滑液支原体NADH氧化酶的酶学活性及亚细胞定位研究

【背景】许多研究表明,支原体的NADH氧化酶(NADH oxidase,NOX)不仅在胞浆中发挥生物酶学功能,也存在于细胞膜上发挥黏附宿主细胞功能。【目的】对滑液支原体(Mycoplasma synoviae,MS)的NOX进行酶学活性及亚细胞定位研究,分析其在MS致病过程中的潜在作用。【方法】对MS的NOX蛋白进行原核表达、纯化,然后对重组MSNOX (rMSNOX)的酶学活性及影响酶活的条件进行研究,测定其酶比活力、米氏常数及最大反应速率,接着用MS阳性血清及制备的rMSNOX兔多克隆抗体,分别与rMSNOX蛋白及MS全菌、膜蛋白和胞浆蛋白进行Western blotting反应,鉴定rMSNOX的免疫原性及其在MS中的分布情况。【结果】在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)中成功表达rMSNOX蛋白,相对分子质量约为53 kD,并获得纯化的rMSNOX蛋白;酶活测定显示rMSNOX蛋白的酶比活力为14.17IU/mg,最适酶促温度为37℃,最适pH为7.5,双倒数法求得rMSNOX的最大反应速率V_(max)为21.8μmol/(L·min),米氏常数K_m(NADH)为244.0μmol/L;rMSNOX蛋白与MS阳性血清特异性结合,证明具有良好的免疫原性;亚细胞定位研究表明NOX蛋白主要存在于MS的胞浆中,细胞膜上有少量的分布。【结论】首次证实MS的NOX不仅具有NADH氧化酶活性,也是MS具有免疫原性的膜蛋白,为进一步探索NOX在MS致病过程中的作用提供了分子基础。     

基于脂蛋白P80的滑液支原体抗体ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

【目的】研究滑液支原体(Mycoplasma synoviae, MS)脂蛋白P80的免疫反应性及其在MS血清抗体ELISA检测中的应用。【方法】对MSP80的氨基酸序列进行生物信息学分析、原核表达和纯化,并用免疫印迹法分析其与6种不同MS分离株阳性血清的免疫反应性以及与其他禽病原血清的交叉反应性;运用纯化的MS P80表达蛋白作为包被抗原建立了MS血清抗体的间接ELISA检测方法,对其敏感性和重复性进行检测;比较检测了与美国爱德士检测试剂盒对50份临床血清样品的阳性符合率。【结果】生物信息学分析预测MS P80蛋白为脂蛋白且含有信号肽,其在MS种内同源性高达98%-100%,与其他种属P80蛋白同源性在25%-34%之间,成功表达和纯化了MS P80重组蛋白(rMS P80);Western blotting分析表明纯化的rMS P80具有良好的免疫反应性和特异性;运用rMS P80建立的MS血清ELISA抗体检测方法可对不同株MS阳性血清进行抗体效价检测,而对其他禽病原阳性血清均无交叉反应性;该检测方法的批内变异系数小于5%,批间变异系数小于10%,重复性良好;与美国IDEXX检测试剂盒比较,本文建立的ELISA抗体检测方法敏感性更高,阳性符合率为75%,阴性符合率为89.47%,总样本符合率为86%。【结论】MS P80具有较好的免疫反应性、种内保守性和种间特异,并且可用作MS抗体检测的靶标抗原。     

我国17株绵羊肺炎支原体分子分型及其菌体蛋白免疫印迹

【目的】分别从基因和蛋白水平研究我国部分地区绵羊肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae)分离株的分子特征,并了解其免疫原性蛋白的差异。【方法】对分离自8个地区的17株绵羊肺炎支原体进行扩增片段长度多态性(Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism,AFLP)和十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis,SDS-PAGE)分析,采用NTsys-2.10e软件对AFLP和SDS-PAGE结果进行聚类,并用绵羊肺炎支原体模式株Y98高免血清对部分分离株进行免疫印迹分析。【结果】当相似系数分别为0.78和0.85时,绵羊肺炎支原体分离株可根据8个来源地区分成8个AFLP群和8个SDS-PAGE群;用8株分离株进行免疫印迹共出现6条蛋白条带,分子质量分别为105 kDa、83 kDa、65 kDa、42 kDa、40 kDa或26 kDa,其中83 kDa和40 kDa蛋白为8个菌株保守的免疫原性蛋白。【结论】我国部分地区绵羊肺炎支原体分离株之间存在遗传差异,不同分离株的主要免疫原性蛋白也存在一定差异,但83 kDa和40 kDa蛋白为其保守的免疫原性蛋白。本研究首次对我国部分地区绵羊肺炎支原体分离株进行了分子分型与免疫印迹分析,结果将为绵羊肺炎支原体病的新型诊断技术开发和疫苗研制奠定理论基础。     

荧光蛋白标签对gD囊膜蛋白在BHK-21细胞亚细胞定位的影响

【目的】探究荧光蛋白标签对马疱疹病毒I型(Equine herpes virus type 1,EHV-1)gD囊膜蛋白亚细胞定位的影响。【方法】以EHV-1基因组为模板利用PCR扩增gD全基因,分别克隆至pAcGFP1-C1和p Ds Red2-N1质粒,构建p Ac-GFP-gD(GFP-gD)和p Ds-gD-Red(gD-Red)重组质粒;将GFP基因插入gD基因信号肽序列之后并克隆至PVAX-1质粒,构建PVAX-S-GFP-gD’(S-GFP-gD’)重组质粒;将Flag标签序列与gD囊膜蛋白N端序列融合后并克隆至p VAX-1表达载体,构建p VAX-Flag-gD(Flag-gD)重组质粒。将4种不同重组真核表达质粒分别转染BHK-21细胞,通过激光共聚焦显微镜对不同融合蛋白gD进行亚细胞定位。【结果】成功构建4种不同的融合蛋白gD真核表达载体;在BHK-21细胞单独表达时,不同融合蛋白gD绝大部分都定位于高尔基体,极少量定位于细胞核内。【结论】不同插入位点的荧光蛋白标签对gD囊膜蛋白亚细胞定位无明显影响,这对今后研究其它蛋白亚细胞定位提供参考。     

家蚕蚕蛹过敏原CPH30的表达、纯化、免疫学鉴定及B细胞抗原表位预测

【目的】克隆、表达纯化出家蚕Bombyx mori蚕蛹过敏原蛋白CPH30(cuticular protein hypothetical 30 precursor),并对其进行免疫学鉴定及B细胞抗原表位预测。【方法】通过蛋白组学方法分析CPH30蛋白的潜在过敏原性,人工化学合成该蛋白基因,将基因连接到p ET-28a载体上,重组质粒转化至大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21,IPTG诱导基因表达。通过镍亲和层析获取高纯度蛋白,用Western blot方法对蛋白进行免疫学鉴定。通过DNAStar软件分析其潜在的B细胞表位。【结果】成功构建出CPH30基因的表达载体;表达纯化出CPH30蛋白,SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示分子量为25 k Da左右;Western blot结果显示,CPH30蛋白与家蚕过敏患者血清具有Ig E结合性,证明CPH30具有免疫原性;利用DNAStar软件成功分析出氨基酸序列第57-69和150-158位为潜在的B细胞表位。【结论】成功克隆表达出CPH30蛋白,并成功鉴定出其免疫原性,为家蚕蚕蛹过敏反应性疾病的特异性诊断和疫苗治疗奠定理论基础。     

(R)-、(S)-羰基还原酶在酿酒酵母中的表达和亚细胞定位

【目的】将增强型荧光蛋白标记的(R)-和(S)-羰基还原酶于酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A)细胞中表达,分析荧光蛋白表达谱,确定两种酶在细胞中的功能分布和亚细胞定位。【方法】采用SOE-PCR法克隆出增强型荧光蛋白与(R)-和(S)-羰基还原酶的融合基因,构建到真核表达载体pYX212中,电击转化酵母细胞,以荧光蛋白为筛选标志,观察两种酶在酵母细胞中的表达和分布。【结果】激光扫描共聚焦显微观察表明(R)-和(S)-羰基还原酶多定位于细胞内膜和细胞质中稳定表达,少数成点状分布于细胞中央。根据荧光强度可知(S)-羰基还原酶的表达水平明显高于(R)-羰基还原酶。生物转化结果显示融合型(R)-和(S)-羰基还原酶催化底物2-羟基苯乙酮,分别获得(R)-和(S)-苯基乙二醇,前者产物的光学纯度和产率为86.6%和70.4%,后者产物的光学纯度和产率分别为92.3%和81.8%。【讨论】荧光蛋白与酶的融合没有改变靶蛋白的分子构象与生物活性,酿酒酵母工程菌较重组大肠杆菌具有更明显的生物功能优势,该研究为羰基还原酶蛋白的功能表达调控与亚细胞定位的可视化研究奠定了坚实的基础。     

结核分枝杆菌MPT83的免疫原性及其奶牛结核病血清学检测方法的建立

【目的】利用大肠杆菌系统表达并纯化结核分枝杆菌MPT83蛋白,通过小鼠模型评价其免疫原性,建立血清学间接ELISA方法用于牛结核病临床检测,评价其应用潜能。【方法】构建p ET30a(+)-mpt83重组质粒,转化BL21(DE3)诱导表达并纯化,经细胞表面分子的流式细胞术(Flow Cytometry,FCM)分析、ELISPOT试验等分析其在小鼠中的免疫原性,建立间接ELISA方法,检测临床奶牛血样,评价其用于牛结核病血清学检测的潜能。【结果】SDS-PAGE显示目的蛋白成功表达,Western blot证实其对兔抗H37Rv多抗血清具有良好免疫反应性;FCM结果显示其下调树突状细胞表面CD80分子的表达,上调小鼠脾脏CD4+和CD8+T细胞表面CD69的表达,ELISPOT结果表明其诱导的特异性IL-4分泌细胞数显著高于IFN-γ分泌细胞数,表现为Th2型免疫应答;建立了ELISA方法,检测临床奶牛血样200份,与牛结核外周血γ-干扰素体外释放试验结果的阳性符合率和阴性符合率分别为48.6%和90%。【结论】在大肠杆菌系统中高效可溶性表达MPT83蛋白,其在小鼠模型中主要呈现Th2型免疫应答,并以该蛋白为抗原建立了牛结核病血清学检测的间接ELISA方法。     

玉米精细胞质膜特异蛋白的纯化

在获得6个品种的玉米(Zea mays L.)花粉精细胞后,采用N-hydroxysuccinimido-biotin(NHS-biotin)标记其外膜蛋白,并通过SDS-PAGE和Western blotting对比了其中主要标记蛋白,发现其主要蛋白带差异并不显著,主要标记蛋白分子量均集中于91、60、43、30和17kD。采用免疫亲和层析技术进一步纯化已获得的混杂少量其它细胞器成分的精细胞质膜制剂,即利用制备的体细胞主要细胞器:线粒体、内质网、高尔基体及质膜的膜蛋白,分别免疫豚鼠,从其抗血清中纯化获得IgG,并进一步制成各种膜蛋白的免疫亲和吸附制剂。利用此技术进一步纯化经NHS-biotin标记的精细胞质膜蛋白,获得精细胞质膜特异的蛋白质,其中最为显著的蛋白质分子量约为65、22kD。     

淋病奈瑟菌肽基脯氨酰异构酶的原核表达及其作为候选疫苗的初步评价

【背景】淋病是我国主要的性传播疾病之一,感染淋病奈瑟菌可促进人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus, HIV)的传播和感染。目前我国淋病发病人数呈上升趋势,随着多重耐药菌株的出现,亟须研发保护性疫苗来防治淋病的传播和感染。【目的】分析淋病奈瑟菌(Neisseria gonorrhoeae, NG)肽基脯氨酰异构酶(peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, PPIase)蛋白的高级结构和表位,探讨其作为疫苗和分子诊断靶点的潜力。【方法】利用生物信息学软件分析PPIase蛋白的极性、亲水性、柔韧性、表面可及性、二级和三级结构,以及T、B细胞表位等;用pET32a(+)质粒构建PPIase蛋白的原核表达系统并纯化蛋白,用纯化的重组蛋白和超声波破碎的NG全菌抗原分别免疫BALB/c小鼠,收获免疫血清;制备NG全细胞抗原,分别以全细胞抗原酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)和间接免疫荧光试验检测重组PPIase蛋白血清抗体与NG全细胞表面抗原的结合情况。【结果】生物信息学分析结果显示,...     

Jurkat T细胞质膜蛋白组学研究初探

目的:分析Jurkat T细胞质膜蛋白质组成,并对这些质膜蛋白的生理学过程和功能进行初步分析,为进一步研究Jurkat T细胞膜蛋白功能奠定基础.方法:首先采用差异密度梯度离心法提取Jurkat T细胞膜蛋白,然后将提取出的膜蛋白根据分子量大小通过SDS-PAGE进行初步分离,再进一步将分离出的蛋白条带切下进行胶内酶解,酶解后的肤段通过液相-芯片-离子阱质谱技术进行鉴定和生物信息学分析,建立Jurkat T细胞质膜蛋白全谱图,并进一步通过GO(Gene Ontology)对这些质膜蛋白进行功能分析.结果:成功提取了Jurkat T细胞的膜总蛋白,并建立了Jurkat T细胞质膜蛋白全谱图,共鉴定出618个质膜蛋白,经GO注释分析,其中与结合功能相关的质膜蛋白有493个,与信号转导活性相关的有186个,具有酶催化活性的有166个,具有转运活性的有137个,有些还具有酶调节活性、结构分子活性或者运动活性等,功能尚不清楚的有49个.结论:通过差异密度梯度离心,结合一维SDS-PAGE和HPLC-CHIP-MS/MS,成功建立了Jurkat T细胞质膜蛋白全谱图,并通过GO注释,初步分析了这些蛋白的功能和生理学过程,为进一步研究Jurkat T细胞质膜蛋白的功能奠定了基础.     

Arginine deiminase of Mycoplasma hominis: cytoplasmic and membrane-associated forms

Membrane and cytoplasmic fractions of Mycoplasma hominis inhibited the multiplication of this mycoplasma. Arginine deiminase (EC 3.5.3.6), isolated from both fractions, reproduced the inhibition. The purified cytoplasmic deiminase had a subunit Mr of 49,000, a specific activity of 53 units (mg protein)-1 and an A280/A260 ratio of 1.76. The membrane-associated enzyme had an identical Mr but lower values for specific activity [39 units (mg protein)-1] and the A280/A260 ratio (1.46). In experiments in vitro, recent clinical isolates of M. hominis produced less arginine deiminase, but grew faster than the laboratory reference strain PG 21. In addition, other growth inhibitory components associated with membrane preparations were detected in recent clinical isolates but were absent from strain PG 21.     

Evidence that mycoplasmas, gram-negative bacteria, and certain gram-positive bacteria share a similar protein antigen.

It was demonstrated that mycoplasmas, gram-negative bacteria, and certain gram-positive bacteria share a similar protein antigen with a molecular weight ranging from 42,000 to 48,000. Western blotting (immunoblotting) with an antibody specific to a 43-kDa membrane protein of Mycoplasma fermentans showed the existence of this protein antigen in all Mycoplasma spp. tested (14 species), Acholeplasma laidlawii (1 strain), and gram-negative bacteria (8 species) but only in Staphylococcus aureus of four gram-positive species tested. Neither Ureaplasma urealyticum nor mammalian cell cultures showed any cross-reactions with this antibody. These proteins were found in both cytoplasmic and membrane fractions of mycoplasma cells but were not exposed on the surface of mycoplasmal or bacterial cells.     

Mycoplasma pneumoniae cytadherence phase-variable protein HMW3 is a component of the attachment organelle.

The subcellular location of the phase-variable cytadherence-accessory protein HMW3 in Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been examined by biochemical and immunoelectron microscopic techniques. Analysis by Western blot (immunoblot) with HMW3-specific antiserum established the presence of this protein within the M. pneumoniae Triton X-100-insoluble fraction or triton shell. Immunogold labeling of Triton-extracted mycoplasmas with affinity-purified antibodies localized HMW3 to the terminal knob on the rodlike extensions of the triton shell, a location that would correspond to the adherence organelle in whole mycoplasmas. Treatment of triton shells with KI resulted in the selective removal of the adherence-accessory proteins HMW1 to HMW4. Analysis of these triton shells by transmission electron microscopy revealed dramatic ultrastructural changes in the filamentous network and core structure. Immunogold labeling of KI-extracted shells reflected the removal of HMW3 from the disrupted tip structure. An examination of ultrathin sections of wild-type cells by transmission electron microscopy following labeling with HMW3-specific antibodies provided further evidence for the nonrandom distribution of HMW3 and its localization to the terminal portion of filamentous cell extensions. Most colloidal gold molecules were associated with the cell interior, but limited peripheral labeling of the terminal region was also observed. Postfixation antibody labeling of whole cells suggested limited exposure of HMW3 on the mycoplasma surface at the tip structure. However, prefixation antibody labeling failed to indicate surface exposure, raising some uncertainty regarding the relationship of HMW3 with the mycoplasma membrane.     

Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycoplasma pneumoniae share a 67 kilodalton protein as a main cross-reactive antigen

It was demonstrated that a 67 kilodalton (kDa) protein of Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a main cross-reactive antigen with similar molecular weight protein of Mycoplasma genitalium by Western blot analysis using monoclonal antibody to 67 kDa protein of M. pneumoniae and hyperimmune rabbit sera directed against each mycoplasma strain.     

Phosphorylated BRCA1 is predominantly located in the nucleus and mitochondria

Multiple copies of the mitochondrial genome in eukaryotic cells are organized into protein-DNA complexes called nucleoids. Mitochondrial genome repair mechanisms have been reported, but they are less well characterized than their nuclear counterparts. To expand our knowledge of mitochondrial genome maintenance, we have studied the localization of the BRCA1 protein, known to be involved in nuclear repair pathways. Our confocal and immunoelectron microscopy results show that BRCA1 is present in mitochondria of several human cancer cell lines and in primary breast and nasal epithelial cells. BRCA1 localization in mitochondria frequently overlapped that of nucleoids. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of BRCA1 in human cancer cells (confirmed by Western blot) results in decreased nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial staining after immunofluorescence microscopy, establishing the specificity of the BRCA1 immunolabeling. Furthermore, using cell fractionation, dephosphorylation, and enzyme protection experiments, we show that a 220-kDa phosphorylated isoform of BRCA1 is enriched in mitochondrial and nuclear fractions but reduced in cytoplasmic subcellular fractions. Submitochondrial fractionation confirmed the presence of BRCA1 protein in isolated mitoplasts. Because phosphorylation of BRCA1 and subsequent changes in subcellular localization are known to follow DNA damage, our data support a universal role for BRCA1 in the maintenance of genome integrity in both mitochondria and nucleus.     

Immunoassay and Activity of Calcium-Activated Neutral Proteinase (mCANP): Distribution in Soluble and Membrane-Associated Fractions in Human and Mouse Brain

The millimolar form of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (mCANP) is generally regarded as a cytosolic enzyme in nonneuronal systems, although its subcellular localization in brain is less well established. To resolve conflicting reports on the localization of mCANP based on activity measurements, we developed an immunoassay for CANP and compared the content and activity of the molecule in soluble and membrane fractions of mouse and human brain. Western blot immunoassays, using two different antibodies specific for mCANP, demonstrated that mCANP content is 4.5 ng/g in human or mouse brain, about 0.0005% of the total protein. More than 95% of the total immunoreactive mCANP remained in the soluble fraction after 15,000 g centrifugation of the whole homogenate. mCANP activity was determined with [14C]azocasein as substrate after removing endogenous CANP inhibitor(s) by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Caseinolytic activity was detected only in fractions derived from the supernatant extract. The distribution of mCANP content and enzyme activity were unchanged when tissues were extracted with different concentrations of Triton X-100. These findings establish the usefulness and validity of the CANP immunoassay and demonstrate that mCANP in mouse and human brain is localized predominantly within the cytosol.     

Differential effects of Ca2+-calmodulin on adenylate cyclase activity cyclase activity in mouse and rat pancreatic islets.

The subcellular localization of the beta-galactoside-binding protein, or lectin, from rat lung was investigated by the specific binding of anti-lectin immunoglobulin G to subcellular fractions. We used both adult and immature (12-day-old) rats; the immature rat lungs have an 8-10-fold greater concentration than adult rat lungs [Powell & Whitney (1980) Biochem. J. 188, 1-8]. In both groups of animals we observed greater specific binding of anti-lectin immunoglobulin G to intracellular membrane (mitochondrial and microsomal fractions) than to plasma membranes. Pre-incubation of membrane fractions with lactose resulted in a marked diminution of anti-lectin immunoglobulin G binding. In the adult rat lung most (approx. 80%) of the lectin activity was membrane-associated. In the immature rat lung only approx. 30% of the lectin activity was membrane associated and most of the beta-galactoside-binding protein appeared to be a soluble cytoplasmic component. The rat lung beta-galactoside-binding protein appeared to have a broad but predominantly intracellular location, being associated with membranes through one of its galactoside-binding sites.     

Membrane-bound phosphatases in Escherichia coli: sequence of the pgpB gene and dual subcellular localization of the pgpB product.

The phosphatidyl glycerophosphate B phosphatase of Escherichia coli has a multiple substrate specificity and a peculiar dual subcellular localization in the envelope. Its phosphatidyl glycerophosphate phosphatase activity is higher in the cytoplasmic membrane, while phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid phosphatase activities are higher in the outer membrane. The DNA sequencing of the pgpB gene revealed a protein of 251 amino acids which had at least five hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions. About 37 hydrophilic residues in the middle of the sequence had considerable homology with the C-terminal conserved region of the ras family genes in eucaryotes. A protein of 28,000 daltons was expressed from the pgpB gene under a tac promoter in a runaway replication plasmid. This overproduced protein also revealed the dual subcellular localization.     

Application of the accurate mass and time tag approach to the proteome analysis of sub-cellular fractions obtained from Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. Aerobic and photosynthetic cell cultures

The high-throughput accurate mass and time (AMT) tag proteomic approach was utilized to characterize the proteomes for cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane, periplasm, and outer membrane fractions from aerobic and photosynthetic cultures of the gram-nagtive bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1. In addition, we analyzed the proteins within purified chromatophore fractions that house the photosynthetic apparatus from photosynthetically grown cells. In total, 8,300 peptides were identified with high confidence from at least one subcellular fraction from either cell culture. These peptides were derived from 1,514 genes or 35% percent of proteins predicted to be encoded by the genome. A significant number of these proteins were detected within a single subcellular fraction and their localization was compared to in silico predictions. However, the majority of proteins were observed in multiple subcellular fractions, and the most likely subcellular localization for these proteins was investigated using a Z-score analysis of estimated protein abundance along with clustering techniques. Good (81%) agreement was observed between the experimental results and in silico predictions. The AMT tag approach provides localization evidence for those proteins that have no predicted localization information, those annotated as putative proteins, and/or for those proteins annotated as hypothetical and conserved hypothetical.