从南方山荷叶分离出一株产鬼臼毒素类似物的内生真菌

从南方山荷叶 (Diphylleiasinensis)的根、根状茎及叶柄部位共分离出 5 4株内生真菌。通过薄层层析(TLC)对 5 4株内生真菌的液体发酵培养物进行了初步分析 ,再采用高效液相色谱 (HPLC)做进一步检测 ,得到 1株产鬼臼毒素类似物的内生真菌 (SJ2 1 ) ,经鉴定为纠错青霉 (Penicilliumimplicatum)。     

南方红豆杉产紫杉醇内生真菌的分离

对从广东乳源县的南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var. mairei)内生真菌中分离和筛选产紫杉醇的内生真菌进行了研究。从南方红豆杉的树皮、茎部、叶片及叶片研磨物中分离纯化了145株内生真菌,对其中的53株内生真菌采用摇瓶发酵培养的方法筛选产紫杉醇的内生真菌。发酵物和菌丝体经研磨、离心、乙酸乙酯萃取和浓缩,经硅胶薄层层析(TLC),高效液相色谱(HPLC)以及液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)分析和检测,结果表明,从茎部分离的1株内生真菌能够产紫杉醇或其异构体, 产量达180 μg L^-1。通过对产紫杉醇内生真菌进行诱变、筛选以及优化培养条件等措施,大规模培养生产紫杉醇是具有可行性的。     

1株产紫杉醇内生真菌LNUF014的鉴定及产物检测

从红豆杉的韧皮部组织中分离得到的360株内生真菌中,通过对发酵粗提的检测,共筛选到11株产紫杉醇的真菌。其中1株内生真菌LNUF014的发酵液采用有机试剂抽提紫杉醇,经薄层层析和高效液相色谱分析,初步表明该菌株的紫杉醇类物质含量为53.68μg/L。根据形态学研究和真核生物18S rDNA基因序列分析,将其鉴定为镰刀菌属(Fusarium)。产紫杉醇内生真菌的研究将对紫杉醇类抗肿瘤药物的研制具有重要意义。     

产杜仲黄酮内生真菌的初步研究

由杜仲植株的根、茎、叶分离到内生真菌,分别对各菌株进行液体培养,筛选能产生与杜仲药材相同或相似黄酮类化合物的内生真菌。将培养物适当处理后,根据黄酮类化合物所特有的颜色反应进行初筛,然后根据TLC分析和紫外-可见光分光光度法测定结果进行复筛,结果从杜仲植株共分离得到44株内生真菌,其中1株(DZY5)能产出与其宿主相同或相似的黄酮类物质。     

剑叶龙血树内生真菌的分离及体外抑菌活性筛选

为研究剑叶龙血树内生真菌资源多样性,初步探讨和筛选具有抑菌活性的特异性菌株以及进一步开发剑叶龙血树内生真菌的抗菌活性化合物。该文采用植物组织分离法从剑叶龙血树茎和叶中分离内生真菌,对内生真菌进行液体发酵7 d,经乙酸乙酯萃取后制得粗提物,并采用牛津杯扩散法,以10种常见病原菌和5种临床耐药菌为靶标检测其发酵粗提物的抑菌活性,对有较好抑菌活性的内生真菌进行分子鉴定。结果表明:(1)从剑叶龙血树茎、叶中共分离得到345株内生真菌,294株对一种以上指示菌有抑制活性;(2)其中84株内生真菌对5株临床耐药菌均有不同程度的抑制活性,占所分离菌株总数的24.35%,75%的内生真菌对金黄色葡萄球菌有抑制活性。这说明剑叶龙血树中存在多种有抑菌活性的内生真菌,为剑叶龙血树内生菌抗菌活性成分挖掘及新型抗菌药物筛选奠定了基础。     

虎杖内生真菌的分离及产抗菌活性物质的筛选

从植物虎杖(Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb.et Zucc.)的根状茎中分离出24株内生真菌,分别对其液体发酵液进行抗菌活性检测,结果筛选出3株内生真菌具有抗菌活性,它们分别属于曲霉属、青霉属和无孢菌类。     

藏药穹代尔中内生真菌的分离及其次级代谢物的生物活性研究

从藏药穹代尔(攀茎钩藤,Uncaria scandens)的内生真菌中筛选对单胺氧化酶及乙酰胆碱酯酶具有抑制活性的提取物,并对高活性提取物进行化学成分的鉴定。采用组织切块法分离内生菌,发酵、萃取、甲醇回流提取法得到待测提取物,酶标法测定酶活性,波谱解析法鉴定结构。从穹代尔组织中共分离到9株内生真菌,检测发现3株内生真菌发酵提取物具有一定乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性,其抑制率在50%以上。通过分子生物学方法及形态学分析对活性菌株QDE-6进行了菌种鉴定,鉴定为黑曲霉属(Aspergillus sp.)真菌。从内生真菌QDE-6的次级代谢产物中分离鉴定了5个化合物,分别是Aspergiketone(1)、Gliotoxin(2)、Pseurotin A2(3)、Brevianamide F(4)、Pseurotin A1(5)。相比其他化合物,化合物3抑制率为51. 67%,具有较高的抗单胺氧化酶活性,化合物4抑制率为42. 76%,具有较高的抗乙酰胆碱酯酶活性。可作为进一步研究藏药穹代尔中内生真菌及开发药物的基础。     

川八角莲内生真菌产鬼臼毒素类似物的初步研究

目的：从川八角莲中分离到产抗癌药物鬼臼毒素类似物的内生真菌。方法：采用薄层层析法(TLC)和高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对内生真菌的发酵产物进行分析检测。结果：分离到16株内生真菌,其中一株真菌(2BNO1)产鬼臼毒素类似物,经鉴定该真菌为牵连青霉(Penicillium implication)。结论：川八角莲个别内生真菌能产抗癌药物鬼臼毒素类似物。     

产甾体皂甙华重楼内生真菌、放线菌的分离与筛选

目的:研究重楼内生菌的次生代谢产物的医用价值。方法:从产自四川彭州的华重楼(Paris polyphylla vat．chinensis Franch)地下块茎中分离、筛选内生菌,采用PDA液体培养基26℃发酵培养;发酵液分别经泡沫反应、Salkowski反应、Liberman反应及以薯蓣皂甙元为标准对照的薄层层析分析。结果:表明其中编号为SNUF-1的真菌和编号为SNUA-1、SNUA-2的放线菌菌株均能分泌甾体皂甙或其类似化合物。结论:华重楼内生菌发酵液具有产生宿主药用活性的成份。     

耐盐菊芋块茎内生真菌次生代谢产物的分离与结构鉴定

盐生植物菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)是一种新型经济作物,特殊生境可能会使其内生真菌产生特殊的次生代谢产物,如结构新颖或活性显著的化合物.为研究这种耐盐植物内生真菌的次生代谢产物以及植物宿主和内生真菌之间可能存在的关系,本实验室从耐盐菊芋块茎中分离纯化出10株内生真菌,对这10株内生真菌进行抗卤虫活性筛选,初步筛选出1株抗卤虫活性良好的菌株Mucor sp.ht-7,规模发酵后通过提取分离技术得到7个化合物,用波谱手段鉴定了7个化合物的结构,对这株内生真菌和宿主次生代谢产物之间的关系进行分析探讨,并对化合物生物活性加以分析.     

MYCORRHIZAE AND MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI OF CALYPSO BULBOSA

The seasonal development and fungal endophytes of the mycorrhizal roots of Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes were studied using fresh collections from Alberta and herbarium specimens from six herbaria. Typically, a single pair of mycorrhizal roots are produced at the base of a single corm each growing season. No evidence was found to support the putative existence of a coralloid rhizome in this species. The pattern of fungal infection, peloton formation, and breakdown is similar to other nonsaprophytic, terrestrial orchids. The endophytic fungi of a single mycorrhizal root can belong to a number of different fungal taxa. Fungi isolated and described include Rhizoctonia anaticula Currah, Thanatephorus pennatus Currah, Leptodontidium orchidicola Sigler and Currah, Phialocephala fortinii Wang and Wilcox, and two unnamed isolates of Rhizoctonia.     

南方红豆杉内生真菌产油及降解纤维素的研究

从油脂植物南方红豆杉Taxusmairei茎中分离到26株内生真菌,用形态学方法鉴定表明,交链孢霉属Alternaria、无孢菌群MyceliaSterilia和硬内囊霉属Sclerocystis为优势类群;用苏丹黑染液对这26株内生真菌菌丝染色后,在光学显微镜下观察,发现其中14株内生真菌菌丝中有明显的油滴存在,选出其中油滴较大较多的7株在PDA液体培养基中培养6d后提取油脂,结果它们的油脂含量为细胞干重的13.2%~29.5%;这26株内生真菌在以微晶纤维为唯一碳源的液体培养基中培养8d后,测定发酵液的滤纸酶活,发现酶活为6.5~17.8μg葡萄糖/mL·min。研究结果表明南方红豆杉内生真菌中存在大量产油菌株,且它们有以纤维素为碳源生长的潜力。本研究为筛选能以秸秆中纤维素为碳源积累油脂的菌株打下基础。     

内蒙古中东部草原羽茅内生真菌的分类

从内蒙古中东部草原7个不同地理种群的羽茅Achnatherum sibiricum中分离、培养得到484株内生真菌,根据其形态学特征进行了分类学鉴定。结果表明,其中大部分菌株属于Neotyphodium内生真菌,并发现有少量Neotyphodium有性型Epichloё菌株存在。通过与已发表模式菌株的比较,鉴定其中两个种为N.chisosum和N.huerfanum。N.chisosum为羽茅内生真菌的优势种,而N.huerfanum是首次在羽茅中被发现。对其余暂未能确定种的菌株的菌落和显微形态特征进行了详细描述。不同地理种群羽茅内生真菌的分离率有自东向西增加的趋势,而内生真菌的形态多样性有自东向西减少的趋势。     

Biodiversity and distribution of endophytic fungi associated with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Panax quinquefolium</Emphasis> L. cultivated in a forest reserve

Endophytic fungi residing in Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) have not been well characterized. We collected American ginseng of one-, two-, three- and four-year-old plants cultivated in a forest reserve and identified the endophytic fungal isolates using traditional methods. The colonization frequency and the dominant endophytic fungal species were investigated. Endophytic fungal diversity indices and similarity coefficient were also assessed and all age groups of American ginseng studied were colonized by endophytic fungal assemblages; 134 fungal isolates were assigned to 27 taxa. The infection frequencies varied with the host age and tissue. The dominant endophytic fungi were recorded for each tissue and age of host. The roots of two- and four-year-old American ginseng exhibited the highest and the lowest Shannon-Wiener index respectively. Four-year-old American ginseng had a low similarity coefficient when compared with each of the other three ages classes. The possible role of endophytic fungi in relation to American ginseng cultivation is discussed.     

盾叶薯蓣内生真菌及其对宿主培养物生长和皂苷元生产的影响

从盾叶薯蓣根状茎中分离并鉴定了9株内生真菌,经悬浮培养14d,分别制备灭活菌丝和菌液浓缩物。其中,内生尖孢镰刀菌Dzf17能有效地提高盾叶薯蓣无菌苗和培养细胞薯蓣皂苷元的含量和产率,且灭活菌丝的诱导效果要强于菌液浓缩物。Dzf17灭活菌丝处理无菌苗,薯蓣皂苷元的产率为78.697mg/L,是对照(27.471mg/L)的2.865倍;用Dzf17菌液浓缩物处理无菌苗,皂苷元产率为41.822mg/L,是对照的1.522倍。Dzf17灭活菌丝处理培养细胞,薯蓣皂苷元的产率为1.391mg/L,是对照(0.691mg/L)的2.013倍;用Dzf17菌液浓缩物处理培养细胞,皂苷元产率为1.214mg/L,是对照的1.757倍。结果表明,在盾叶薯蓣无菌苗或细胞培养中添加一定量的内生真菌灭活菌丝或菌液浓缩物对于提高薯蓣皂苷元含量和产量将是一种有效的方法。     

Enzymatic activity of fungi endophytic on five medicinal plant species of the pristine sacred forests of Meghalaya,India

Fungal species that establish an endophytic role inside the tissues of medicinal plants are known to produce a wide range of biologically active metabolites and enzymes. In the present study, the most dominant and representative endophytic fungal species of five ethno-medicinal plants prevalent in the pristine sacred forests of Meghalaya, were screened for their ability to produce amylase, cellulase, protease, lipase, and xylanase. Each of endophytic fungal isolates showed a wide range of enzyme activity. Mycelial biomass generation and root colonization, in addition to the enzyme activity of the endophytic fungal isolates, provided insights into their probable origin and ecological roles within the plant host.     

Isolation and characterization of endophytic huperzine A-producing fungi from Huperzia serrata

Huperzia serrata is a producer of huperzine A (HupA), a cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI). Over 120 endophytic fungi were recovered from this plant and screened for Hup-A and nine were found. These nine represented seven different fungal genera with the most significant producer being Shiraia sp. A total of 127 endophytic fungi isolates obtained from the root, stem, and leaf segments of H. serrata were grouped into 19 genera based on their morphological traits and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), indicating endophytic fungi in H. serrata are diverse and abundant. Aspergillus, Podospora, Penicillium, Colletotrichum, and Acremonium were the frequent genera, whereas the remaining genera were infrequent groups. Overall, 39 endophytic fungi isolates showed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition in vitro. Nine endophytic fungi isolates from seven distinct genera were capable of producing HupA verified by thin-layer chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Among the HupA-producing fungi, the yield of HupA produced by the Shiraia sp. Slf14 was 327.8 μg/l in potato dextrose broth, and the fungal HupA was further validated by mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The present study demonstrated that H. serrata was a fascinating fungal reservoir for producing HupA and other ChEIs.     

The potential saprotrophic capacity of foliar endophytic fungi from Quercus gambelii

Endophytic fungi occur in living tissues of terrestrial plants. Many of these fungi are primarily biotrophic, but the trophic range of endophytic fungi as a group may not be fully appreciated. In this study, our goals were (1) for the Class 3 foliar endophytic fungi isolated from Quercus gambelii, determine their potential saprotrophic capacity, which we define as the difference in growth rate in culture on Quercus gambelii leaf litter medium and control medium lacking leaf litter and (2) quantify sources of variation among isolates of these endophytic fungi in potential saprotrophic capacity, including variation due to microsite within host trees (leaves receiving full sun vs. shade) and variation within and among fungal genera. We found that 48 of the 49 tested endophytic fungal isolates have significant potential saprotrophic capacity. Contrary to expectation, the amount of solar radiation available to the leaf from which the fungi were isolated had no significant impact on potential saprotrophic capacity and there was more variability in potential saprotrophic capacity among isolates within a genus than among genera. Our results suggest that some Class 3 endophytic fungi may have the potential to function as saprotrophic fungi within plant litter, but this remains to be seen for these Quercus gambelii isolates under more natural circumstances.     

Endophytic fungal diversity in Theobroma cacao (cacao) and T. grandiflorum (cupuaçu) trees and their potential for growth promotion and biocontrol of black-pod disease

The endophytic niches of plants are a rich source of microbes that can directly and indirectly promote plant protection, growth and development. The diversity of culturable endophytic fungi from stems and branches of Theobroma cacao (cacao) and Theobroma grandiflorum (cupua?u) trees growing in the Amazon region of Brazil was assessed. The collection of fungal endophytic isolates obtained was applied in field experiments to evaluate their potential as biocontrol agents against Phytophthora palmivora, the causal agent of the black-pod rot disease of cacao, one of the most important pathogens in cocoa-producing regions worldwide. The isolated endophytic fungi from 60 traditional, farmer-planted, healthy cacao and 10 cupua?u plants were cultured in PDA under conditions inducing sporulation. Isolates were classified based upon the morphological characteristics of their cultures and reproductive structures. Spore suspensions from a total of 103 isolates that could be classified at least up to genus level were tested against P. palmivora in pods attached to cacao trees in the field. Results indicated that ～70% of isolates showed biocontrol effects to a certain extent, suggesting that culturable endophytic fungal biodiversity in this system is of a mostly mutualistic type of interaction with the host. Eight isolates from genera Trichoderma (reference isolate), Pestalotiopsis, Curvularia, Tolypocladium and Fusarium showed the highest level of activity against the pathogen, and were further characterized. All demonstrated their endophytic nature by colonizing axenic cacao plantlets, and confirmed their biocontrol activity on attached pods trials by showing significant decrease in disease severity in relation to the positive control. None, however, showed detectable growth-promotion effects. Aspects related to endophytic biodiversity and host-pathogen-endophyte interactions in the environment of this study were discussed on the context of developing sustainable strategies for biological control of black-pod rot of cacao.     

白及内生真菌多样性研究

白及( Bletilla striata)是兰科地生型多年生植物,也是我国传统中药材之一。利用菌根技术进行白及的保护和人工栽培,需要获得白及可培养的内生真菌。该研究以广西野生的白及根和叶为材料,采用分离培养法分离内生真菌,并结合真菌形态特征,及其核糖体的转录间隔区( ITS)序列分析,确定内生真菌的分类地位。结果表明：从2株白及植物90块组织中分离获得37株内生真菌,鉴定为15个分类单元,由9个属组成,分属于2门4纲7目8科,包括锤舌菌纲( Leotiomycetes)、座囊菌纲( Dothideomycetes)和粪壳菌纲( Sordariomy-cetes),伞菌纲( Agaricomycetes)。从根中分离获得内生真菌12种,蜡壳菌属为优势属;从叶中分离获得内生真菌3种,刺盘孢属为优势属;刺盘孢菌属( Colletotrichum)和蜡壳菌属( Sebacina)真菌的相对多度值均达到20％;4株担子菌均分布于根中,叶组织中未有分布。根组织中内生真菌的多样性指数(H＝1.863)高于叶组织(1.098)。该研究结果及其所分离培养的担子菌类真菌,为更好地利用菌根技术进行白及等兰科植物资源的保护与可持续利用奠定了基础。