融合表达HLH结构域对猪溶菌酶抗菌活性的影响

[目的]通过遗传操作提高猪溶菌酶抗革兰氏阴性菌的活性。[方法]对猪溶菌酶进行分子模拟,得到了包含功能肽的螺旋-回环-螺旋(HLH)结构域,将HLH编码基因与猪溶菌酶基因N端或C端进行融合,于大肠杆菌中诱导表达,经复性、纯化后检测其抗菌活性,并利用原子力显微镜和荧光染色对抗菌活性较高的融合蛋白杀菌机制进行初探。[结果]与对照组相比,N端和C端融合蛋白基本保持了猪溶菌酶对革兰氏阳性菌的活性;同时,两种融合蛋白对革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌活性均显著增强,其中N端融合产物活性更高,它对大肠杆菌ATCC 10798、大肠杆菌ATCC 25922、克雷伯氏菌TR5、铜绿假单胞菌ATCC 15442、沙门氏菌CMCC(B)50335的抗菌系数分别为1.64、1.24、2.56、1.72和1.42,最低抑菌浓度分别为90μg/mL、100μg/mL、40μg/mL、80μg/mL和100μg/mL。经检测,该融合蛋白能显著增强革兰氏阴性菌细胞膜的通透性。[结论]通过融合表达自身来源的HLH结构域,猪溶菌酶抗革兰氏阴性菌活性得到了显著提升,可为其它溶菌酶抗菌活性的提高提供参考。     

禽抗微生物肽的结构、分布及活性研究进展

抗微生物肽是生物体产生的一种具有抗微生物活性的多肽,具有抵抗原生动物、真菌、病毒、革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的活性,不易产生耐药性,有取代传统抗生素的发展趋势.众多学者对禽类抗微生物肽进行了大量的研究,从禽类中陆续分离到20多种新的抗微生物肽,主要综述了禽抗微生物肽的结构、分布及活性研究进展,为禽抗微生物肽的进一步探索研究奠定基础.     

九香虫抗菌肽CcAMP1的分离纯化和抗菌活性检测

【目的】从药用昆虫九香虫 Coridius chinensis 中分离纯化抗菌肽,为进一步开发九香虫抗菌肽资源及深入挖掘九香虫的药用功能奠定基础。【方法】用大肠杆菌Escherichia coli 和金黄色葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus aureus 混合物作诱导源刺激九香虫产生抗菌肽,对血淋巴进行提取、凝胶过滤层析、固相萃取及反相色谱纯化,活性组分经质谱测定。对分离得到的这种抗菌肽进行人工合成,并进行抗菌活性检测。【结果】本研究获得一种九香虫抗菌肽CcAMP1,由17个氨基酸残基组成,分子量为1 997.37 u,带1个正电荷,表面有5个疏水氨基酸。对人工合成的CcAMP1进行抗菌活性检测表明,该抗菌肽与九香虫血淋巴一样对金黄色葡萄球菌等革兰氏阳性菌和大肠杆菌等革兰氏阴性菌都有较好的抗菌活性,且对革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌活性更强。【结论】从九香虫中分离得到具有较强抗菌活性的阳离子抗菌肽CcAMP1,有较大的开发利用价值。     

粉纹夜蛾离体细胞抗菌肽的抗菌谱测定

用热灭活的大肠杆菌DHSQ诱导粉纹夜蛾(Trichoplusia ni)离体细胞产生抗菌肽,用三氯乙酸沉淀法提取出该活性物质,采用琼脂糖孔穴扩散法和生长抑制测定法测定其抗菌谱,发现该抗菌物质具有较广的抗微生物活性,其中特别是对革兰氏阴性菌中的沙门氏茵和大肠杆茵,酵母菌中的白色念珠菌,植物病源真茵中的花生白绢病茵和小麦赤霉病茵具有较强的抑菌活性,从而表明该物质是一种既抗细菌,又抗真菌的抗微生物肽。     

家蝇天然抗菌肽的分离纯化与活性分析

目的:纯化得到有抗菌活性的家蝇天然抗菌肽。方法:以革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌)和革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)的混合菌液,在未灭活的情况下对家蝇幼虫实施带菌针刺以诱导抗菌肽的大量表达。采用固相萃取(SPE),得到三个对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有强烈抑制作用的组分Sp1、Sp3和Sp8。用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)对活性最强的Sp1进行了纯化,液体生长抑制法证明其中的组分Ⅲ具有最强活性。毛细管电泳(CE)显示该组分由两种物质组成。结果和结论:家蝇血淋巴中存在大量有抗菌活性的物质。该研究利用SPE和RP-HPLC与CE联用的方法,得到了有较强抗菌活性和较宽抗菌谱的粗提物,并获得一个推测由两种阳离子型抗菌肽组成的成分,为后期研究打下了基础。     

弱酸性家蝇蛆抗菌肽MD7095的分离纯化及性质研究

家蝇抗菌肽多是碱性蛋白,目前尚无弱酸性家蝇抗菌肽的报道。通过稀醋酸低温浸提,海藻酸吸附,稀盐酸低温洗脱、盐析、Sephadex G25凝胶过滤和CMC23弱阳离子交换柱层析等方法,利用灵敏的杀菌活性检测手段,从家蝇蛆(Musca domesticalarvae)中分离纯化出一组弱酸性抗菌肽,对苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)等革兰氏阳性菌和几种革兰氏阴性菌有强烈的杀灭作用,有极强的耐热、耐冻融的特性。通过电洗脱方法进一步纯化出抗菌肽MD7095,质谱测定其分子量7095Da,IEF电泳测得其等电点5.59,经肽质量指纹谱(PMF)鉴定为一新肽。扫描电镜超微结构观察表明,弱酸性家蝇蛆抗菌肽对苏云金芽孢杆菌的杀菌机制主要是使细胞膜穿孔,内容物外泄,最终使细菌完全解体死亡。     

黑水虻肠道细菌抗菌筛选及其活性物质分子鉴定

【目的】从昆虫黑水虻分离的肠道细菌进行抗植物病原菌的拮抗菌筛选,对获得有拮抗活性的肠道细菌进行活性物质的分子鉴定。【方法】用稀释涂布法从水虻肠道中分离菌株,采用平板对峙法进行抗菌筛选,对有抗菌活性的菌株通过生理生化实验、16S rRNA鉴定和进化树分析确定其种属。参考已知脂肽合成关键基因设计引物,以拮抗菌总DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,对目的片段进行测序。【结果】通过抗菌筛选获得一株对水稻黄单胞菌以及小麦纹枯病病原菌等有很强抑制效果的水虻肠道细菌BSF-CL,经鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌。脂肽合成关键基因PCR结果显示BSF-CL菌株具有脂肽Iturin和Surfactin合成的关键基因。推测BSF-CL很可能合成脂肽Iturin和Surfactin。【结论】从水虻肠道中分离出对水稻黄单胞菌有很强抑菌活性的菌株,分离菌被鉴定为一种枯草芽胞杆菌,通过活性物质的分子克隆鉴定初步推测其活性物质可能为脂肽Iturin和Surfactin。     

防御素(Defensin)研究进展

防御素(Defensin)是近年来发现的广泛存在于动物和植物体内的一类阳离子抗菌活性肽。它们通常都是由28～54个氨基酸残基组成,分子内富含精氨酸和由半胱氨酸形成的分子内二硫键。它们具有广谱高效的杀菌活性,能有效地杀灭革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、某些真菌、螺旋体、被膜病毒等微生物,因而对它们的研究已成为当前国际学术界中一个引人关注的研究热点。本文将简述有关防御素的分布、分子结构特征、生物学活性、作用机制、分子生物学特征等方面的研究概况及展望。     

Naphtho-[2,3-b]pyrandiones类抗生素SP-1的发酵、理化性质及活性研究

从产生菌Z-2002的发酵产物中,纯化得到抗生素SP-1,属于有广泛生物活性但少见的3,4-dihydro-2H-Naphtho-[2,3-b]pyran-5,10-quinones类化合物,该化合物与已知抗生素( )-Cryptosporin一致。SP-1对23种革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌进行了体外抑菌活性评价,抗菌谱表明:SP-1对G 菌有一定的抑制活性,对临床分离的耐甲氧西林的金葡菌(MRSA)、表葡菌(MRSE)呈中等程度的抑制,MIC为8μg/mL,对革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌活性较弱。     

Naphtho-[2,3-b ]pyrandiones类抗生素SP-1的发酵﹑理化性质及活性研究

从产生菌Z-2002的发酵产物中,纯化得到抗生素SP-1,属于有广泛生物活性但少见的3,4-dihydro-2H-Naphtho-[2,3-b]pyran-5,10-quinones类化合物,该化合物与已知抗生素（＋）-Cryptosporin一致.SP-1对23种革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌进行了体外抑菌活性评价,抗菌谱表明：SP-1对G＋菌有一定的抑制活性,对临床分离的耐甲氧西林的金葡菌（MRSA）、表葡菌（MRSE）呈中等程度的抑制,MIC为8μg/mL,对革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌活性较弱.     

杂合抗菌肽CecA-mil的改造及在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达

参照毕赤氏巴斯德酵母(Pichia pastorts)偏好密码子,改造并化学合成杂合抗菌肽CecA-mil基因,改造后的CecA-mil基因克隆到pPICZα-A载体中,构建分泌型重组酵母表达载体pPICZα-A-CM,转化Pichia pastoris受体菌X-33。在醇氧化酶(AOX)启动子调控下,分子量约1．9kD的CecA-mil杂合抗菌肽获得表达,经表达条件优化,重组酵母菌的摇瓶发酵产率可达到245μg／mL。抗菌特性研究表明,该表达产物具有广谱抗菌活性,对多数G^-菌及G^ 菌均有较好的抑菌活性,特别是对氨苄青霉素抗性菌和卡那霉素抗性菌抑杀效果更好;具有热稳定性和酸稳定性。这些特点使得重组抗菌肽CecA-mil在食品防腐、疾病防治和动物饲料添加剂等方面显露出很好的应用前景。     

Identification and isolation of a bactericidal domain in chicken egg white lysozyme

Chicken egg white lysozyme exhibits antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Fractionation of clostripain-digested lysozyme yielded a pentadecapeptide with antimicrobial activity but without muramidase activity. The peptide was isolated and its sequence found to be I-V-S-D-G-N-G-M-N-A-W-V-A-W-R (amino acids 98-112 of chicken egg white lysozyme). A synthesized peptide of identical sequence had the same bactericidal activity as the natural peptide. Replacement of Trp 108 with tyrosine significantly reduced the antibacterial capacity of the peptide. By replacement of Trp 111 with tyrosine the antibacterial activity was lost. Replacement of Asn 106 with the positively charged arginine strongly increased the antibacterial capacity of I-V-S-D-G-N-G-M-N-A-W-V-A-W-R. The peptide I-V-S-D-G-N-G-M consisting of the eight amino acids of the N-terminal side had no bactericidal properties, whereas the peptide N-A-W-V-A-W-R of the C-terminal side retained some bactericidal activity. Replacement of asparagine 106 by arginine (R-A-W-V-A-W-R) increased the bactericidal activity considerably. The D enantiomer of R-A-W-V-A-W-R was as active as the L form against five of the tested bacteria, but substantially less active against Serratia marcescens, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus lentus. For these bacterial species some stereospecific complementarity between receptor structures of the bacteria and the peptide can be assumed.     

Bacteriocins of gram-positive bacteria.

In recent years, a group of antibacterial proteins produced by gram-positive bacteria have attracted great interest in their potential use as food preservatives and as antibacterial agents to combat certain infections due to gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. They are ribosomally synthesized peptides of 30 to less than 60 amino acids, with a narrow to wide antibacterial spectrum against gram-positive bacteria; the antibacterial property is heat stable, and a producer strain displays a degree of specific self-protection against its own antibacterial peptide. In many respects, these proteins are quite different from the colicins and other bacteriocins produced by gram-negative bacteria, yet customarily they also are grouped as bacteriocins. Although a large number of these bacteriocins (or bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances) have been reported, only a few have been studied in detail for their mode of action, amino acid sequence, genetic characteristics, and biosynthesis mechanisms. Nevertheless, in general, they appear to be translated as inactive prepeptides containing an N-terminal leader sequence and a C-terminal propeptide component. During posttranslational modifications, the leader peptide is removed. In addition, depending on the particular type, some amino acids in the propeptide components may undergo either dehydration and thioether ring formation to produce lanthionine and beta-methyl lanthionine (as in lantibiotics) or thio ester ring formation to form cystine (as in thiolbiotics). Some of these steps, as well as the translocation of the molecules through the cytoplasmic membrane and producer self-protection against the homologous bacteriocin, are mediated through specific proteins (enzymes). Limited genetic studies have shown that the structural gene for such a bacteriocin and the genes encoding proteins associated with immunity, translocation, and processing are present in a cluster in either a plasmid, the chromosome, or a transposon. Following posttranslational modification and depending on the pH, the molecules may either be released into the environment or remain bound to the cell wall. The antibacterial action against a sensitive cell of a gram-positive strain is produced principally by destabilization of membrane functions. Under certain conditions, gram-negative bacterial cells can also be sensitive to some of these molecules. By application of site-specific mutagenesis, bacteriocin variants which may differ in their antimicrobial spectrum and physicochemical characteristics can be produced. Research activity in this field has grown remarkably but sometimes with an undisciplined regard for conformity in the definition, naming, and categorization of these molecules and their genetic effectors. Some suggestions for improved standardization of nomenclature are offered.     

Induction, selection and antibacterial activity of the antibacterial peptides from lepldopteran insect cultured cell lines

We induced 3 cell lines that were in vitro cultured from Lepidoptera with heat inactivated Escherichia coil DH5α to stimulate the antibacterial peptide followed by antibacterial activity assay,induction dynamic research and Tricine sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Tricine SDS-PAGE) experiment.The antibacterial activity of the induced BTI-Tn-5B1 cell line was the highest,and the antibacterial activity increased gradually to the highest level in 16 hours after stimulation.A new antibacterial peptide with a molecular weight of about 8000 Da was preferentially induced in Trichoplusia ni BTI-Tn-5B1 ceils in 16 hours after stimulation.Antibacterial activity assays indicated that it had inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli K12D31 and Salmonella derby.It has especially strong inhibition against Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli KI2D31 and Salmonella derby.     

Antibacterial activity and mechanism of a scorpion venom peptide derivative in vitro and in vivo

BmKn2 is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) characterized from the venom of scorpion Mesobuthus martensii Karsch by our group. In this study, Kn2-7 was derived from BmKn2 to improve the antibacterial activity and decrease hemolytic activity. Kn2-7 showed increased inhibitory activity against both gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, Kn2-7 exhibited higher antibacterial activity against clinical antibiotic-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In addition, the topical use of Kn2-7 effectively protected the skin of mice from infection in an S. aureus mouse skin infection model. Kn2-7 exerted its antibacterial activity via a bactericidal mechanism. Kn2-7 killed S. aureus and E. coli rapidly by binding to the lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in the S. aureus cell wall and the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in the E. coli cell wall, respectively. Finally, the hemolytic activity of Kn2-7 was significantly decreased, compared to the wild-type peptide BmKn2. Taken together, the Kn2-7 peptide can be developed as a topical therapeutic agent for treating bacterial infections.     

Design, synthesis and antibacterial activity studies of model peptidess of proline/arginine-rich region in bactenecin7

Bactenecin 7 (Bac7), a cationic antibacterial peptide, contains a repeating region of Xaa-Pro-Arg-Pro (Xaa = hydrophobic residue). To investigate the structure and property of a Pro/Arg-rich region, e synthesized a series of peptides, Xaa-Pro-Arg-Pro (Xaa = Gly, Arg, Leu, Ile, and Phe) as models and characterized . The conformational preferences of these peptides in water and trifluoroethanol were examined by circular dichroism. The results suggest the presence of largely poly(Pro)-II helical conformation in aqueous and trifluoroethanol solutions. Their antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coliHB101, and gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus were measured at various peptide concentrations. Two of our synthetic tetrapeptide fragments containing Gly and Arg were efficiently killed with gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, at the concentration level of 200 microg/mL.     

4-Alkyl and 4,4'-dialkyl 1,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazolidine-3,5-dione derivatives as new inhibitors of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis

Over 195 4-alkyl and 4,4-dialkyl 1,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazolidine-3,5-dione derivatives were synthesized, utilizing microwave accelerated synthesis, for evaluation as new inhibitors of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. Many of them demonstrated good activity against MurB in vitro and low MIC values against gram-positive bacteria, particularly penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP). Derivative 7l demonstrated antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Derivatives 7f and 10a also demonstrated potent nanomolar Kd values in their binding to MurB.     

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel phosphonium salts on the basis of pyridoxine

A series of 13 phosphonium salts on the basis of pyridoxine derivatives were synthesized and their antibacterial activity against clinically relevant strains was tested in vitro. All compounds were almost inactive against gram-negative bacteria and exhibited structure-dependent activity against gram-positive bacteria. A crucial role of ketal protection group in phosphonium salts for their antibacterial properties was demonstrated. Among synthesized compounds 5,6-bis[triphenylphosphonio(methyl)]-2,2,8-trimethyl-4H-[1,3]dioxino[4,5-c]pyridine dichloride (compound 20) was found to be the most effective towards Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains (MIC 5 μg/ml). The mechanism of antibacterial activity of this compound probably involves cell penetration and interaction with genomic and plasmid DNA.     

In-Silico and In-Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial,Cytotoxic, and Apoptotic Activity and Structure of Modified CM11 Peptide

Drug-resistant infectious diseases have increased in recent years. Accordingly, plenty of researches are exploring novel approaches to overcome this problem. In this era, antimicrobial peptides have been identified as potential antibacterial agents. The Modified CM11 (mCM11) was designed with the C-terminal amidation and substitution of lysine with arginine. The designed peptide was synthesized by the solid-phase method and Rink amide p-methyl-benzhydryl amine resin. The synthesized peptide was evaluated using Mass Spectrometry (MS), High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Circular Dichroism (CD). Finally, the antibacterial, cytotoxic, and apoptotic effect of the mCM11 peptide was investigated. The new peptide indicated a beta-sheet structure with a molecular weight of 1527.50 D and purity of 96%. The peptide exerted a potent antimicrobial activity against gram-negative and positive bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bacterial concentration (MBC) ranged from 16 to 64 µg/ml, and 16 to 128 µg/ml, respectively. The IC₅₀ of mCM11 was 16 µg/ml and its cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cell line revealed a dose-dependent manner. Also, apoptosis analysis of eukaryotic cells revealed a decline in late apoptosis and necrosis in comparison with untreated cells. The mCM11 indicated a considerable antibacterial effect against a wide range of pathogenic bacterial strains. Further, it did not represent any late apoptotic and necrosis impact on the eukaryotic cell line. All of these findings may confirm the potential role of this new peptide as an effective therapeutic agent.

     

Identification of downstream target genes of latent membrane protein 1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by suppression subtractive hybridization

Proteolytic digestion of bovine beta-lactoglobulin by trypsin yielded four peptide fragments with bactericidal activity. The peptides were isolated and their sequences were found as follows: VAGTWY (residues 15-20), AASDISLLDAQSAPLR (residues 25-40), IPAVFK (residues 78-83) and VLVLDTDYK (residues 92-100). The four peptides were synthesized and found to exert bactericidal effects against the Gram-positive bacteria only. In order to understand the structural requirements for antibacterial activity, the amino acid sequence of the peptide VLVLDTDYK was modified. The replacement of the Asp (98) residue by Arg and the addition of a Lys residue at the C-terminus yielded the peptide VLVLDTRYKK which enlarged the bactericidal activity spectrum to the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Bordetella bronchiseptica and significantly reduced the antibacterial capacity of the peptide toward Bacillus subtilis. By data base searches with the sequence VLVLDTRYKK a high homology was found with the peptide VLVATLRYKK (residues 55-64) of human blue-sensitive opsin, the protein of the blue pigment responsible for color vision. A peptide with this sequence was synthesized and assayed for bactericidal activity. VLVATLRYKK was strongly active against all the bacterial strains tested. Our results suggest a possible antimicrobial function of beta-lactoglobulin after its partial digestion by endopeptidases of the pancreas and show moreover that small targeted modifications in the sequence of beta-lactoglobulin could be useful to increase its antimicrobial function.