CBR2激活与小胶质细胞的活化和损伤的关系

目的：探讨大麻素CBR2受体激动剂AM1241预处理对脂多糖（LPS）和γ-干扰素（IFN-γ）所致炎症反应对小胶质细胞活化和损伤的影响。方法：联用LPS和IFN-γ作为小胶质细胞损伤模型,将细胞分为Control组、AM1241组、LPS/IFN-γ组和AM1241＋LPS/IFN-γ组;AM1241组和AM1241＋LPS/IFN-γ组经AM1241预处理2h,LPS/IFN-γ组和AM1241＋LPS/IFN-γ组用含LPS和IFN-γ的培养基培养24h。采用MTT法检测细胞代谢率,硝酸还原酶法检测细胞培养液中一氧化氮（NO）释放量,酶联免疫吸附剂测定细胞培养基中炎症因子释放量,倒置相差显微镜观察细胞形态。结果：与LPS/IFN-γ组相比,AM1241＋LPS/IFN-γ组细胞代谢率明显升高（P〈0.05）,NO、TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-10释放量明显减少（P〈0.05）,活化和损伤程度明显减轻。结论：大麻素CBR2受体激动剂AM1241预处理可减轻LPS和IFN-γ对小胶质细胞的活化和损伤。     

神经肽CRH对原代大鼠皮层小胶质细胞NO、TNF-α和IL-6释放的影响

目的:探讨神经肽促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素(CRH)参与调节原代大鼠皮层小胶质细胞的激活。方法:取原代大鼠皮层细胞,体外培养10 d,纯化24 h后得小胶质细胞,采用ELISA和NO测试盒检测小胶质细胞激活后促炎症介质一氧化氮(NO)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白介素6(IL-6)的释放。结果:10-15mol/L CRH明显促进原代大鼠小胶质细胞的促炎症介质NO,TNF-α和IL-6的释放。CRHR1特异性拮抗剂CP154,526可以阻断CRH诱导的小胶质细胞促炎症反应。结论:神经肽CRH通过CRHR1调节原代大鼠小胶质细胞的促炎症反应,CRH联合细菌脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharides,LPS)可以增强LPS诱导的小胶质细胞NO,TNF-α和IL-6的释放。     

SOCS1在氯胺酮减轻小胶质细胞活化中的机制研究

目的:探讨麻醉药氯胺酮(Ketamine, KET)对暴露于脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide, LPS)中的小胶质细胞活化水平的影响,并观察细胞因子信号转导抑制因子1(Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1, SOCS1)在其中的作用。方法:本研究选用N9小胶质细胞系,将其暴露于浓度为10 ng/mL的LPS中,模拟炎症反应,同时给与浓度为1 m M的KET,采用Western blot、酶联免疫吸附检测(Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, ELISA)小RNA干扰和免疫细胞染色等方法,观察KET对暴露于LPS中的小胶质细胞活化水平的影响,及SOCS1分子在其中的作用。结果:将细胞分为3组,分别为正常培养的Control组、LPS组和KET+LPS组,研究发现,将N9小胶质细胞暴露于含10 ng/mL的细胞培养基中24 h后,细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶(Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, i NOS)表达和培养基肿瘤坏死因子α(Tumor Necrosis Factorα, TNF-α)含量显著增加(P0.05),而KET可显著降i NOS蛋白表达和培养基TNF-α含量(P0.05)。随后,将细胞分为5组,分别为Control组、LPS组、KET+LPS组、SOCS1-siRNA+KET+LPS组和乱序siRNA(SC-siRNA)+KET+LPS组,我们发现,LPS可显著增加小胶质细胞TNF-α和白细胞介素1β(Interleukin-1β, IL-1β)的释放、增加SOCS1和核因子κB(Neuclear FactorκB, NF-κB)表达(P0.05),而KET可显著逆转LPS对炎症因子释放和NF-κB表达的影响,并进一步增加SOCS1表达(P0.05),而SOCS1-siRNA显著逆转了KET的上述作用(P0.05),SC-siRNA未对KET产生的上述作用造成显著影响(P0.05)。结论:KET可降低LPS对小胶质细胞的活化作用,上述作用可能通过SOCS1分子介导。     

白介素17对脂多糖诱导人支气管上皮细胞炎症损伤的影响

目的:探讨白介素17A(interleukin-17A, IL-17A)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)诱导的人支气管上皮细胞(16-HBE)炎症损伤的影响及其可能机制。方法:体外培养16-HBE细胞系,予LPS、IL-17A进行干预,分为空白对照组、LPS组、IL-17A组、IL-17A+LPS组。采用酶联免疫吸附法(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, Elisa)测定细胞培养液上清中IL-4、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-8等炎症因子的水平,蛋白印迹法(Western Blot, WB)检测细胞中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPKs)信号通路相关蛋白:细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)、P38蛋白激酶(P38)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)的表达及其相应磷酸化蛋白(P-ERK、P-P38、P-JNK)的表达。体外培养16-HBE细胞系,予LPS、IL-17A以及ERK1/2抑制剂(U0126)、p38抑制剂(SB203580)和JNK抑制剂(SP600125),分为空白对照组、LPS+IL-17A组、IL-17A+LPS+UO126组、IL-17A+LPS+SB203580组、IL-17A+LPS+SP600125组。采用酶联免疫吸附法测定细胞培养液上清中IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8等炎症因子水平。结果:与空白对照组比较,LPS、IL-17A组,细胞上清中IL-6、IL-8的表达明显升高(P0.01),IL-4的表达降低(空白组vs LPS组P0.01,空白组vs IL-17A组P0.05),细胞内磷酸化ERK、P38、JNK蛋白的表达明显增加(空白组vs LPS组P0.05,空白组vs IL-17A组P0.01)。IL-17A+LPS组细胞上清中IL-6、IL-8、IL-4水平及细胞内P-ERK、P-P38、P-JNK的表达较LPS、IL-17A组更高(P0.05)。添加ERK、P38和JNK抑制剂后,与LPS+IL-17A组对比,IL-17A+LPS+U0126组、IL-17A+LPS+SB203580组和IL-17A+LPS+SP600125组细胞上清中IL-6、IL-8、IL-4水平下降(P0.05)。结论:IL-17A可能通过上调IL-6、IL-8的表达加重LPS诱导的16-HBE细胞炎症损伤,MAPKs可能是这一过程中的重要信号转导通路。     

GABAA受体激动剂通过NF-κB信号通路抑制炎症因子的释放

在帕金森病(Parkinson' s disease,PD)等神经退行性疾病中,小胶质细胞的过度激活引发的炎症与神经元进行性丢失密切相关。中枢神经系统中主要的抑制性神经递质γ-氨基丁酸(GABA),近来被发现在免疫系统中,可发挥抑炎作用,但其具体机制尚不明确。本文利用脂多糖(LPS)刺激的BV2细胞,取其培养基培养SH-SY5Y细胞,检测炎症因子及神经细胞的损伤作用。结果显示,在BV2细胞中,与无处理组相比,LPS以剂量依赖的方式促进炎症因子的释放(P<0.01)。同时,细胞活力和细胞毒性的结果也表明,释放的炎症因子会诱导SH-SY5Y细胞活力衰退;进一步使用GABA及GABA_A受体激动剂蝇蕈醇(Muscimol)进行干预处理,检测其抑炎作用。酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)的结果表明,与LPS组相比,GABA,GABA_AR激动剂Muscimol预处理都以剂量依赖方式抑制LPS诱导的炎症因子释放(P<0.05)。细胞活力和细胞毒性的结果也表明,GABA,GABA_AR激动剂Muscimol的预处理挽救了炎症因子造成的SH-SY5Y细胞活力衰退(P <0.05)。另外,通过免疫荧光分析以及双荧光素酶的检测表明,Muscimol可以抑制NF-κB的入核和相关炎症因子的转录(P<0.0001,P<0.01)。总之,本文的结果提示,GABA可能通过抑制BV2小胶质细胞分泌的炎症因子的方式发挥神经保护作用,而GABA的这种作用主要是依赖于GABA_A受体-NF-κB通路。本研究结果为进一步探究GABA抗炎的分子机制,以及研发中枢系统抗炎药物提供科学依据。     

低氧联合LPS刺激对星形胶质细胞中炎性因子和BNIP3表达的影响*

目的:探讨在低氧联合脂多糖(LPS)作用下,星形胶质细胞中B淋巴细胞瘤-2/腺病毒E1B 19-kD相互作用蛋白3(BNIP3)的表达和炎症反应变化。方法:将体外培养的原代星形胶质细胞和神经元进行下列分组:常氧组、LPS组、低氧组和LPS+低氧组(每组设置3个复孔)。LPS处理后,低氧组和LPS+低氧组放入低氧细胞孵箱,LPS组和常氧组放入正常的细胞孵箱。LPS浓度:100 ng/ml,氧气浓度为0.3%。处理时间为24 h。原代的星形胶质细胞进行上述的分组,时间点设为6 h、12 h和24 h。Western blot检测BNIP3的表达变化,RT-PCR和ELISA分别检测星形胶质细胞的肿瘤坏死因子-ɑ(TNF-ɑ)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)mRNA水平变化和分泌情况。结果:与常氧组比较,低氧组炎症因子的表达没有变化,LPS组和LPS＋低氧组的炎症因子TNF-ɑ、IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA水平升高(P＜0.01);与LPS组比较,LPS＋低氧组炎症因子IL-1β和IL-6 mRNA水平进一步升高(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)。与常氧组比较,低氧组炎症因子的分泌水平没有变化,LPS组和LPS＋低氧组的炎症因子TNF-ɑ和IL-6 分泌水平升高(P＜0.01),IL-1β的水平没有变化;与LPS组比较,LPS＋低氧组炎症因子TNF-ɑ和IL-6分泌水平没有进一步升高。BNIP3在体外培养的神经元和星型胶质细胞中都有表达;在星形胶质细胞中,与常氧组比较,LPS组BNIP3的表达没有变化,低氧组和LPS+低氧组BNIP3的表达明显增加(P＜0.01);在神经元中,与常氧组比较,LPS组BNIP3的表达没有变化,低氧组和LPS+低氧组BNIP3的表达增加(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);与神经元的低氧组比较,星形胶质细胞的低氧组BNIP3的表达增加更明显(P＜0.01)。在星形胶质细胞中LPS联合低氧刺激6、12、24 h后BNIP3蛋白的表达,与常氧组相同时间点比较,LPS组BNIP3的表达没有变化,低氧组和LPS+低氧组BNIP3的表达增加(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);与低氧组相同时间点比较,6 h和12 h的LPS＋低氧组BNIP3的表达增加的更高(P＜0.01)。结论:低氧联合LPS刺激可以增强星形胶质细胞的炎症反应,LPS能增加低氧下星形胶质细胞中BNIP3的表达,提示BNIP3在星形胶质细胞的炎性反应中可能具有一定的调节作用。     

红景天苷通过调节p38和JNK信号通路抑制BV-2细胞分泌炎性因子

红景天苷是传统中药红景天的主要成分,已有研究显示红景天苷具有一定的抗炎性作用。本研究旨在探讨红景天苷对BV-2细胞炎性反应的调节作用及可能机制。实验分为对照组、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)组、红景天苷组、红景天苷预处理+LPS组,用100μg/L LPS和/或10 mg/L红景天苷处理BV-2细胞,收集细胞培养基上清(条件培养基),采用real-time PCR方法检测细胞IL-6和TNF-αm RNA表达水平,ELSIA方法检测培养基IL-6和TNF-α含量,条件培养基处理PC12细胞24 h后,Hoechst 33258染色检测细胞核形态学改变,cell counting kit 8(CCK-8)试剂盒检测细胞活力,免疫印迹方法检测BV-2细胞p38和JNK的磷酸化水平。结果表明100μg/L LPS处理可显著提高BV-2细胞内IL-6和TNF-α的表达水平(P0.05)。红景天苷可显著下调LPS诱导的BV-2细胞IL-6和TNF-α表达量(P0.05),下调p38和JNK的磷酸化水平(P0.05)。SB202190和SP600125可降低LPS引起的IL-6和TNF-α表达,与红景天苷共处理后可拮抗LPS的诱导效应。与LPS组相比,红景天苷预处理+LPS组的条件培养基处理后,PC12细胞的细胞活力显著升高(P0.05),同时细胞核固缩和聚集情况减少(P0.05)。以上结果提示,红景天苷可在一定程度上抑制小胶质细胞活动,通过调节p38和JNK信号通路减少炎性因子释放,从而降低PC12细胞的损伤。     

适宜浓度短链脂肪酸混合物对小胶质细胞炎症 抑制及机制研究

本研究的主要目的是探讨适宜浓度短链脂肪酸(short chain fatty acids,SCFAs)混合物对炎症环境下小胶质细胞的抑炎作用及其机制.采用脂多糖(LPS)刺激小鼠小胶质细胞系BV-2细胞建立神经炎症模型,并利用CCK8试剂盒检测不同浓度单一的乙酸钠、丙酸钠、丁酸钠处理后的细胞活力.设计选取这三种SCFAs对细胞活力无影响、且有抑炎效果的特定浓度进行组合(SCFAs mix),进一步检测SCFAs mix对LPS刺激下BV-2细胞炎症反应的影响及机制,包括:a.用一氧化氮(NO)试剂盒检测NO的释放;b.用ELISA检测炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6的释放;c.用qRT-PCR和Western blot检测炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6、炎症小体NLRP3、炎症通路相关蛋白TLR4、NF-κB等的表达变化.结果表明LPS刺激BV-2细胞4 h后,在体系中添加特定浓度的单一SCFA处理12 h后,不能缓解BV-2细胞的炎症反应,而将上述SCFAs配制成同等终浓度的SCFAs mix处理12 h却能显著降低细胞培养上清液中NO、TNF-α和IL-6 (均P0.001)的量,还能抑制BV-2细胞内iNOS、TNF-α、IL-6和NLRP3 mRNA的升高(均P0.001);通过对炎症信号通路关键分子的检测发现,SCFAs mix可以抑制LPS诱导的BV-2细胞内TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6和NF-κB蛋白的表达升高.综上可见:适宜浓度的混合SCFAs可通过调控TLR4/MyD88/TRAF6/NF-κB炎症通路抑制LPS诱导的小胶质细胞的炎症反应,而起到抗炎的保护作用.     

姜黄素对小胶质细胞的活化的影响

目的:研究姜黄素对脂多糖引起的小胶质细胞活化状态的影响,并探讨TOLR4受体在其中的作用。方法:采用体外培养N9小鼠小胶质细胞系,脂多糖作为刺激,激活小胶质细胞。采用ELISA法检测小胶质细胞培养基中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的含量;相差显微镜观测细胞形态;免疫细胞化学和western blot观测小胶质细胞TOLR4受体表达情况。结果:与对照组相比,暴露于100ng/ml脂多糖24 h的小胶质细胞促炎症因子TNF-α、IL1β和IL-6释放量明显增加(P0.05),姜黄素浓度为10μM时,可显著减少小胶质细胞释放TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6(P0.05),此外,姜黄素还可改善小胶质细胞形态,并降低暴露于脂多糖中的小胶质细胞TOLR4受体的表达。结论:姜黄素可能通过抑制TOLR4表达,减轻了脂多糖对小胶质细胞的激活。     

天麻素抑制脂多糖诱导的BV-2小胶质细胞炎症反应及机制研究

目的:研究天麻素对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小胶质细胞炎性反应的影响,并探讨其潜在的作用机制。方法:BV-2小胶质细胞分为对照组、LPS组和天麻素组。LPS和天麻素处理24 h后,MTT和LDH试验检测细胞活性。ELISA实验检测炎性因子白介素-1β(IL-1β)、白介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的含量。Western blot检测细胞中Iba-1和TLR4的表达,以及IκBα的降解和NFκB-P65的核转位情况。结果:LPS刺激后,BV-2细胞活性下降(65.46±3.70%),LDH释放量增加(264.54±17.78 U/L),各炎性因子水平也显著升高。给予天麻素处理后,细胞活性升高(74.33±4.22%),LDH释放量减少(173.88±15.23 U/L),炎性反应降低。同时,天麻素显著抑制LPS诱导的BV-2细胞Iba-1升高,降低了LPS处理后细胞TLR4的升高,IκBα的磷酸化水平和P65的核转位。结论:天麻素可以提高BV-2细胞活性,缓解LPS诱导的炎症反应。其作用机制可能是通过抑制BV-2细胞的过度活化,调控TLR4/NFκB信号通路,最终减少炎症因子的表达。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.