盐酸环丙沙星在中华绒螯蟹体内药物代谢动力学研究

应用反向高效液相色谱法对盐酸环丙沙星在中华绒螯蟹雄、雌蟹血淋巴与肌肉内的代谢规律进行了研究。肌肉注射给药后血淋巴中盐酸环丙沙星的浓度立即达到峰值 ,药物开始向肌肉等组织中运转 ,血药浓度在 1h内迅速下降 ,而肌肉中的浓度达到峰值 ;此后无论是血淋巴还是肌肉中的盐酸环丙沙星浓度均缓慢下降 ,到第 12 0h雌、雄蟹中盐酸环丙沙星的浓度均在 1μg·mL-1(g-1)以下 ,到 2 16h均不能检出。研究表明 :中华绒螯蟹血淋巴中盐酸环丙沙星的药物浓度可用一级吸收二室开放模型描述 ,雄、雌蟹的消除半衰期 (T1/ 2 β)分别为 40 .34± 1.48h和 2 2 .0 7±0 31h ;中华绒螯蟹的性别对盐酸环丙沙星在其体内的代谢有较大的影响。     

低氧胁迫和螺原体感染对中华绒螯蟹存活和细胞凋亡的影响

为了探究低氧胁迫对螺原体(Spiroplasma eriocheiris)感染中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的影响, 以中华绒螯蟹为研究对象, 在低氧胁迫后, 取中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺和鳃组织加入组织固定液, 进行HE染色。在低氧条件下使螺原体感染中华绒螯蟹, 计算螺原体拷贝数, 并对血淋巴细胞进行细胞凋亡、细胞坏死和线粒体膜电位检测。结果显示, 与对照组相比, 处于长时间低氧胁迫状态下的中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺组织疏松, 出现大量小空泡, 鳃轴结构弥散, 组织结构被破坏。此外, 低氧组的中华绒螯蟹感染螺原体后的死亡速度相对于常氧组明显加快, 血细胞内的螺原体数量、线粒体膜电位、血细胞凋亡率和坏死率相较于常氧组均显著升高。以上研究说明低氧胁迫可以加速螺原体的感染, 使河蟹死亡速度变快, 使血淋巴细胞凋亡和坏死更显著, 不利于河蟹的生理生化。     

双氟沙星及其代谢产物在中华绒螯蟹体内药物代谢及残留消除规律

采用高效液相色谱法,在口灌给药途径下,研究双氟沙星及其代谢产物沙拉沙星在中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)体内的药代动力学.中华绒螯蟹以20 mg/kg剂量给药双氟沙星后,其血淋巴、肌肉、肝胰腺、精巢和卵巢中药物-时间曲线关系符合开放性二室模型.双氟沙星在中华绒螯蟹体内吸收迅速,在不同组织中分布较广,达峰时间短.血淋巴、肌肉、肝胰腺、精巢和卵巢中的Vd分别为3.170 L/kg、2.122 L/kg、1.045 L/kg、1.051 L/kg和0.203 L/kg;双氟沙星在中华绒螯蟹体内消除缓慢,在血淋巴、肌肉、肝胰腺、精巢和卵巢中的消除半衰期t1/2β分别为96.316 h、88.228 h、137.524 h、67.021 h和124.679 h;总体清除率CLa分别为0.783 L/h·kg、0.040 L/h·kg、0.013 L/h·kg、0.011 L/h·kg和0.008 L/h·kg.代谢产物沙拉沙星在中华绒螯蟹血淋巴、肌肉、肝胰腺、精巢和卵巢中药物水平的变化趋势与双氟沙星相似,都呈现多峰现象.但肌肉、肝胰腺、精巢和卵巢4种组织中代谢产物沙拉沙星出现药峰的时候恰好是这4种组织中双氟沙星下降缓慢时期.鉴于双氟沙星及其代谢产物沙拉沙星在中华绒螯蟹体内消除缓慢,而可食组织中脂肪含量较高,因此若规定可食组织中双氟沙星的最大残留限量以脂肪中最大残留限量(100μg/kg)为标准,沙拉沙星的最大残留限量为30μg/kg,则建议双氟沙星在中华绒螯蟹中的休药期大于24d,才能保障食用者的安全.     

中华绒螯蟹在不同pH下氨氮排泄和血淋巴含氮成分的变化

为研究不同环境pH对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)氮排泄的影响,将性成熟的中华绒螯蟹置于pH 4.5、6.0、7.5、9.0和10.5的环境中,24h后测定血淋巴中不同含氮成分的变化.结果表明,环境pH从4.5到9.0,中华绒螯蟹的氨氮排泄无显著变化,当pH升高到10.5时,氨氮排泄受到显著抑制;同时环境pH的升高还导致血淋巴pH上升,在pH 10.5时,血淋巴氨氮、尿素氮和尿酸的含量也显著上升分别达到(5.90±0.61) μg/mL、(2.47±0.14)μg/mL和(0.096±0.002)μmol/mL.实验结果还显示,高pH环境影响中华绒螯蟹的蛋白质和氨基酸的代谢水平,降低血淋巴总蛋白和血蓝蛋白的含量,而游离氨基酸含量显著增加,它们的变化可能同机体的氨中毒解毒机制有关.     

中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）体内维生素C含量与死亡和产卵的关系

本文报道了中华绒螯蟹越冬后肝胰脏、肌肉和生殖腺维生素Ｃ的含量及变化。肝胰脏为中华绒螯蟹储存维生素Ｃ的器官;越冬后的雌性中华绒螯蟹,其肌肉和生殖腺的维生素Ｃ高于雄性;正常活动雌性或雄性,其肝胰脏、肌肉和生殖腺的维生素Ｃ含量均高于死亡的个体的维生素Ｃ含量;产卵且抱卵孵化的雌体,其肝脏维生素Ｃ的含量高于那些不产卵的雌体,维生素Ｃ含量的降低是越冬时或越冬后中华绒螯蟹死亡的主要原因之一。     

中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis）体内维生素C含量与死亡和产…

本文报道了中华绒螯蟹越冬后肝胰脏、肌肉和生殖腺维生素Ｃ的含量及变化。肝胰脏为中华绒螯蟹储存维生素Ｃ的器官;越冬后的雌性中华绒螯蟹,其肌肉和生殖腺的维生素Ｃ高于雄性;正常活动雌性或雄性,其肝胰脏、肌肉和生殖腺的维生素Ｃ含量均高于死亡的个体的维生素Ｃ含量;产卵且抱卵孵化的雌体,其肝脏维生素Ｃ的含量高于那些不产卵的雌体。维生素Ｃ含量的降低是越冬时或越冬后中华绒螯蟹死亡的主要原因之一。     

脂肪酸对离体培养中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺PUFAs合成相关基因表达的影响

长期以来海水水生动物和淡水水生动物多不饱和脂肪酸合成能力一直是众多研究的重点。相比于淡水水生动物,海水水生动物更容易从食物中获得多不饱和脂肪酸,因此其合成多不饱和脂肪酸的能力低于淡水水生动物。中华绒螯蟹作为一种洄游型甲壳动物,其脂肪酸合成能力的研究显得更加重要。本研究通过中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺离体培养技术,利用不同的脂肪酸培养中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺组织,旨在探讨不同脂肪酸对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺多不饱和脂肪酸合成相关基因表达的影响,为研究饲料中添加不同脂肪酸对中华绒螯蟹多不饱和脂肪酸合成的影响提供了一定的理论参考依据。本研究表明:油酸会显著增加中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺ELOVL6、fad6、和fad9基因的表达量;不同脂肪酸对fad6和fad9基因表达量的影响相似,且相比于EPA和DHA,亚麻酸和油酸会显著增加fad6和fad9基因的表达。通过本研究,我们得出EPA和DHA等多不饱和脂肪酸会抑制多不饱和脂肪酸合成的过程。进一步证实了海水水生动物多不饱和脂肪酸合成能力和海水中高含量的多不饱和脂肪酸之间的关系。     

在沉积物暴露条件下2种海洋贝类对Cu、Pb 的富集动力学研究

首次通过构建海水-底泥-生物体体系,应用半静态双箱动力学模型室内模拟了沉积物暴露条件下文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)和缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)对Cu、Pb的生物富集实验,通过对富集与排出过程中文蛤体内重金属污染物的动态监测和对富集与排出过程监测结果的非线性拟合,得到了文蛤和缢蛏富集重金属的吸收速率常数K1、排出速率常数K2、生物富集因子BCF、富集平衡浓度CAmax、生物学半衰期B1/2等动力学参数。拟合结果得到的Cu、Pb各动力学参数分别为:文蛤K1为4.63—69.41,K2为0.05—0.08,CAmax为9.83—40.57,BCF为60.77—1444.56,B1/2为9.09—14.43;缢蛏K1为4.27—122.92。K2为0.05—0.07。CAmax为5.12—32.84。BCF为65.68—2112.02。B1/2为9.81—14.15。对模型的拟合优度检验结果显示,在沉积物暴露条件下文蛤和缢蛏对重金属Cu、Pb的生物富集数据符合双箱模型,模型的拟合优度良好。比较结果得出:吸收速率常数K1及生物富集因子BCF均随着外部水体金属暴露浓度的增大而减小;CAmax均随着外部水体金属暴露浓度的增大而增大;文蛤和缢蛏对Cu富集能力大于Pb;Cu在文蛤和缢蛏体内的生物学半衰期B1/2大于Pb;理论平衡状态下文蛤和缢蛏体内Cu、Pb的含量CAmax随着外部水体中金属暴露浓度的增大而增大,且呈显著正相关,实验结果表明在沉积物暴露条件下双箱动力学模型在一定条件下是可以应用于文蛤和缢蛏的富集动力学研究的,但仍需要进一步开展在不同条件下实验研究分析。     

中华绒螯蟹卵黄形成的研究

中华绒螯蟹的卵黄形成也受各种相关内分泌激素的调控,卵黄的来源虽然是双重的,一方面在蟹卵内由内质网和高尔基体生产卵黄原,然后卵黄原再融合成为卵黄体。另一方面,蟹卵以胞吞方式直接从血淋巴中接纳卵黄原,同时又通过指状小道由卵泡细胞间接接纳卵黄原。肝胰腺可能会产生卵黄原,这些卵黄原随即进入血淋巴内,再直接或间接被蟹卵接纳。     

饲料中DHA含量对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、脂类组成和低氧胁迫的影响

二十二碳六烯酸（C22:6n-3,DHA）对甲壳动物生长、蜕壳、性腺发育、免疫保护和抗环境胁迫具有重要的调节作用,探讨饲料中脂肪酸营养与中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长和耐低氧胁迫的调控关系具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。通过单个体养殖试验、生化分析、低氧胁迫及生理指标测定等方法,研究了饲料中DHA含量对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹（初始均重为0.6g左右）成活、生长、脂类组成和低氧胁迫下生理指标的影响,探讨幼蟹饲料中适宜的DHA含量。结果表明:（1）饲料中DHA含量对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的成活、生长、蜕壳和肝胰腺指数无显著影响;（2）饲料中DHA含量对幼蟹肝胰腺水分、肌肉水分及总脂含量均无显著影响,但饲料中过量DHA（0.81%）导致幼蟹肝胰腺总脂含量显著升高;（3）幼蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中的DHA均随着饲料中DHA含量升高而显著上升,但DHA相对保留率（组织中DHA与饲料中DHA的比值）随着饲料中DHA含量上升而显著下降,整体上肌肉中各PUFA的相对保留率远高于肝胰腺。无论饲料中DHA/EPA比值如何变化,肌肉中DHA/EPA均小于1,这说明幼蟹肌肉需要更多的EPA;（4）饲料中添加适量的DHA（0.18%0.28%）可以提高低氧胁迫下幼蟹血淋巴中超氧化物歧化酶的活性,降低其乳酸和丙二醛含量,从而提高幼蟹的抗低氧胁迫能力。综上,中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饲料中适宜DHA含量为0.2%左右。       

Tissue-specific cadmium accumulation and metallothionein-like protein levels during acclimation process in the Chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis

Aquatic organisms chronically exposed to cadmium can increase their resistance to a subsequent elevated exposure. In order to investigate mechanisms involved in acclimation process in the Chinese crab Eriocheir sinensis, we compared Cd level as well as metallothionein-like protein (MTLP) content in different tissues after direct acute exposure (i.e. 500 microg Cd L(-1) for 3 days), and after acute following chronic (i.e. 10 or 50 microg Cd L(-1) for 30 days) exposure. Cadmium accumulation occurred in the following order: anterior gill>hepatopancreas>posterior gill>carapace>hemolymph>muscle. As high concentrations as 188 microg Cd g(-1) w.w. were reported in anterior gills and seem to reach a saturation level. In these gills, the highest MTLP induction was observed after a direct acute exposure, for which a correlation with Cd content occurred. However, the Cd-binding potential by MTLPs was exceeded for any exposure condition. In hepatopancreas, the highest Cd level was reported for crabs acclimated during 30 days to 50 microg Cd L(-1) before challenging with an acute exposure. Moreover, we showed that MTLPs were induced during the acclimation process. In this organ, MTLPs are theoretically sufficient to bind all Cd. These results suggest that during a chronic exposure to 50 microg Cd L(-1), Chinese crabs acquire the capacity to hold more cadmium in hepatopancreas where it can be sequestrated by MTLPs. On the contrary, MTLP induction seems to be a rapid response to acute exposure in anterior gill, but is not sufficient to sequester all Cd. Other sequestration and/or detoxification mechanisms must take place in anterior gill to cope with high Cd levels.     

Hyper-osmoregulatory capacity of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) exposed to cadmium; acclimation during chronic exposure

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of waterborne cadmium on hyper-osmoregulatory capacity of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis acclimated to freshwater. For this purpose, crabs were submitted to acute (0.5 mg Cd L(-1) for 1, 2 or 3 days), chronic (10 or 50 microg Cd L(-1) for 30 days) or chronic, immediately followed by acute, exposure. While no effect was observed after 1 or 2 days, hemolymph osmolality, Na(+) and Cl(-) concentrations were significantly reduced after 3 days of acute exposure. Under this latter condition, the respiratory anterior gill ultrastructure, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and cytochrome c oxidase activities were significantly impaired. In contrast, the osmoregulatory posterior gill was unaffected for all treatments. As a consequence, we suggest that the observed hyper-osmoregulatory capacity impairment is the result of increased dissipative flow of ions and/or water through anterior gills. In contrast to acute exposure, chronic exposure did not induce any observable effect. However, crabs submitted to a known deleterious acute condition (0.5 mg Cd L(-1) for 3 days) directly after chronic exposure to 50 microg Cd L(-1) for 30 days showed normal hyper-osmoregulatory capacity with no change in gill Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity, and only little disturbance of anterior gill ultrastructure. These results demonstrate that a chronic cadmium exposure can induce acclimation mechanisms related to osmoregulation in this euryhaline decapod crustacean.     

牛组织重金属含量与饲养环境的相关性

通过选择不同污染程度的区域进行取样,分析了贵州地区不同污染水平下牛组织中重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)的含量和与饲养环境的相关性.结果表明:贵州不同污染水平下牛组织中的Cu、Zn基本符合国家食品卫生要求,Pb只有污染地区的肝脏和肾脏超过限量标准,Cd污染较严重,除非污染区肝脏外,牛肾脏和肝脏中Cd的平均含量均超过国家肉类制品卫生限量标准,但肌肉组织符合卫生标准;牛组织重金属元素含量与饲养环境中的土壤、饲料和饮用水源的重金属含量和污染程度密切相关,尤其是肾脏组织,其相关系数r＞0.78.饲料向牛组织的重金属迁移系数,随饲料元素含量的增加而逐渐降低,其中Cd的迁移系数最大,Pb的迁移系数最低;必需元素和有害元素在不同组织中的比值,随污染程度的增加而降低.肾脏的Cu/Cd和Zn/Cd值比其它组织低得多,Cd主要在肾脏中蓄积,Cu主要在肝脏组织蓄积,Zn主要在肌肉和肝脏,Pb主要在肾脏和肝脏.     

Metallothionein, antioxidant enzymes and DNA strand breaks as biomarkers of Cd exposure in a marine crab, Charybdis japonica

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals that are widespread in inshore sediments of China, and can induce the production of toxic hydroxyl radicals that cause cell damage. The present study investigated the effect of two Cd concentrations (the final Cd concentration of 0.025 and 0.05 mg/L, prepared with CdCl2 x 2.5H2O) on metallothioneins (MT), antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)) and DNA integrity (DNA strand breaks) for up to 15 days in the gills and hepatopancreas of the portunid crab Charybdis japonica. The result indicated that MT was significantly induced after 3 days, with a dose-response relation between MT contents and Cd concentrations in two tissues and has a time-response relation in hepatopancreas during the experimental period; SOD, CAT and GPx activities could be stimulated after 0.5 day, all attained peak value and then reduced during the experimental period, but were not inhibited at day 15, except SOD and CAT in gills. Gill was more sensitive to Cd than hepatopancreas, and the hepatopancreas was the main detoxification tissue to deal with oxyradicals. DNA strand breaks were induced after 0.5 day, and there was a positive dose-response relation between DNA damage levels and Cd concentrations in gills, rather than hepatopancreas due to higher DNA repair activities. These results suggest the mechanisms of Cd toxicity and detoxification strategies in both tissues of C. japonica; in addition, the use of the biomarkers as indices for biomonitoring potential toxic effect of Cd in situ is discussed.     

重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏、鳃丝和血液SOD活力的影响

研究了3种重金属离子(Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺)在96 h内对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)对肝胰脏、鳃丝和血液超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的影响.结果表明,凡纳滨对虾SOD活力在3种重金属离子作用下随取样时间变化显著(P＜0.0),Cu²⁺在实验浓度范围内(0.1～1 mg·L^-1),肝胰脏、鳃丝和血液的SOD活力随时间延长呈一峰值变化,Zn²⁺在10 mg·L^-1时对肝胰脏表现为显著抑制作用,Cd²⁺在0. mg·L^-1时对肝胰脏和鳃丝起显著抑制作用,0.2 mg·L^-1对鳃丝SOD活力无显著变化(P＞0.0),其他浓度Zn²⁺(＜10 mg·L^-1)、Cd²⁺(＜0.2 mg·L^-1)对各组织器官SOD活力的影响随时间延长均呈现先升高后下降的趋势.3种重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏、鳃丝、血液SOD活力的影响呈现明显的剂量-时间效应关系.其SOD活力大小顺序为肝胰脏＞鳃丝＞血液,3种重金属离子对凡纳滨对虾伤害大小顺序为Cd²⁺＞Cu²⁺＞Zn²⁺.     

Uptake of cadmium through isolated perfused gills of the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis

Using the perfusion method, we compared cadmium accumulation and influx across the gills of the euryhaline Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis, exposed to 4.8 microM cadmium in the incubation medium (OUT). Cadmium influx was not observed across posterior gills while it ranged from 0.15 to 6.82 nmol Cd g(-1) gill w.w. h(-1) across anterior ones. For these respiratory gills, a strong increase (40 times) was observed when calcium was removed in both incubation and perfusion media while the lack of sodium in the perfusion medium resulted in a 46 times decrease. For crabs acclimated 15 days to artificial seawater, cadmium influx across anterior gills showed a 21 times decrease when compared with freshwater acclimated ones. On the other hand, after 3 h of perfusion, we detected cadmium accumulation in both types of gills, ranging from 3.8 to 68 nmol Cd g(-1) gill w.w. in anterior gills and from 2.1 to 39 nmol Cd g(-1) gill w.w. in posterior ones. Such accumulations represent between 61.3 and 100% of the total uptake of cadmium through the gills. From these results, we suggest that cadmium can penetrate more easily into the hemolymph space through the 'respiratory' type epithelium present in the anterior gills but absent in the posterior ones. This metal uptake is likely to occur at least in part through the same pathways as calcium. On the contrary, cadmium seems to be sequestered inside the posterior gills, perhaps in the cuticle of the salt-transporting type epithelium.     

Effects of photoperiod on gluconeogenic activity and total lipid concentration in organs of crabs, Neohelice granulata, challenged by salinity changes

Abstract. This study assessed the effects of long (LD) or short (SD) days on the conversion of [¹⁴C]-glycerol to [¹⁴C]-glucose and total lipid concentration in organs of the crab Neohelice granulata challenged by a change in external salinity. In the 20‰-acclimated crabs, no difference was found in the concentration of total lipids in the muscle, hepatopancreas, gills, or hemolymph between crabs acclimated to SD or LD. In SD crabs, the total lipid levels in the anterior and posterior gills did not decrease during an osmotic challenge. Only in the posterior gills did the total lipid levels decrease during acclimation to the 34‰ medium in LD animals. The total lipid concentration in the hemolymph decreased after 1 d of osmotic stress in SD, and increased in the hepatopancreas. In LD crabs, the lipid contents decreased gradually in muscle, and in the hepatopancreas on day 3 after transfer to 34‰ medium. In 20‰-acclimated crabs, the gluconeogenesis activity in both sets of gills was higher in LD than in SD animals. The gluconeogenesis capacity decreased in both sets of gills on the first day of osmotic challenge in SD, and in the posterior gills on the third day in LD crabs. These results suggest that in organs of N. granulata , photoperiod affects the metabolic adjustments to an osmotic challenge.     

中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺坏死综合症病原及病理学研究

为了探讨中华绒螯蟹“水瘪子”病病因, 对病蟹进行了寄生虫检查、病原生物分离、回接攻毒及电镜观察等病原学研究, 同时采用常规石蜡切片技术, 以健康蟹为对照, 对病蟹的不同组织进行了病理学观察。结果表明, 病原分析未见致病性生物; 病蟹的鳃、肌肉和肝胰腺发生了不同程度的病变, 主要的病理特征为鳃组织增厚, 鳃腔增大, 血细胞增多, 细胞核边缘化; 肝胰腺组织中单层上皮细胞空泡化, 并出现转运泡, 随着病情的加重, 肝细胞排列紊乱, 转运泡和空泡的数量增多, 体积增大, 且转运泡内内容物增多, 更甚者肝小管基膜破裂、内容物外流, 细胞核解体, 肝细胞出现坏死; 肌细胞的病变特征主要是肌丝松弛变性、细胞核固缩深染。病原学研究和发病情况调查表明该病为非生物性疾病, 依据该病的临床症状、病理变化以及发病原因, 将该病命名为中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺坏死综合症。