盘锥次级滋养层巨细胞的分离、培养与鉴定

目的：建立小鼠外胎盘锥次级滋养层巨细胞的分离、培养方法.方法：在小鼠妊娠第8 d,通过机械分离和组织块翻转干涸法分离、培养小鼠外胎盘锥次级滋养层巨细胞;免疫细胞化学鉴定细胞来源与纯度;酶谱方法检测其所分泌基质金属蛋白酶2和9（matrix metalloproteinase-2,9,MMP-2,9）结果：利用机械分离法分离外胎盘锥可生长于Matrigel包被的培养板上,并生长出次级滋养层巨细胞,表达特异性标志物Cytokeratin;体外培养24 h、48 h后,外胎盘锥滋养层巨细胞的粘附率分别为（83.3±9.1）%和（92.4±7.3）%;扩展率分别为（45.5±5.3）%和（56.4±6.8）%;及其所分泌的MMP-2,9的24 h光密度值分别为（87±4.7）和（351.5±25.2）;48 h分别为（186±40.2）和（556.5±61.5）.结论：采用机械分离和组织块翻转干涸法,可简单、快捷地获得高纯度小鼠外胎盘锥次级滋养层巨细胞.     

The specificity of chitosan in promoting branching morphogenesis of progenitor salivary tissue

Chitosan has been shown to be effective in regulating progenitor salivary tissue morphogenesis, however, the specificity of chitosan effects remains unclear. To assess the regulatory ability of chitosan in salivary gland morphogenesis, progenitor salivary tissue from embryonal submandibular gland (SMG) was cultured in chitosan-containing medium. It was found that soluble chitosan was able to promote SMG branching in a dose-dependent manner. The effect was chitosan-specific and was not reproduced by substrates with similar chemical structures or other polymeric molecules of natural or synthetic origin. Furthermore, the branch-promoting effects were molecular weight-dependent. In addition, following digestion with lysozyme, chitinase, or chitosanase, digested chitosan was unable to reproduce the similar effects. In all, this study clarifies the specificity and preferential activity of chitosan in enhancing branching morphogenesis of progenitor salivary tissue and highlights its potential utility for application in salivary tissue regeneration.     

Effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and activin a on the morphogenesis of rat submandibular gland-derived epithelial cells in serum-free collagen gel culture

Summary To study the mechanisms of morphogenesis in salivary gland regeneration, we have established the RSMG-1 cell line derived from submandibular gland (SMG) of 10-wk-old Wistar female rats in serum-free culture. Our finding that RSMG-1 cells originated from duct cells was based on morphology and immunohistochemical results. In three-dimensional serum-free collagen gel culture, HGF induced branching morphogenesis of RSMG-1 cells. Histological examination revealed that HGF-induced branching structure exhibited well-formed lumina. This morphology closely resembles that found in vivo. The cells also expressed activin A. Exogenously added activin A at a high concentration reduced HGF-induced branching morphogenesis. These findings suggest that the morphogenesis of the salivary gland is modulated by HGF and activin A. Our results show that the RSMG-1 cell line may be useful in studies of salivary gland regeneration.     

长爪沙鼠肝细胞体外分离培养体系的建立

目的建立长爪沙鼠原代肝细胞分离培养体系。方法以雄性长爪沙鼠为供体,采用组织消化法和Seglen两步灌流法分离肝细胞,以台盼蓝染色检测细胞得率和活率,过碘酸-希夫氏反应(PAS)鉴定肝细胞,倒置显微镜观察肝细胞形态变化,并使用含有多种细胞因子的培养基维持培养。结果组织消化法和Seglen两步灌流法平均每只长爪沙鼠可分别获得肝细胞(1.33±0.34)×107个、(3.97±1.15)×107个,细胞活率分别为(29.4±6.05)%、(80.3±4.56)%,这两种方法在细胞得率及活率方面存在显著差异。肝细胞内因有大量的糖原颗粒,经PAS染色后被染成红色。结果表明肝细胞在贴壁后72 h内,肝细胞形态发生显著变化。结论采用胶原酶经肝门静脉灌流分离肝细胞是一种高效获得肝细胞的方法。各种细胞因子有利于维持肝细胞在体外的生长分化,长爪沙鼠原代肝细胞分离培养体系的建立将为肝脏相关疾病研究和防治药物的开发提供技术支持。     

Xylose-linked proteoglycan synthesis does not have a primary role in the control of secretory cell differentiation in salivary glands

Xylose-linked proteoglycans, particularly chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, have been shown to play a significant role in the regulation of salivary gland morphogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine if xylose-linked proteoglycans are involved in the regulation of differentiation of salivary gland secretory cells. Embryonic rat submandibular salivary gland rudiments were cultured for 120 hr in the presence or absence of 0.75 to 1.0 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside (beta-D-xyloside), an inhibitor of xylose-linked proteoglycan assembly. beta-D-Xyloside has been shown to block submandibular gland morphogenesis (Thompson and Spooner, 1982). In the present study glandular morphogenesis was blocked in 93.3% of the rudiments cultured in the presence of beta-D-xyloside. However, secretory cell differentiation was observed in 71.4% of those rudiments in which morphogenesis had been inhibited. Biochemical evaluation confirmed that xylose-linked proteoglycan assembly had been inhibited by xyloside. These results indicate that while xylose-linked proteoglycans play a significant role in the control of salivary gland morphogenesis these molecules are not primary regulators for secretory cell differentiation within developing salivary glands.     

Clonal proliferation of multipotent stem/progenitor cells in the neonatal and adult salivary glands

Salivary gland stem/progenitor cells are thought to be present in intercalated ductal cells, but the fact is unclear. In this study, we sought to clarify if stem/progenitor cells are present in submandibular glands using colony assay, which is one of the stem cell assay methods. Using a low-density culture of submandibular gland cells of neonatal rats, we developed a novel culture system that promotes single cell colony formation. Average doubling time for the colony-forming cells was 24.7 (SD=+/-7.02)h, indicating high proliferative potency. When epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were added to the medium, the number of clonal colonies increased greater than those cultured without growth factors (13.2+/-4.18 vs. 4.5+/-1.73). The RT-PCR and immunostaining demonstrated expressing acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cell lineage markers. This study demonstrated the presence of the salivary gland stem/progenitor cells that are highly proliferative and multipotent in salivary glands.     

Serial cultivation of epithelial cells from human and macaque salivary glands

Summary To study the regulation of human salivary-type gene expression we developed cell culture systems to support the growth and serial cultivation of salivary gland epithelial and fibroblastic cell types. We have established 22 independent salivary gland epithelial cell strains from parotid or submandibular glands of human or macaque origin. Nineteen strains were derived from normal tissues and three from human parotid gland tumors. Both the normal and the tumor-derived salivary gland epithelial cells could be serially cultivated with the aid of a 3T3 fibroblast feeder layer in a mixture of Ham’s F12 and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s media supplemented with fetal bovine serum, calcium, cholera toxin, hydrocortisone, insulin, and epidermal growth factor. Salivary gland epithelial cells cultured under these conditions continued to express the genes for at least two acinar-cell-specific markers at early passages. Amylase enzyme activity was detected in conditioned media from cultured rhesus parotid epithelial cells as late as Passage 5. Proline-rich-protein-specific RNAs were detected in primary cultures of both rhesus and human parotid epithelial cells. Neither amylase enzyme activity nor PRP-specific RNAs were detected in fibroblasts isolated from the same tissues. In addition, salivary gland epithelial cells cultured under our conditions retain the capacity to undergo dramatic morphologic changes in response to different substrata. The cultured salivary gland epithelial cells we have established will be important tools for the study of salivary gland differentiation and the tissue-specific regulation of salivary-type gene expression.