肾上腺髓质素在正常大鼠脑中的分布一免疫组化及原位杂交分析

目的验证大鼠脑内是否存在ADM及其mRNA。方法取10只健康雄性SD大鼠,体重200-250g,应用免疫组织化学法和原位杂交组织化学法检测正常大鼠脑内ADM及其mRNA的表达情况。结果在大鼠脑内ADM及其mRNA阳性细胞主要表达在大脑皮质、海马结构、齿状回、丘脑、室旁组织、脉络丛、室管膜细胞、基底节、血管内皮细胞,其中脉络丛、室旁组织、丘脑为高表达区,其次为大脑皮质、海马。在大鼠大脑内ADMmRNA的表达与ADM阳性细胞的表达相一致。结论ADM及其mRNA在大脑内广泛表达,提示ADM在中枢神经系统内具有重要的作用。     

中枢注射抗Orexin抗体对禁食大鼠摄食的抑制作用

目的:探讨中枢注射抗Orexin抗体对禁食大鼠摄食的抑制作用。方法:采用免疫组织化学法和蛋白质免疫印迹分析法,对Orexin抗体的特异性进行了检测,分析Orexin阳性神经元和阳性神经纤维在大脑中的分布。给予24 h禁食大鼠中枢注射抗Orexin抗体,计算其对大鼠食物摄入量的影响。结果:蛋白质免疫印迹分析显示,Orexin抗体能够检测到合成的Orexin-A。免疫组织化学分析显示,Orexin阳性神经元存在于外侧下丘脑区域和穹窿周核,Orexin阳性神经纤维大量投射至弓状核、下丘脑室周核和下丘脑室旁核、菱形丘脑核、丘脑室旁核、缰内侧核和纹质丘脑、中脑的中央灰质区、蓝斑核和中缝核、脑桥和髓质的网状结构、对疑核和迷走神经复合体。与注射羊血清相比,给予45μg/10μL抗Orexin抗体侧脑室注射则抑制了大鼠的食物摄入量(P0.05)。高剂量抗Orexin抗体能显著地抑制大鼠摄食,并且呈剂量依赖关系(P0.05)。结论:中枢注射抗Orexin抗体对禁食大鼠摄食具有抑制作用,并呈剂量依赖关系。     

福辛普利对糖尿病大鼠肾组织中Fractalkine及CD68阳性细胞表达的影响

目的探讨福辛普利对糖尿病大鼠肾组织中CX3C类趋化因子Fractalkine和CI）68（巨噬细胞标记物）阳性细胞表达的影响及其肾脏保护作用的机制。方法采用免疫组织化学法及RT—PCR检测肾组织中Fractalkine表达,同时采用免疫组织化学法检测肾组织CD68阳性细胞的分布,并对结果进行半定量分析。结果治疗8周后,免疫组织化学法及RT—PCR检测DM组大鼠肾组织中Fractalkine表达增强（P〈0．05）,肾小球内CD68阳性细胞显著增多,DF组Fractalkine表达明显减弱（P〈0．05）,同时肾小球内CD68阳性细胞亦显著减少,相关分析显示肾小球CD68阳性细胞数与Fractalkine mRNA表达呈正相关。结论Fractalkine在糖尿病肾组织中表达明显增强,且与肾小球内CD68阳性细胞表达正相关,说明该趋化因子在糖尿病性肾病炎症反应中起重要作用;治疗组大鼠Fractalkine较模型组明显降低,表明福辛普利对肾脏的保护作用可能与下调fractalkine,抑制糖尿病炎症状态有关。     

β-catenin在生后大鼠脑组织的表达及变化

目的观察-βcatenin在成年大鼠脑组织的表达及其在生后发育过程中的变化,探讨其在中枢神经系统(CNS)发育分化中的作用。方法用免疫组织化学定性定位检测-βcatenin在脑组织中时空表达,Western blotting方法半定量检测发育过程中皮层-βcatenin的变化。结果-βcatenin在成年大鼠脑内主要分布于皮层锥体细胞层、海马、室下层及丘脑等区域,阳性细胞多为有突起的神经元样,在密集表达的室下区及丘脑近脑室等处,-βcatenin有明显的细胞核内定位;新生大鼠脑内-βcatenin呈散在分布,P3至P20-βcatenin表达逐步增多,主要存在于新皮层、丘脑及室下层区域,尤其在扣带后皮质、纹状皮质、梨状前皮质等处。老年大鼠脑内-βcatenin的表达分布基本与成年相似,但阳性细胞数量及强度显著低于成年。Western blotting显示-βcatenin在CNS皮层生后发育过程中存在持续表达,表达高峰主要在P3和P21两个时相。结论-βcatenin在CNS生后的时空表达具有相对固定的模式,同时呈现明显的部位和表达量的变化,提示-βcatenin与CNS分化发育、特别是神经发生存在密切关系。     

大鼠局灶脑缺血/再灌注后骨髓内皮祖细胞动员轨迹的追踪

目的观察大鼠局灶脑缺血/再灌注后骨髓内皮祖细胞(EPCs)能否动员至外周血进而归巢到缺血脑区。方法线栓法制备局灶脑缺血/再灌注模型。130只SD雄性大鼠完全随机分为模型+生理盐水组、模型+DIL-acLDL组。荧光共聚焦技术观察1d后骨髓腔内细胞摄取DIL-acLDL的情况;1d、2d、3d、7d观察骨髓、外周血CD34+DIL-acLDL+双阳性细胞及缺血大脑皮质区DIL-acLDL+阳性细胞情况;免疫组织化学法比较各组大鼠大脑缺血侧及未缺血侧皮质区CD34+血管表达;荧光定量PCR法比较各组大鼠大脑缺血侧及未缺血侧皮质区CD34mRNA表达。结果生理盐水组荧光共聚焦结果为阴性,DIL-acLDL组1d后骨髓腔内观察到红色标记的DIL-acLDL+阳性细胞,并分别于1d、2d、3d、7d后在骨髓及外周血中观察到CD34+DIL-acLDL+双阳性细胞,在缺血大脑皮质区未检测到DIL-acLD L+阳性细胞,但3d、7d缺血大脑皮质侧CD34+血管及CD34m RNA的表达明显高于未缺血侧(P0.01,P0.05),且表达量均随时间的推移而增多(P0.01)。结论DIL-acLDL可标记活体大鼠骨髓腔内细胞,且骨髓腔内EPCs可动员至外周血并促大脑缺血皮质区血管再生。     

腹腔内注射LPS和SEB诱发Ⅰ型IL-1受体在大鼠下丘脑室旁核和视上核的表达增强

目的　为揭示脑内参与神经免疫调节过程的部位和核团。方法　大鼠腹腔内给予细菌内毒素脂多糖 (LPS)或葡萄球菌肠毒素B (SEB) ,用免疫组织化学方法观察了Ⅰ型IL 1受体在脑内表达的变化。结果　Ⅰ型IL 1受体在正常成年大鼠脑内有广泛的表达 ,隔区、视前内侧区、新皮质、海马、下丘脑室旁核、视上核、下丘脑腹内侧核、弓状核和正中隆起等部位有较多Ⅰ型IL 1受体阳性细胞。与生理盐水对照组和非免疫应激对照组 (强迫游泳 )比较 ,LPS或SEB腹腔注射后大鼠下丘脑室旁核和视上核中表达Ⅰ型IL 1受体的细胞数量显著增加 ,染色加深 (P <0 0 5 )。阳性细胞的胞浆染色面积增大 ,突起染色的长度延长。结论　下丘脑室旁核和视上核在神经免疫调节过程中可能具有重要的作用。     

下丘脑室旁核胃动素对胃运动影响的探讨

目的 :研究下丘脑室旁核 (paraventricularnucleus,PVN)胃动素对胃运动调节的参与作用及机制。 方法 :应用免疫组织化学的方法检测室旁核内胃动素神经元的表达情况及室旁核与延髓迷走复合体 (dorsalvagalcomplex ,DVC)间的神经联系 ,应用室旁核内微量注入胃动素的方法观察清醒大鼠胃运动的变化。结果 :①下丘脑室旁核有胃动素免疫阳性细胞 ,在饥饿组和十二指肠灌酸组 ,阳性细胞数有明显增加 (P <0 .0 1)。②迷走背核注入辣根过氧化物酶 (horseradishperoxidase ,HRP) ,在室旁核发现HRP标记细胞 ,证实室旁核与DVC间的纤维联系。③清醒大鼠室旁核内微量注射胃动素可使胃运动的幅度和频率明显增加 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,切断双侧膈下迷走神经后 ,胃动素对胃运动的作用消失。结论 :下丘脑室旁核内胃动素可增强胃运动 ,其作用可能是通过下丘脑 延髓迷走复合体 迷走神经实现的     

大鼠脑皮质发育中Dlx1表达特点研究

目的明确Distal-less homeobox 1(Dlx1)在发育大鼠脑皮质中的表达特点,了解Dlx1与大脑发生发展的关系。方法应用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析Dlx1 mRNA在E11-P1 SD大鼠脑皮质中的表达趋势,应用免疫组织化学技术观察Dlx1蛋白在E11—P1 SD大鼠脑皮质中的表达变化。结果实时荧光定量PCR显示,在E11—P1 SD大鼠脑皮质中,Dlx1 mRNA的表达呈逐渐上升趋势,其中E11—E13上升不显著,E17—E19上升幅度较小;免疫组织化学法显示Dlx1蛋白在E11时,出现较高水平的表达,随后其表达于E13降至较低水平,在E13—P1 SD大鼠脑皮质中表现为持续上升趋势且随皮质的分层而呈现出区域性分布,但蛋白水平的表达与对应时间点mRNA的表达不一致。结论 Dlx1在SD大鼠脑皮质发育过程中可能起着重要的生理调控作用,且其表达与脑皮质的分层联系紧密。     

当归对宫内缺氧新生大鼠大脑皮质神经元与VEGF mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨宫内缺氧对新生大鼠大脑皮质神经元与VEGF mRNA表达的影响以及当归的调控作用.方法 孕14 d健康SD雌性大鼠15只,随机分为对照组、缺氧组和当归组各5只,于孕14 d开始将当归组与缺氧组孕鼠置于低张氧浓度三气培养箱中,制作胎鼠宫内缺氧模型,此前一小时按8 mL/kg分别给予当归和生理盐水尾静脉注射,对照组不缺氧,余同缺氧组.三组孕鼠分娩当日每窝随机选取新生鼠4只,取脑组织多聚甲醛固定,石蜡包埋切片、NSE mRNA、VEGF mRNA原位杂交,400倍拍照、IPP6.0软件图像分析.结果 缺氧组新生大鼠大脑皮质NSE mRNA阳性细胞数较对照组减少,积分光密度值(IOD)降低(P＜0.05),VEGF mRNA阳性细胞IOD值升高(P＜0.05);当归组新生大鼠大脑皮质NSE mRNA阳性细胞数较缺氧组增多、IOD值增高(P＜0.05),VEGF mRNA阳性细胞IOD值增高(P＜0.05).结论 宫内缺氧可致新生大鼠大脑皮质神经元受损,当归注射液对此损伤有一定保护作用,其机制可能是通过上调大脑皮质VEGF mRNA的表达而使缺氧环境改善.     

Distribution of Preproatrial Natriuretic Peptide mRNA in Rat Brain Detected by In Situ Hybridization of DNA Oligonucleotides: Enrichment in Hypothalamic and Limbic Regions

The expression and distribution of mRNA encoding preproatrial natriuretic peptide (ppANP) in rat brain has been investigated by in situ hybridization of two 35S-labeled synthetic DNA oligonucleotides, based on a cDNA clone sequence that encodes rat ppANP. The highest relative concentrations of ppANP mRNA were detected in the medial preoptic hypothalamic nucleus ("anteroventral/third ventricle region") and the medial habenula. Moderate concentrations of ppANP mRNA were observed in the CA1 pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, the endopiriform nucleus, the arcuate nucleus, the zona incerta, and cells of the pontine tegmental and peduculopontine nuclei. Several of these regions, including the habenula and the hypothalamic areas, have previously been reported to contain atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)-like immunoreactivity, but the expression of ppANP mRNA in CA1 pyramidal cells suggests the occurrence of differential translation of ppANP mRNA into protein product in different brain regions, or the existence of different immunological forms of the peptide. The abundance of ppANP mRNA in brain was relatively low in comparison with that previously reported for many other mRNA species encoding other brain neuropeptides. These results demonstrate that ANP gene expression occurs in discrete neuronal populations of the CNS and that studies of the regulation of this expression should now be possible using quantitative in situ hybridization.     

Polysialic Acid Synthase (ST8Sia II/STX) mRNA Expression in the Developing Mouse Central Nervous System

Abstract: A comparative study was undertaken to correlate the immunohistochemical localization of polysialic acid (PSA) and the in situ localization of ST8Sia II mRNA. In situ hybridization of postnatal day 3 mouse brain showed high levels of ST8Sia II mRNA expression in the cerebral neocortex, striatum, hippocampus, subiculum, medial habenular nucleus, thalamus, pontine nuclei, and inferior colliculus; intermediate-level expression in the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, superior colliculus, and cerebellum; and low-level expression in other regions. The distribution of ST8Sia II mRNA in the neocortex and cerebellum coincided with the immunohistochemical localization of PSA. During brain development, ST8Sia II mRNA started decreasing and had almost disappeared by postnatal day 14. Comparison between ST8Sia II and IV mRNA expression was also undertaken by northern blot analysis and competitive PCR analysis. During the late embryonic to early postnatal stages of the mouse CNS, the ST8Sia II mRNA showed abundant mRNA expression compared with the ST8Sia IV mRNA. Competitive PCR analysis of the adult mouse CNS showed weak expression of the two genes in the olfactory bulb, thalamus, hippocampus, and eyes. The regional and transient expression of ST8Sia II mRNA coincides with that of PSA, suggesting that ST8Sia II is closely involved in the biosynthesis and expression of PSA in the developing mouse CNS.     

Incongruent pattern of neurokinin B expression in rat and mouse brains

The expression patterns of Tac2 and NK3 mRNA and of pep2, the neurokinin B (NKB) precursor protein, were compared in rats and mice. Pep2 immunoreactivity was observed in fibers, terminals, and perikarya in the brains of both species, but the number of NKB-immunoreactive cells was generally smaller in mice than in the corresponding nuclei in rats. Congruent distribution patterns of Tac2 mRNA and NKB were found in many nuclei of the thalamus and hypothalamus (habenula, anterodorsal nucleus, preoptic area, arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus). However, mice expressed Tac2 mRNA neither in the hippocampus nor in the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, in contrast to rats. Accordingly, mice showed no NKB in the projection areas of these nuclei, such as the olfactory tubercle, whereas a clear NKB signal was present in rat tissues. Surprisingly, we found nearly identical NK3 mRNA expression patterns in both species, despite the species differences in NKB expression. Thus, although the expression patterns of Tac2 and NKB are similar in rats and mice, noteworthy differences exist. Our results have important implications for the interpretation of behavioral results concerning the NKB/NK3 system in these species. This study was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (FOR425/TPII)     

Cloning, Characterization, and Distribution of a μ-Opioid Receptor in Rat Brain

Abstract: We report the isolation and characterization of a rat cDNA clone encoding a μ-opioid receptor. This receptor, a 398 amino acid protein, shares 59% overall identity with the mouse Δ-and K -opioid receptors. Transient expression of the receptor in COS cells revealed high-affinity binding of μ-selective opioid antagonists and agonists, with a K _D for naloxone ∼1.5 n M , and for [D-Ala², N -Me-Phe⁴, Gly⁵-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO) and morphine at the high-affinity site of 2–4 n M , confirming a μ-opioid pharmacological profile. Northern blotting and in situ hybridization histoohemistry revealed that the μ-opioid receptor mRNA was expressed in many brain regions, including cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, septal nuclei, thalamus, hippocampus, and medial habenular nucleus, in keeping with the known distribution of the μ-opioid receptor.     

Heterogeneous Expression of Transketolase in Rat Brain

Abstract: Transketolase (TK; EC 2.2.1.1) is a key pentose phosphate shunt enzyme that plays an important role in the production of reducing equivalents and pentose sugars. TK activity declines in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, as well as in thiamine-deficient rats. Understanding the role of TK in the pathophysiology of these neurodegenerative conditions requires knowledge of its regional, cellular, and subcellular distribution within the brain. The current study employed in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to examine the distribution of TK mRNA and its encoded protein in adult rat brain. TK mRNA and protein were widely distributed throughout the brain. However, they were enriched in selective perikarya in the piriform cortex, nucleus of the diagonal band, red nucleus, dorsal raphe, pontine nucleus, locus coeruleus, trapezoid, inferior olive, and several cranial nerve nuclei. Lower expression of TK mRNA and protein occurred in layer V of cortex, olfactory tubercle, ventral pallidum, medial septal nucleus, hippocampus, thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, mammillary body, central gray, and the substantia nigra. TK immunoreactivity also occurred in the nuclei of ubiquitously distributed glial cells, as well as ependymal cells. The heterogeneous distribution of TK may reflect a variety of metabolic activities among different brain regions but does not provide a simple molecular explanation for selective cell death in either thiamine deficiency or other conditions where TK is reduced.     

Daily Modifications of 3h-Naloxone Binding Sites in the Rat Brain: A Quantitative Autoradiographic Study

The endogenous opioid peptides, the opiate receptors and several related behaviours, like opioid-mediated analgesia, show daily variations in different animal species including rats. The attempt to correlate the daily rhythm of opiate receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) to opiate related rhythmic phenomena requires an experimental approach with a high anatomical resolution, as the opioid distribution is very heterogeneous. In this paper we present the study of daily variations of 3H-naloxone binding sites in the different regions of the adult male rat brain, performed by means of quantitative autoradiography. Five rats are sacrificed at each investigated time of the day (0200, 0600,1000,1400,1800 and 2200). The ligand is 3H-naloxone(4nM), the quantification is performed by means of densitometric procedures (image analyzer Tesak VDC 501, computer Digital PDP11,3H-microscale). The statistical analysis is performed according to the single Cosinor method and the one-way analysis of variance followed by the multiple range test of Duncan. We analysed 33 different regions of the rat CNS, and the daily variations of opiate receptors are regionally selective. A circadian rhythm is found in the anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampal cortex, periventricular, medial, ventral, reticular and posterior nuclei of the thalamus, rhomboid, gelatinosus and rheuniens nuclei, lateral hypothalamus, locus coeruleus, grey substance of the pons, reticular formation of medulla oblongata, inferior olivary complex, medial part of the nucleus of the solitary tract and nucleus of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve. An ultradian rhythm is found in the medial and lateral preoptic areas, in the medial hypothalamus, in the medial and in the lateral nuclei of habenula. No significant variations during 24 hr according to the Cosinor analysis are found in the dorsal and lateral cerebral cortex, striatum, globus pallidus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, septal nuclei, lateral nucleus of the thalamus, cochlear nuclei, nucleus of the solitary tract, lateral and caudal parts, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve, XII and IX nerve nuclei. The amplitude of the daily variations observed ranges from 10 to 40%. Our results demonstrate the high anatomical selectivity of the daily modifications of 3H-naloxone binding sites in the rat CNS. They also indicate that quantitative autoradiography is a suitable and sensitive technique for these studies.     

大白鼠脚内核的传入性联系

众所周知,肉食动物和大白鼠的脚内核,相当于灵长类的内侧苍白球(Nagy et al.1978;Fox and Schmitz 1944);它们的细胞形态、传入及传出均相同。早期以及近年来的一些研究工作者,虽然在研究其他核团的投射时,联系到一些本核团的传入,但是尚缺乏对本核团传人的系统研究。本实验即是应用辣根过氧化物酶的逆行传递法来研究大白鼠脚内核的传入性联系。