利用渗透交联固定化细胞促进生物转化

固定化技术已在生物工程中得到广泛的实际应用,特别是应用于生物转化以提高酶或细胞的稳定性,实现连续操作等。对于含胞内酶的细胞的生物转化．一般先破碎细胞,使酶释放出来,再进行酶固定化。由于酶的稳定性通常与细胞膜的结台有关^[1],细胞破碎中常导致酶的失活。如果不破碎细胞,对完整细胞固定化,又会有传质困难抑制酶活力的发挥。我们研究出渗透交联固定化细胞技术以解决这个矛盾。先采用某种试剂(多为表面活性剂)处理细胞,提高细胞的通透性,再进行交联固定化．可以保证酶的活力破坏较小,又减小了传质阻力。既提高了固定化细胞的稳定性,又提高了固定化细胞的表观酶活。称这种固定化技术为渗透交联固定化细胞技术。Prabhuaney等采用CTAB-戊二醛处理聚丙烯酰胺凝胶包理的含青霉素酰化酶E. coli细胞^[2]。Nmhida采用1,6-己二胺-戊二醛处理含天冬氨酸酶的E．Coli细胞^[3]。渗透交联固定化处理会损伤细胞和酶是这种技术的一个矛盾。本文采用多乙烯多胺-戊二处理方法．因多乙烯多胺既起到表面活性剂的作用．又是交联剂。而且渗透能力比CTAB和1,6-已二 胺为低,故对细胞和酶损伤较小。     

有机溶剂/水两液相体系中甾体激素的生物转化

对有机溶剂,水两液相体系中甾体激素的生物转化进行了综述,主要包括有机溶剂,水两液相体系中甾体生物转化的特征、有机溶剂的选择、细胞的固定化、影响甾体激素转化率的因素以及反应器的设计等。     

生物催化与生物转化研究进展

由于生物催化过程具有高效、高选择性、条件温和、环境友好等优点,因此成为可持续发展过程中替代和拓展传统有机化学合成的重要方法。近两年的进展集中于新生物催化剂的发现和改造,以及将生物催化和生物转化应用于工业过程的探索,包括开发新的反应体系,新的固定化方法等。可以预见,在医药中间体等高附加值化工产品的生产过程中,生物催化和生物转化的应用将呈现加速增长趋势。     

工程菌E.coli MM2的固定化细胞制备

固定化细胞技术是七十年代兴起的一门应用技术。固定化细胞具有细胞密度高、易进行连续生产且稀释率高、不易被污染、产物易分离、可降低设备规模等优点,已成为生物合成、生物转化的有效工具,得到广泛应用。近十年来,人们把固定化细胞技术应用到工程菌的培养中取得了一些有价值的结果。用工程菌制得的固定化细胞裂解青霉素生产6-APA,已达工业化生产水平。据文献报道,工程菌固定化后可大大提高重组质粒的稳定性,并且外源基因能稳定地表达。本所马清钧研究员等构建的工程菌     

细胞固定化未必增产

很多研究表明,利用凝胶珠、多孔聚乙烯材料或表面膜固定法使培养细胞固定化,提高了次生代谢物生产.但是,曼彻斯特大学的A.A.Gbolade和G.B.Lockwood最近报道的研究结果表明,植物细胞固定化并不能促进所有的生物转化反应.     

海藻酸钙凝胶包埋法制备固定化小球藻

采用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋法对普通小球藻进行固定化,考察了海藻酸钠浓度、Ca Cl2浓度、胶球直径和胶球培养密度对固定化小球藻生长的影响,比较了游离和固定化小球藻细胞的生长特性,并测试了固定化小球藻的连续培养性能。结果表明,小球藻适宜的固定化条件为:海藻酸钠浓度2%(W/V)、Ca Cl2浓度1.5%(W/V)、凝胶球直径3 mm、凝胶球培养密度200粒/100 m L;与游离态小球藻相比,固定化小球藻的生长周期较长,在对数期后期和稳定期的生长态势优于游离态细胞,并可实现重复循环利用;连续培养实验显示,在优化条件下制备的固定化小球藻可连续使用200 h左右,有望用于生物催化和生物转化中的连续反应体系。     

固定化细胞在有机相中的催化反应

１引言近年来固定化细胞（主要是微生物细胞）在有机相中的催化反应已有不少报导,与固定化酶在有机介质催化反应相比,具有一定的优点［１,２］：（１）减少了酶的分离、纯化过程。（２）微生物细胞含有一系列量少且在纯或半纯状态下不稳定的酶,许多生物转化过程可在酶...     

全细胞脂肪酶研究进展

脂肪酶是一类重要的工业用酶,广泛应用于诸多工业领域。与游离脂肪酶、物理或化学固定化脂肪酶相比,全细胞脂肪酶具有制备简单、无需蛋白质提取纯化、天然固定化、稳定性及抗逆性更好、制备及设备成本较低等优点,因此以全细胞形式利用脂肪酶被誉为是最有前景的降低生物转化成本的方法之一,关于全细胞脂肪酶的研究一直是脂肪酶领域的热点。就全细胞脂肪酶的研究进展进行归纳和述评,包括野生型全细胞脂肪酶和基因工程全细胞脂肪酶,并对其未来研究方向做出展望,以期为后续研究提供有益参考。     

京尼平苷的微生物转化研究

本文利用高产β-葡萄糖苷酶菌种制备游离细胞和固定化细胞,在温和条件下可将京尼平苷转化为京尼平,转化率高达98%.通过条件优化,得到了最优转化条件:京尼平添加量1.5%,pH自然,摇瓶装量20%,28 ℃、150 rpm转化24 h.固定化细胞可连续使用4次.这种微生物转化法安全、高效,产品纯度高,是生产京尼平的一种新方法.     

酵母细胞生物转化反式—肉桂酸生产L—苯丙氨酸的研究

据文献调查,搜集了国内可能相关的30株酵母,进行生物转化反式-肉桂酸(t-Ca) 生产L-苯丙氨酸 (L-Phe) 的微生物筛选研究,并对部分菌株生物转化能力,即苯丙氨酸解氨酶 (PAL,EC _(4、3、1、5) 活性水平进行了初步评估。筛选结果是:22株酵母具有转化 t-Ca 生成 L-Phe 的能力,转化率在2—67％范围。选出7株酵母研究在液体培养条件下细胞生长和PAL活性的时间过程关系,PAL 活性范围在 2.3—14.4x10~(-s)u/m g细胞干重。深红酵母 (Rhodotorularubra) AS2.166作为生物转化制备实经菌株,在静止细胞和固定化细胞批式反应条件下,结果获得L-Phe分离产率分别为42.0％,28.7％。     

Effect of oxygen supply on metabolism of immobilized and suspended Escherichia coli

The effect of reduced oxygen supply on the production of a recombinant protein (plasmid-encoded beta-galactosidase) was investigated in Escherichia coli. A novel modified bubble tank reactor was used to provide a direct comparison between immobilized and suspended cells in identical environments except for the immobilization matrix. Decreased oxygen supply led to increased beta-galactosidase synthesis by both immobilized and suspended cells. Immobilized cells produced similar amounts of beta-galactosidase as the suspended cells. Lactose consumption and acetate production, on a per cell basis, were significantly higher in immobilized cells, suggesting that immobilized cells utilized fermentative metabolism. However, a transport analysis of the immobilized cell system showed that immobilized cells were not subject to either external or internal mass transfer gradients.     

固定化好氧微生物细胞的供氧问题

<正> 固定化细胞由于有着独特的优点,正得到广泛的研究,有的取得了很好的成果,已应用于工业、医药、食品等方面,但也存在着一些问题,阻碍了该技术更广泛和有效地应用。对于用好氧微生物作为固定化细胞时,氧气的供应就是个关键性的问题,因为     

Immobilization of permeabilized Escherichia coli cells with penicillin acylase activity.

Escherichia coli cells with penicillin acylase activity were sequentially treated at pH 7.8 with aqueous solutions of N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide and glutaraldehyde and then immobilized within porous polyacrylamide beads. The immobilized whole cells showed enhanced hydrolysis rates in the conversion of benzylpenicillin to 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) compared to untreated cells immobilized and used under identical conditions. The immobilized system showed no apparent loss in enzyme activity when used repeatedly over 90 cycles for 6-APA production from 4% benzylpenicillin.     

Effects of immobilization on growth, fermentation properties, and macromolecular composition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae attached to gelatin

The kinetic properties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae immobilized on crosslinked gelatin were found to be substantially different from those of the suspended yeast. Batch fermentation experiments conducted in a gradientless reaction system allowed comparison of immobilized cell and suspended cell performance. The specific rate of ethanol production by the immobilized cell was 40-50% greater than for the suspended yeast. The immobilized cells consumed glucose twice as fast as the suspended cells, but their specific growth rate was reduced by 45%. Yields of biomass from the immobilized cell population were lower at one-third the value for the suspended cells. Cellular composition was also affected by immobilization. Measurements of intracellular polysaccharide levels showed that the immobilized yeast stored larger quantities of reserve carbohydrates and contained more structural polysaccharide than did suspended cells. Flow cytometry was used to obtain. DNA, RNA, and protein frequency functions for immobilized and suspended cell populations. These data showed that the immobilized cells have higher ploidy than cells in suspension. The observed changes in immobilized cell metabolism and composition may have arisen from disturbance to the yeast cell cycle by the cell attachment, causing alterations in the normal pattern of yeast bud development, DNA replication, and synthesis of cell wall components.     

Controlled malolactic fermentation in cider using Oenococcus oeni immobilized in alginate beads and comparison with free cell fermentation

Cells of Oenococcus oeni (formerly Leuconostoc oenos) immobilized in alginate beads were used as starter culture to conduct malolactic fermentation in cider production. Concentrations of major organic acids and volatile compounds were monitored during the process, and results were compared to those obtained when using free cells in the same conditions. The rates of malic acid consumption were similar but lower ethanoic acid content and higher concentration of alcohols were detected with immobilized cells. These features have beneficial effects on the organoleptic properties of cider. A comparison between the kinetic behavior in immobilized and free cells, based on the data obtained for the malic acid consumption, has been developed solving the homogeneous diffusion model when it is applied to the system with immobilized cells.     

Continuous production of L-tryptophan from indole and L-serine by immobilized Escherichia coli cells

Escherichia coli B 10, which has high activity of tryptophan synthetase, was grown in a 50-L batch culture in order to determine in which growth phase the cells have the highest specific tryptophan productivity. Accordingly, whole cells of the stationary phase were used for immobilization in polyacrylamide beads. After immobilization, these immobilized cells had 56% activity of tryptophan synthetase compared with that of free cells. First, the properties of immobilized cells were investigated. Next, discontinuous productions of L-tryptophan were carried out by using immobilized cells. In discontinuous production of L-tryptophan by the batch, the activity remaining of immobilized cells was 76-79% after 30 times batchwise use. In continuous production of L-tryptophan with a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), the activity remaining of the immobilized cells was 80% after continuous use for 50 days. The maximum productivity of L-tryptophan in this CSTR system was 0.12 g tryptophan L(-1) h(-1).     

Isomaltulose production using immobilized cells

Three strains of Erwinia rhapontici especially suitable for use in the form of nongrowing immobilized cells were selected by screening strains of cells for high activity and operational stability in an immobilized form. Immobilization in calcium alginate gel pellets was easily the best method of immobilizing E. rhapontici. Much greater operational stabilities were obtained than when other immobilization methods were used. Conditions of operation which optimize the activity, stability, and yield and the ease of operation of the immobilized cell columns working in a steady state are described. These include the effects of substrate concentration, diffusional restrictions and water activity, the concentration of cells immobilized, and the type of reactor used. Thus, the immobilized cells produce about 1500 times their own weight of isomaltulose during one half-life of use (ca. 1 year). Loss of activity was most closely correlated with the volume of substrate processed and so presumably is due to the presence of low concentrations of a cummulative inhibitor in the substrate. Methods for regenerating the activity of the immobilized cells by the periodic administration of nutrients, of forming isomaltulose by continuously supplying nutrients to growing immobilized cells, and of crystallizing isomaltulose from the column eluate are also described.     

Immobilization of Pseudomonas delafieldii with magnetic polyvinyl alcohol beads and its application in biodesulfurization

Pseudomonas delafieldii was immobilized in magnetic polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) beads using a hydrophilic magnetic fluid, which was prepared by a co-precipitation method. The beads had distinct super-paramagnetic properties and were compared with immobilized cells in non-magnetic PVA beads. Their desulfurizing activity was increased slightly from 8.7 to 9 mmol sulfur kg(-1) (dry cell) h(-1). The main advantages was that the magnetic immobilized cells maintain a high desulfurization activity and remain in good shape after 7 times of repeated use, while the non-magnetic immobilized cells could only be used for 5 times. Furthermore, the magnetic immobilized cells could be easily collected or separated magnetically from the biodesulfurization reactor.     

Production of NADP by immobilized cells with NAD kinase

By the radiation-copolymerization method with polyethylene glycoldimethacrylate (PGD) as a main polymerizable reagent, microbial cells of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes were immobilized with high specific activity of NAD kinase and high mechanical strength. The reagents used for the immobilization such as PGD, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (Bis) did not inversely affect the enzyme activity. Freezing and irradiation treatment of the cell-reagent solution did not inactivate the enzyme either, but longer freezing time or a lower irradiation dose (less than 400 krad) resulted in the unsatisfactory mechanical strength of the immobilized cells. Almost all of NAD and ATP consumed were converted into NADP within three hours reaction time. The drum reactor was found to be ideal for the reaction of immobilized cells, since it gave little mechanical stress to the immobilized cells for the effective mixing of the cells and the substrates. The immobilized cells were subjected to three hours reaction repeatedly for 30 times without any activity loss.