从噬菌体文库中筛选潜在的GM—CSF的拮抗剂

以粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）为筛选文库的靶分子,通过高效筛选（Ｈｉｇｈｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｐｕｔｓｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇ,ＨＴＳ）方法来筛选多种多肽噬菌体文库,在一个以噬菌体主要蛋白质为载体的多肽噬菌体文库中筛选到了一些与ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ结合的多肽,并通过了ＥＬＩＳＡ和微淘选（ｍｉｃｒｏｐａｎｎｉｎｇ）实验的证实,这些多肽先导化合物经过进一步的优化,可能成为ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ细胞因子的拮抗剂。     

非连续多核苷酸定点突变的方法

以人粒巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｈＧＭ-ＣＳＦ）、人α８干扰素（ｈＩＦＮ-α８）和分裂细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）的ｃＤＮＡ定点突变为例,建立了一种新的大区域非连续多核苷酸同步定点突变的方法。经碱变性后的质粒ＤＮＡ,先用突变引物延伸单链,然后通过ＰＣＲ扩增得到突变双链ＤＮＡ。用该方法成功地改造了ｈＧＭ-ＣＳＦ基因５′端３６个核苷酸中的９个位点、ＩＦＮ-α８基因５′端３９个核苷酸中的９个位点和ＰＣＮＡ基因ＳＤ顺序两侧６个和７个核苷酸。与经典的含Ｕ单链寡核苷酸定点突变方法相比,本方法突变效率高,并省去了对突变克隆杂交筛选的操作     

粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子受体α链（GM-CSFRα）的克隆与表达

ＧＭ-ＣＳＦ高亲和力受体至少由两条链组成,低亲和力的α链及无结合力活性的β链。本文采用ＲＴ-ＰＣＲ的方法,从ＧＭ-ＣＳＦ依赖细胞株ＴＦ-１中克隆了全长的ＧＭ-ＣＳＦＲα链Ｃｄｎａ（包括信号肽部分）,经酶切及全基因测序鉴定,并分别在原核及真核细胞表达系统中表达。在大肠杆菌中ＧＭ-ＣＳＦＲα以ＧＳＴ融合蛋白形式表达,谷胱甘肽Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ亲和层析纯化融合蛋白。ＧＳＴＣＳＦＲαＣ无受体活性,推测主要与缺乏翻译后修饰有关。将全基因克隆入真核表达载体Ｐｓｖｌ中,转染ＣＯＳ-７细胞瞬时表达以重建ＧＭ-ＣＳＦ的低亲和力受体,１２５ＩＧＭ-ＣＳＦ平衡结合实验证明转染后的ＣＯＳ-７细胞膜上有受体的表达,Ｃｒｏｓｓｌｉｎｋｉｎｇ显示表达的受体α链分子量略低于ＴＦ-１细胞。胞外区基因（ＣＳＦＲαＢ）克隆入Ｐｓｖｌ构建的Ｐｓｖｌ／ＣＳＦＲαＢ表达载体,转染ＣＯＳ-７细胞后,Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ检测表达细胞上清,有单一的反应带,表达上清有ＧＭ-ＣＳＦ的受体活性。     

用逆转录病毒载体表达人粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子

应用基因工程的方法,将含有巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）启动子的基因片段和人粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）的ｃＤＮＡ,克隆进逆转录病毒载体Ｎ２Ａ,得到重组质粒Ｎ２Ａ／ＣＭＶ／ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ．经脂质体包装并转染包装细胞,通过Ｇ４１８药物筛选,得到抗性克隆。经ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｍｂｌｏｔ检测证实,ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因已整合到该克隆细胞的染色体上,获得的逆转录病毒滴度达１０￣４ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ,克隆细胞培养上清用ＴＦ－１细胞可检测到ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ活性。     

抗草鱼出血病病毒多肽的结构分析

将草鱼出血病病毒（ＧＣＨＶ８７３）颗粒与随机噬菌体九肽库在体外作用,三轮筛选后,从３００个转化的单菌落中获得１６个与病毒高亲和力的噬菌体克隆。接着经过抗病毒试验获得６个能强烈抑制病毒复制的阳性噬菌体克隆,能使病毒ＴＣＩＤ５０下降５个数量级。通过对阳性噬菌体克隆随机插入区域的核苷酸序列分析,推导出多肽的氨基酸序列。发现６个能强烈抑制病毒复制的阳性克隆中多肽的氨基酸序列完全一致（ＮＨ２ＬｅｕＴｒｐＶａｌＧｌｙＧｌｙＧｌｙＡｒｇＡｓｎＡｌａ）,该结果提示多肽的抗病毒能力与多肽特异性氨基酸组成及结构有关。因此,抑制ＧＣＨＶ８７３复制特异性多肽的氨基酸序列的确定及结构分析,不仅为人工合成抗草鱼出血病病毒的多肽奠定了基础,同时也为抗病毒多肽制剂的研制提供了依据。     

大鼠酰胺化酶的信号肽引导的昆虫细胞表达外泌系统

将大鼠酰胺化酶的信号肽及前导肽编码序列引入昆虫核多角体病毒转移表达载体,构建ＰＡＢＣｈＧＲＦ（Ｇｌｙ）、ＰＡＢＣＩＧＦＩ融合基因的昆虫细胞分泌表达质粒ｐＢａｃＰＡＧ２、ｐＢａｃＰＡＩ,并与经修饰的银纹夜蛾核多角体病毒ＢａｃＰＡＫ６线性化ＤＮＡ共转染秋粘虫细胞Ｓｆ２１,通过同源重组、筛选和鉴定,得到它们的重组病毒ＢａｃＰＡＧ、ＢａｃＰＡＩ。将重组病毒感染Ｓｆ２１细胞,ＰＡＢＣｈＧＲＦ（Ｇｌｙ）和ＰＡＢＣＩＧＦＩ均得到有效外泌表达,表达产物通过ＩｇＧＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ柱可获得快速纯化。     

优化mRNA翻译起始区提高人粒－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子在E．coli中的表达

人粒－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）是一种重要的造血生长因子．利用基因重组技术构建两个ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ表达菌株,一个为在不改变氨基酸顺序的前提下,对ｍＲＮＡ翻译起始区核苷酸顺序进行优化突变（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（Ｍ））,另一个为未突变的对照（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（Ｎ））．经酶切电泳、ＤＮＡ测序、ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔ等分析鉴定,证明两者均能表达特异性的１４．６ｋＤｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ,但ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（Ｍ）的表达水平较ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ（Ｎ）提高了１．２６倍,占菌体总蛋白的１６．９％．ｍＲＮＡ翻译起始区二级结构预测分析表明,优化突变后生成自由能ΔＧ从原来的－１０．２提高至－９．４Ｋｃａｌ,ＡＵＧ从部分配对状态变为非配对状态．     

用逆转录病毒载体表达人粒细胞—巨噬细胞集落刺激因子

应用基因工程的方法,将含有巨细胞病毒（ＣＭＶ）启动子的基因片段和人粒细胞－茂噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｈＧＭ－ＧＳＦ）的ｃＤＮＡ,克隆进逆转录病毒载体Ｎ２Ａ,得到重组质粒Ｎ２ＱＡ／ＣＭＶ／ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ。经脂质体包装并转染包装细胞,通过Ｇ４１８药物筛选,得到抗生克隆。经ＰＣＲ和Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ检测证实,ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因已整合到该克隆细胞的染色体上,获得的逆转录病毒滴度达１０＾４ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ,克     

双功能结构域重组FN多肽表达质粒的构建及其表达产物的功能

构建了纤维结合素（ＦＮ）的双功能结构域重组多肽的两个表达质粒,在大肠杆菌中表达了两个重组多肽：ＣＨ５０（ＦＮ的Ｐｒｏ１２３９Ｓｅｒ１５１５经Ｍｅｔ和Ａｌａ１６９０Ｔｈｒ１９６０相连）和ＣＨ５６（ＦＮ的Ｐｒｏ１２３９Ｔｈｒ１９６０）。两个多肽都具有结合肝素的功能,可通过肝素琼脂糖亲和层析得到纯品,所得纯品亦都具有结合细胞的功能。ＣＨ５０和ＣＨ５６的制备为进一步研究其抑制肿瘤转移的作用奠定了基础     

重组人GM—CSF基因在昆虫细胞中的表达

利用苜蓿夜蛾核型多角体病毒（ＡｃＮＰＶ）带β－Ｇａｌａｃｔｏｓｉｄａｓｅ基因标记的非融合蛋白基因转移载体ｐＢｌｕｅＢａｃ将人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）基因成功地插入病毒ＡｃＮＰＶ的基因组中．ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因在感染重组病毒的草地夜蛾（Ｓｐｏｄｏｐｔｅｒａｆｒｕｇｉｐｅｒｄａ）培养细胞Ｓｆ９中得到表达,感染后的Ｓｆ９细胞培养液能刺激人骨髓细胞在体外形成典型的集落,表达水平可达２．７×１０５５ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ。以ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ单抗所作的ＷｅｓｔｅｒｎＢｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ表明,表达的ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ对是３种糖基化程度不同的产物,分子量分别约为１５ｋｄ,１８ｋｄ和２０ｋｄ。     

从噬菌体文库中筛选与表皮生长因子结合的多肽

与许多疾病相关的血管生成作用是由一些血管生成因子介导的 ,其中就包括表皮生长因子 .在肿瘤生长、关节炎等疾病中 ,表皮生长因子参与了其中的血管生成作用 ,拮抗表皮生长因子介导的血管生成就有可能对与其相关的疾病起到治疗作用 ,因此 ,表皮生长因子的拮抗剂可能具有重要的临床价值 .拮抗表皮生长因子的作用可以通过许多途径 ,其中之一就是找到能与表皮生长因子结合并能干预其与受体结合的分子 ,因而表皮生长因子可作为药物靶分子 .从噬菌体文库中筛选药物靶分子的拮抗剂和激动剂已被证明是一种有效的方法 .以表皮生长因子作为药物靶分子 ,从多肽噬菌体文库中筛选与表皮生长因子结合的噬菌体多肽 ,这些潜在的表皮生长因子拮抗剂先导分子经过优化可能具有重要的临床价值 .     

Phage display: Concept,innovations, applications and future

Phage display is the technology that allows expression of exogenous (poly)peptides on the surface of phage particles. The concept is simple in principle: a library of phage particles expressing a wide diversity of peptides is used to select those that bind the desired target. The filamentous phage M13 is the most commonly used vector to create random peptide display libraries. Several methods including recombinant techniques have been developed to increase the diversity of the library. On the other extreme, libraries with various biases can be created for specific purposes. For instance, when the sequence of the peptide that binds the target is known, its affinity and selectivity can be increased by screening libraries created with limited mutagenesis of the peptide. Phage libraries are screened for binding to synthetic or native targets. The initial screening of library by basic biopanning has been extended to column chromatography including negative screening and competition between selected phage clones to identify high affinity ligands with greater target specificity. The rapid isolation of specific ligands by phage display is advantageous in many applications including selection of inhibitors for the active and allosteric sites of the enzymes, receptor agonists and antagonists, and G-protein binding modulatory peptides. Phage display has been used in epitope mapping and analysis of protein-protein interactions. The specific ligands isolated from phage libraries can be used in therapeutic target validation, drug design and vaccine development. Phage display can also be used in conjunction with other methods. The past innovations and those to come promise a bright future for this field.     

Selection of functional human antibodies from retroviral display libraries

Antibody library technology represents a powerful tool for the discovery and design of antibodies with high affinity and specificity for their targets. To extend the technique to the expression and selection of antibody libraries in an eukaryotic environment, we provide here a proof of concept that retroviruses can be engineered for the display and selection of variable single-chain fragment (scFv) libraries. A retroviral library displaying the repertoire obtained after a single round of selection of a human synthetic scFv phage display library on laminin was generated. For selection, antigen-bound virus was efficiently recovered by an overlay with cells permissive for infection. This approach allowed more than 10³-fold enrichment of antigen binders in a single selection cycle. After three selection cycles, several scFvs were recovered showing similar laminin-binding activities but improved expression levels in mammalian cells as compared with a laminin-specific scFv selected by the conventional phage display approach. Thus, translational problems that occur when phage-selected antibodies have to be transferred onto mammalian expression systems to exert their therapeutic potential can be avoided by the use of retroviral display libraries.     

Phage versus phagemid libraries for generation of human monoclonal antibodies

Non-immune (na?ve) phage antibody libraries have become an important source of antibodies for reagent, diagnostic, and therapeutic use. To date, reported na?ve libraries have been constructed in phagemid vectors as fusions to pIII, yielding primarily single copy (monovalent) display of antibody fragments. For this work, we subcloned the single chain Fv (scFv) gene repertoire from a na?ve phagemid antibody library into a true phage vector to create a multivalently displayed scFv phage library. Compared to monovalently displayed scFv, multivalent phage display resulted in improved efficiency of display as well as antibody selection. A greater number of antibodies were obtained and at earlier rounds of selection. Such increased efficiency allows the screening for binding antibodies after a single round of selection, greatly facilitating automation. Expression levels of antigen-binding scFv were also higher than from the phagemid library. In contrast, the affinities of scFv from the phage library were lower than from the phagemid library. This could be overcome by utilizing the scFv in a multivalent format, by affinity maturation, or by converting the library to monovalent display after the first round of selection.     

Peptide epitope identification by affinity selection on bacteriophage MS2 virus-like particles

Filamentous phages are now the most widely used vehicles for phage display and provide efficient means for epitope identification. However, the peptides they display are not very immunogenic because they normally fail to present foreign epitopes at the very high densities required for efficient B-cell activation. Meanwhile, systems based on virus-like particles (VLPs) permit the engineered high-density display of specific epitopes but are incapable of peptide library display and affinity selection. We developed a new peptide display platform based on VLPs of the RNA bacteriophage MS2. It combines the high immunogenicity of MS2 VLPs with the affinity selection capabilities of other phage display systems. Here, we describe plasmid vectors that facilitate the construction of high-complexity random sequence peptide libraries on MS2 VLPs and that allow control of the stringency of affinity selection through the manipulation of display valency. We used the system to identify epitopes for several previously characterized monoclonal antibody targets and showed that the VLPs thus obtained elicit antibodies in mice whose activities mimic those of the selecting antibodies.     

Directed in vitro evolution and crystallographic analysis of a peptide-binding single chain antibody fragment (scFv) with low picomolar affinity

We generated a single chain Fv fragment of an antibody (scFv) with a binding affinity of about 5 pm to a short peptide by applying rigorous directed evolution. Starting from a high affinity peptide binder, originally obtained by ribosome display from a murine library, we generated libraries of mutants with error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling and applied off-rate selection by using ribosome display. Crystallographic analysis of the scFv in its antigen-bound and free state showed that only few mutations, which do not make direct contact to the antigen, lead to a 500-fold affinity improvement over its potential germ line precursor. These results suggest that the affinity optimization of very high affinity binders is achieved by modulating existing interactions via subtle changes in the framework rather than by introducing new contacts. Off-rate selection in combination with ribosome display can evolve binders to the low picomolar affinity range even for peptide targets.     

Phage display of random peptide libraries: applications, limits, and potential

The identification of ligands from large biological libraries by phage display has now been used for almost 15 years. Most of the successful reports on high-affinity ligand identification originated from work with different antibody libraries. In contrast, the progress of applying phage display to random peptide libraries was relatively slow. However, in the last few years several improvements have led to an increasing number of published peptide ligands identified by phage display from such libraries and which exhibited good biological activity and high affinity. This review summarizes the current state and the technical progress of the application of random peptide libraries using filamentous phage for ligand identification.     

Synthetic antibody libraries focused towards peptide ligands

Synthetic antibody libraries have proven immensely useful for the de novo isolation of antibodies without the need for animal immunization. Recently, focused libraries designed to recognize particular classes of ligands, such as haptens or proteins, have been employed to facilitate the selection of high-affinity antibodies. Focused libraries are built using V regions encoding combinations of canonical structures that resemble the structural features of antibodies that bind the desired class of ligands and sequence diversity is introduced at residues typically involved in recognition. Here we describe the generation and experimental validation of two different single-chain antibody variable fragment libraries that efficiently generate binders to peptides, a class of molecules that has proven to be a difficult target for antibody generation. First, a human anti-peptide library was constructed by diversifying a scaffold: the human variable heavy chain (V_H) germ line gene 3-23, which was fused to a variant of the human variable light chain (V_L) germ line gene A27, in which L1 was modified to encode the canonical structure found in anti-peptide antibodies. The sequence diversity was introduced into 3-23 (V_H) only, targeting for diversification residues commonly found in contact with protein and peptide antigens. Second, a murine library was generated using the antibody 26-10, which was initially isolated based on its affinity to the hapten digoxin, but also binds peptides and exhibits a canonical structure pattern typical of anti-peptide antibodies. Diversity was introduced in the V_H only using the profile of amino acids found at positions that frequently contact peptide antigens. Both libraries yielded binders to two model peptides, angiotensin and neuropeptide Y, following screening by solution phage panning. The mouse library yielded antibodies with affinities below 20 nM to both targets, although only the V_H had been subjected to diversification.     

Mimotopes and proteome analyses using human genomic and cDNA epitope phage display

In the post-genomic era, validation of candidate gene targets frequently requires proteinbased strategies. Phage display is a powerful tool to define protein-protein interactions by generating peptide binders against target antigens. Epitope phage display libraries have the potential to enrich coding exon sequences from human genomic loci. We evaluated genomic and cDNA phage display strategies to identify genes in the 5q31 Interleukin gene cluster and to enrich cell surface receptor tyrosine kinase genes from a breast cancer cDNA library. A genomic display library containing 2 x 106 clones with exon-sized inserts was selected with antibodies specific for human Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Interleukin-13. The library was enriched significantly after two selection rounds and DNA sequencing revealed unique clones. One clone matched a cognate IL-4 epitope; however, the majority of clone insert sequences corresponded to E. coli genomic DNA. These bacterial sequences act as 'mimotopes' (mimetic sequences of the true epitope), correspond to open reading frames, generate displayed peptides, and compete for binding during phage selection. The specificity of these mimotopes for IL-4 was confirmed by competition ELISA. Other E. coli mimotopes were generated using additional antibodies. Mimotopes for a receptor tyrosine kinase gene were also selected using a breast cancer SKBR-3 cDNA phage display library, screened against an anti-erbB2 monoclonal antibody. Identification of mimotopes in genomic and cDNA phage libraries is essential for phage display-based protein validation assays and two-hybrid phage approaches that examine protein-protein interactions. The predominance of E. coli mimotopes suggests that the E. coli genome may be useful to generate peptide diversity biased towards protein coding sequences.ABBREVIATIONS USED: IL, interleukin; ELISA, enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay; PBS, phospho-buffered saline; cfu, colony forming units.     

The Trp cage motif as a scaffold for the display of a randomized peptide library on bacteriophage T7

Phage libraries displaying linear or disulfide-constrained peptides often yield weak binders, upon screening against a target, and must be optimized to improve affinity. The disadvantages of libraries based on larger complex proteins, such as single chain antibodies, have stimulated interest in the development of smaller nonimmunoglobulin protein scaffolds. A promising candidate is the Trp cage motif, a 20-residue C-terminal sequence of exendin-4. Amino acid substitution within the Trp cage resulted in a 20-mer peptide recognized as an ultrafast cooperative folding miniprotein, with ideal characteristics for the discovery of small structured nonimmunoglobulin motifs having a stable tertiary structure. Although we were unable to display the Trp cage on M13 phage, successful display was achieved using the lytic T7 phage. Interestingly, mutations were observed at a frequency dependent on display valency. A Trp cage library designed with randomized amino acids at seven solvent-exposed positions was developed from 1.6 x 10(9) primary clones in T7Select10-3b. DNA sequencing of 109 library clones revealed 38% mutants and 16% truncations by TAG codons at randomized positions. Amino acid frequencies were largely within expected bounds and DIVAA analysis revealed that the library had an average diversity of 0.67. Utility of the library was demonstrated by identification of HPQ containing Trp cage miniproteins, which bound streptavidin, and AAADPYAQWLQSMGPHSGRPPPR, which bound to human bronchial epithelial cells. A high complexity library based on the Trp cage miniprotein has demonstrated potential for identifying novel cell and protein binding peptides that could be used for the delivery of therapeutic molecules or as target-specific therapeutic agents.