NuMA蛋白质的生物学作用

NuMA(nuclear mitotic apparatus)是一个高分子量的细胞核有丝分裂器蛋白。自1980年发现至今已有30多年的历史。研究发现,NuMA对细胞有丝分裂过程中纺锤体的形成和结构维持、细胞分裂后期核重组均发挥重要作用。NuMA的过表达与恶性肿瘤发生发展相关,NuMA的降解将导致细胞分裂异常及细胞核骨架的分解。该文将对NuMA的表达及定位、可变剪接体、相互作用蛋白质及其在有丝分裂、不对称分裂及核移植胚胎早期发育等过程中的功能进行了系统综述。     

6-DMAP和胚胎干细胞代数对异种重构卵体外发育的影响(简报)

核移植技术已经广泛应用于动物克隆,但是克隆动物的成活率仍然很低。许多克隆胚胎死于妊娠期,少部分能发育到期,正常出生,但多数在出生后由于心肺和消化道的问题,很快就夭折,有些克隆动物有异常表型,如出生时体重和胎盘过大等。研究发现,在同种克隆动物实验中用胚胎干细胞(Embryonic stem cell,ES细胞)作为核供体,发育到期的克隆动物比例明显高于体细胞,并且用杂交一代的小鼠ES细胞为核供体,绝大多数克隆仔     

NuMA的分布和功能

核有丝分裂器蛋白（Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus Protein,NuMA）是一种在间期细胞核内有大量表达的大分子蛋白。NuMA是微管聚合因子,能使微管锚定于纺锤体极。在细胞有丝分裂,减数分裂过程中对纺锤体的形成和形态的雏持发挥重要作用。     

NuMA 的分布和功能

核有丝分裂器蛋白(Nuclear Mitotic Apparatus Protein,NuMA)是一种在间期细胞核内有大量表达的大分子蛋白。NuMA是微管聚合因子,能使微管锚定于纺锤体极。在细胞有丝分裂,减数分裂过程中对纺锤体的形成和形态的维持发挥重要作用。     

核移植介导的哺乳动物体细胞核重编程研究进展

哺乳动物的体细胞核移植技术已经发展了20年有余,重构胚发育过程中的核重编程异常是制约这项技术应用的主要障碍。目前,提高克隆效率的方法主要是通过调节重编程过程中的表观遗传修饰来修复重编程的错误,从而提高核移植胚胎的发育效率。综述了核移植后早期胚胎发育过程中供体核重编程的异常,讨论了修复这些异常表观遗传修饰的研究进展,并对可能影响核移植胚胎发育的重编程事件及新兴技术进行展望。     

动物克隆后代的发育异常

克隆后代发育异常是一种普遍现象,这些异常的发生与供体核的状态,供体的重新程序化以及核外遗传物质等因素存在密切关系,这涉及到印记基因,胚胎早期发育必需基因,染色体的甲基化以及结构的变化等诸多方面的内容,对这些事件的诠释有助于克服克隆后代发育异常的发生。     

兔体细胞核移植的初步研究

实验以兔胎儿成纤维细胞为核供体,对兔体细胞核移植技术的融合,激活和发育等环节进行了初步研究。实验通过比较不同电场强度对兔2细胞胚胎卵裂球融合以及卵母细胞激活的影响,证实200和260V/mm的电场强度可有效地诱导2细胞胚胎的融合和兔卵母细胞的孤雌激活。然后将200和260V／mm电场强度用于体细胞核移植,融合率分别为44．4％和48．4％,卵裂率分别为58．8％和53．8％,桑椹胚／囊胚发育率分别为5．9％和5．5%。但112枚核移植胚胎移植到5只受体后没有幼子出生。结果表明,实验中所建立的程序至少可以支持兔体细胞克隆胚胎的早期发育。     

体细胞核移植胚胎核重编程的研究进展

尽管在多种哺乳动物种系中成功制备了体细胞克隆后代,但当前的克隆技术仍有许多亟待解决的问题。体细胞核移植胚胎大多存在许多发育异常,造成了妊娠早期高流产率和出生后高死亡率。有研究认为,克隆胚胎发育障碍的一个重要的原因是供体细胞的遗传重编程不完全。哺乳动物种系中,DNA甲基化是胚胎发育期转录调节的必需步骤,除了单拷贝基因序列外,在基因组很多的区域都可以观测到克隆胚胎的异常甲基化。此外,克隆胚胎的基因印迹也存在异常。     

转人t-PA指形区缺失基因的山羊体细胞核移植及其继代核移植

为了探索转基因体细胞核经连续核移植后的发育潜力,以转人组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)指形区缺失基因的山羊胎儿成纤维细胞为核供体,MII期的卵母细胞质为核受体,利用胞质内注射法构建原代核移胚胎(G0),并进行了原代核移植胚胎的继代核移植研究。比较原代和继代核移植胚胎在体外发育能力上的差异;在G1、G2代核移植试验过程中,比较了供体胚胎细胞的发育阶段对核移植胚胎体外发育的影响。结果表明,原代核移植胚胎的卵裂率(76.45%±1.17%)与继代核移植胚胎的卵裂率(72.18%±1.97%,76.05%±2.38%,75.99%±2.84%)无显著性差异(P>0.05)。但原代核移植胚胎的桑葚胚率(47.20%±2.93%)、囊胚率(11.00%±1.42%)显著高于G1、G2、G3代核核移植胚胎的桑葚胚率(34.99%±2.66%,28.23%±2.00%,23.34%±1.99%)、囊胚率(3.87%±0.67%,2.08%±1.66%,0);在G1、G2中,当用16-细胞期核移植胚胎作为核供体时的桑葚胚率(29.57%±1.53%,24.43%±1.87%)、囊胚率(1.96%±1.31%,2.01%±1.34%)低于用32~64-细胞时期的核移植胚胎的桑葚胚率(34.32%±1.31%,29.76%±1.66%)、囊胚率(3.86%±1.03%,3.48%±0.34%),但无显著性差异(P>0.05)。由此得出结论:转基因体细胞核移植胚胎不宜进行多代克隆;胞质内注射法构建核移植胚胎,用32~64-细胞期的胚胎作为核供体构建的核移植胚胎的体外发育率高于用16-细胞期的胚胎作为核供体构建的核移植胚胎的体外发育率。     

离子束注入对细胞有丝分裂微管骨架影响的研究

经能量为２０～３０Ｋｅｖ注入剂量为６×１０１５Ｎ＋／ｃｍ２和１０×１０１５Ｎ＋／ｃｍ２的Ｎ＋离子注入及免疫荧光抗体标记显微观察和统计,结果表明,在绿豆根尖细胞有丝分裂中,分裂细胞的形体、中后期细胞数目、细胞微管骨架以及纺缍体的排布方式均发生了异常变化。１２－１３％的分裂细胞个体增大,８－１０％有丝分裂中后期细胞数目高于对照组,间期细胞微管骨架荧光强度明显弱于对照组,且有２－４％的较强荧光小体和无荧光小体（微孔洞,ｍｉｃｒｏｏｐｅｎｉｎｇ）。３－１２％的中后期细胞中出现不对称和极向不同步移动排布的纺缍体。研究结果表明：２０～３０Ｋｅｖ的能量和剂量为６～１０×１０１５Ｎ＋／ｃｍ２的Ｎ＋离子束注入,对绿豆根尖细胞有丝分裂微管骨架可诱发产生异常变化,同时也可以初步认为这种变化结果与Ｎ＋离子束注入产生的染色体异常分配和运动功能活动有密切的相关性。     

Function of donor cell centrosome in intraspecies and interspecies nuclear transfer embryos

Centrosomes, the main microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) in most animal cells, are important for many cellular activities such as assembly of the mitotic spindle, establishment of cell polarity, and cell movement. In nuclear transfer (NT), MTOCs that are located at the poles of the meiotic spindle are removed from the recipient oocyte, while the centrosome of the donor cell is introduced. We used mouse MII oocytes as recipients, mouse fibroblasts, rat fibroblasts, or pig granulosa cells as donor cells to construct intraspecies and interspecies nuclear transfer embryos in order to observe centrosome dynamics and functions. Three antibodies against centrin, gamma-tubulin, and NuMA, respectively, were used to stain the centrosome. Centrin was not detected either at the poles of transient spindles or at the poles of first mitotic spindles. gamma-tubulin translocated into the two poles of the transient spindles, while no accumulated gamma-tubulin aggregates were detected in the area adjacent to the two pseudo-pronuclei. At first mitotic metaphase, gamma-tubulin was translocated to the spindle poles. The distribution of gamma-tubulin was similar in mouse intraspecies and rat-mouse interspecies embryos. The NuMA antibody that we used can recognize porcine but not murine NuMA protein, so it was used to trace the NuMA protein of donor cell in reconstructed embryos. In the pig-mouse interspecies reconstructed embryos, NuMA concentrated between the disarrayed chromosomes soon after activation and translocated to the transient spindle poles. NuMA then immigrated into pseudo-pronuclei. After pseudo-pronuclear envelope breakdown, NuMA was located between the chromosomes and then translocated to the spindle poles of first mitotic metaphase. gamma-tubulin antibody microinjection resulted in spindle disorganization and retardation of the first cell division. NuMA antibody microinjection also resulted in spindle disorganization. Our findings indicate that (1) the donor cell centrosome, defined as pericentriolar material surrounding a pair of centrioles, is degraded in the 1-cell reconstituted embryos after activation; (2) components of donor cell centrosomes contribute to the formation of the transient spindle and normal functional mitotic spindle, although the contribution of centrosomal material stored in the recipient ooplasm is not excluded; and (3) components of donor cell centrosomes involved in spindle assembly may not be species-specific.     

NuMA expression and function in mouse oocytes and early embryos

Nuclear mitotic apparatus protein (NuMA), originally described as a nuclear protein, is an essential component in the formation and maintenance of mitotic spindle poles. In this study, we analyze the expression pattern and function of NuMA in mouse oocytes and early embryos. In germinal vesicle-stage occytes, NuMA was detected both at the centrosome and in the nucleus. However, after nuclear maturation and extrusion of the first polar body, NuMA was concentrated at the broad meiotic spindle poles and at cytasters (centers of cytoplasmic microtubule asters) of mature metaphase II oocytes. Cold-induced depolymerization of microtubules appeared to disassociate NuMA foci from the cytoplasmic cytasters. During fertilization, NuMA was relocated into the reformed male and female pronuclei. Microinjection of anti-NuMA antibody into 1 of 2 cells of 2-cell-stage embryos inhibited normal cell division. These results suggest that NuMA might play an important role in cell division during early embryonic mitosis.     

NuMA is required for the proper completion of mitosis

NuMA is a 236-kD intranuclear protein that during mitosis is distributed into each daughter cell by association with the pericentrosomal domain of the spindle apparatus. The NuMA polypeptide consists of globular head and tail domains separated by a discontinuous 1500 amino acid coiled-coil spacer. Expression of human NuMA lacking its globular head domain results in cells that fail to undergo cytokinesis and assemble multiple small nuclei (micronuclei) in the subsequent interphase despite the appropriate localization of the truncated NuMA to both the nucleus and spindle poles. This dominant phenotype is morphologically identical to that of the tsBN2 cell line that carries a temperature-sensitive mutation in the chromatin-binding protein RCC1. At the restrictive temperature, these cells end mitosis without completing cytokinesis followed by micronucleation in the subsequent interphase. We demonstrate that the wild-type NuMA is degraded in the latest mitotic stages in these mutant cells and that NuMA is excluded from the micronuclei that assemble post-mitotically. Elevation of NuMA levels in these mutant cells by forcing the expression of wild-type NuMA is sufficient to restore post-mitotic assembly of a single normal-sized nucleus. Expression of human NuMA lacking its globular tail domain results in NuMA that fails both to target to interphase nuclei and to bind to the mitotic spindle. In the presence of this mutant, cells transit through mitosis normally, but assemble micronuclei in each daughter cell. The sum of these findings demonstrate that NuMA function is required during mitosis for the terminal phases of chromosome separation and/or nuclear reassembly.     

Formation of spindle poles by dynein/dynactin-dependent transport of NuMA

NuMA is a large nuclear protein whose relocation to the spindle poles is required for bipolar mitotic spindle assembly. We show here that this process depends on directed NuMA transport toward microtubule minus ends powered by cytoplasmic dynein and its activator dynactin. Upon nuclear envelope breakdown, large cytoplasmic aggregates of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged NuMA stream poleward along spindle fibers in association with the actin-related protein 1 (Arp1) protein of the dynactin complex and cytoplasmic dynein. Immunoprecipitations and gel filtration demonstrate the assembly of a reversible, mitosis-specific complex of NuMA with dynein and dynactin. NuMA transport is required for spindle pole assembly and maintenance, since disruption of the dynactin complex (by increasing the amount of the dynamitin subunit) or dynein function (with an antibody) strongly inhibits NuMA translocation and accumulation and disrupts spindle pole assembly.     

NuMA is required for the organization of microtubules into aster-like mitotic arrays

NuMA (Nuclear protein that associates with the Mitotic Apparatus) is a 235-kD intranuclear protein that accumulates at the pericentrosomal region of the mitotic spindle in vertebrate cells. To determine if NuMA plays an active role in organizing the microtubules at the polar region of the mitotic spindle, we have developed a cell free system for the assembly of mitotic asters derived from synchronized cultured cells. Mitotic asters assembled in this extract are composed of microtubules arranged in a radial array that contain NuMA concentrated at the central core. The organization of microtubules into asters in this cell free system is dependent on NuMA because immunodepletion of NuMA from the extract results in randomly dispersed microtubules instead of organized mitotic asters, and addition of the purified recombinant NuMA protein to the NuMA-depleted extract fully reconstitutes the organization of the microtubules into mitotic asters. Furthermore, we show that NuMA is phosphorylated upon mitotic aster assembly and that NuMA is only required in the late stages of aster assembly in this cell free system consistent with the temporal accumulation of NuMA at the polar ends of the mitotic spindle in vivo. These results, in combination with the phenotype observed in vivo after the prevention of NuMA from targeting onto the mitotic spindle by antibody microinjection, suggest that NuMA plays a functional role in the organization of the microtubules of the mitotic spindle.     

NuMA: a protein involved in nuclear structure, spindle assembly, and nuclear re-formation

The abundant coiled-coil protein NuMA is located in the nucleus during interphase, but when the nuclear envelope disassembles in prometaphase it rapidly redistributes to the developing spindle poles. Microinjection of antibodies to NuMA at or before metaphase can block spindle assembly or cause spindle collapse, indicating a role for NuMA in spindle function. NuMA must also play a key role in telophase, as NuMA antibodies or truncations of NuMA cause aberrant nuclear reassembly despite apparently normal chromosome segregation. Consistent with a structural role for NuMA in the nucleus, immunoelectron microscopy reveals NuMA to be a component of nuclear filaments.     

A functional relationship between NuMA and kid is involved in both spindle organization and chromosome alignment in vertebrate cells

We examined spindle morphology and chromosome alignment in vertebrate cells after simultaneous perturbation of the chromokinesin Kid and either NuMA, CENP-E, or HSET. Spindle morphology and chromosome alignment after simultaneous perturbation of Kid and either HSET or CENP-E were no different from when either HSET or CENP-E was perturbed alone. However, short bipolar spindles with organized poles formed after perturbation of both Kid and NuMA in stark contrast to splayed spindle poles observed after perturbation of NuMA alone. Spindles were disorganized if Kid, NuMA, and HSET were perturbed, indicating that HSET is sufficient for spindle organization in the absence of Kid and NuMA function. In addition, chromosomes failed to align efficiently at the spindle equator after simultaneous perturbation of Kid and NuMA despite appropriate kinetochore-microtubule interactions that generated chromosome movement at normal velocities. These data indicate that a functional relationship between the chromokinesin Kid and the spindle pole organizing protein NuMA influences spindle morphology, and we propose that this occurs because NuMA forms functional linkages between kinetochore and nonkinetochore microtubules at spindle poles. In addition, these data show that both Kid and NuMA contribute to chromosome alignment in mammalian cells.     

Specific attachment of nuclear-mitotic apparatus protein to metaphase chromosomes and mitotic spindle poles: possible function in nuclear reassembly

NuMA protein is the largest, abundant, primate-specific chromosomal protein. The protein was purified from HeLa cells and monospecific monoclonal antibodies were prepared that react exclusively with NuMA protein in immunoblot analysis. These antibodies were used to define the intracellular location and properties of NuMA protein. Using indirect immunofluorescence, NuMA protein was detected only in the nucleus of interphase cells and on the chromosomes in mitotic cells. One class of monoclonal antibody called the 2E4-type antibody, caused NuMA protein (or a complex of proteins including NuMA) to be released from its binding site on metaphase or anaphase chromosomes. The separation of NuMA protein from chromosomes was observed either with the immunofluorescence assay or in electrophoretic analyses of proteins released from isolated metaphase chromosomes after reaction with 2E4 antibody. The immunofluorescence studies also showed that after release of the NuMA protein from chromosomes of metaphase or anaphase cells, the protein bound specifically to the polar region of the mitotic spindle. It was shown that exogenously added NuMA antigen/antibody complex bound only to the mitotic spindle poles of permeabilized primate cells and not to the spindle poles of other mammalian cells, thus demonstrating the specificity of the spindle-pole interaction. The antibody mediated transfer of NuMA from chromosomes to poles was blocked when the chromosomes were treated with cross-linking fixatives. Results suggest that the NuMA protein has specific attachment sites on both metaphase chromosomes and mitotic spindle poles (the site where post-mitotic nuclear assembly occurs). A model is proposed suggesting that a protein having such dual binding sites could function during nuclear reassembly to link mitotic chromosomes into the reforming nucleus.