游泳训练后大鼠心肌细胞cAMP、cGMP含量的变化

目的:探讨游泳训练后大鼠心肌环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)、环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)含量的变化。方法:用心脏重量(mg)/体重(g)计算心脏系数,放射免疫法测定心肌cAMP、cGMP含量。结果:8周游泳训练导致心脏系数显著增高(P<0.05),心肌cAMP水平升高不显著(P>0.05),cGMP水平显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:8周游泳训练导致心脏代偿性肥大,cAMP/cGMP比值减小。     

东亚木层孔菌与两种野生桑黄的活性成分及其抗氧化活性比较

桑黄是一类著名的药用真菌,多糖、黄酮、三萜是桑黄主要的活性成分,三者的药用价值受到了广泛关注。东亚木层孔菌Phellinus orientoasiaticus是生长于蔷薇科活立木上的大型真菌,其外观形态与桑黄高度形似,但其药用价值的研究鲜有报道。本研究以东北地区研究广泛的鲍姆桑黄Sanghuangporusbaumii和忍冬桑黄S.lonicericola野生子实体为对比研究材料,以粗多糖、总黄酮、总三萜的含量及其抗氧化活性为对比研究指标,探究东亚木层孔菌的药用价值。鲍姆桑黄粗多糖含量为4.64 mg/g、忍冬桑黄为2.94 mg/g、东亚木层孔菌为3.68 mg/g;鲍姆桑黄的总黄酮含量为65.53mg/g、忍冬桑黄为187.74mg/g、东亚木层孔菌为46.19mg/g;鲍姆桑黄总三萜含量为5.38 mg/g、忍冬桑黄为15.87mg/g、东亚木层孔菌为10.17mg/g。通过HPLC分析3种子实体黄酮成分,发现鲍姆桑黄总黄酮中可能含有芹菜素和槲皮素这2种成分;忍冬桑黄总黄酮中可能含有芹菜素、柚皮素这2种成分;东亚木层孔菌总黄酮中可能含有芹菜素和芦丁这2种成分。比较3种真菌子实体黄...     

红枣黑变前后感官特性及功能和香气成分的比较

在高温高湿条件下对红枣进行热处理,并对红枣和黑变枣颜色、成分及香气进行比较,发现红枣黑变后颜色变为黑褐色,且在0～12h内变化明显;含水量先增加后降低。黑变24h后组织状态变软,总酸含量增加,蔗糖降低,果糖、葡萄糖等还原糖增加;多糖、总酚、五羟甲基糠醛（5 HMF）、三萜酸、氨基酸等功能成分增加,但黄酮和环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）减少。与原红枣相比,黑枣果实的香气成分丰富,产生焦糖气味的2 乙酰呋喃,糠醛及其衍生物增加明显。结果证明,黑变枣在某些方面有更高的营养价值。     

沙棘中三萜酸物质的提取及含量测定

沙棘是一种含有丰富营养物质和生物活性成分的植物。为了进一步提高新疆阿合奇县沙棘中三萜酸物质的得率,利用单因素实验与正交试验优化沙棘中三萜酸物质的提取工艺,并分析比较沙棘不同部位的三萜酸物质含量差异。通过单因素实验确定了影响萜类物质得率的重要因素为乙醇浓度、料液比。以总三萜酸的得率为综合考察指标,采用正交试验确定了沙棘三萜酸的最适提取工艺条件：按照料液比1∶15(g/mL)加入体积分数80%的乙醇,先超声1 h,再将料液进行60℃水浴回流1.5 h。在此条件下,沙棘叶中三萜酸的得率达到2.332 mg/g,其中科罗索酸为0.332 mg/g、齐墩果酸为0.875 mg/g,熊果酸为1.125 mg/g。沙棘不同部位的三萜酸总含量(从大到小)顺序为沙棘叶、沙棘籽、沙棘果。     

灵芝线粒体及其对菌丝生长、主要活性成分影响的分析

线粒体是为细胞提供能量（ATP）的细胞器,携带着自己的DNA——mtDNA,已有多种灵芝属菌株的线粒体基因组相继报道,但对于种内的线粒体基因组的分析较少,对核相同、线粒体不同的菌株间差异的研究也鲜有报道。本研究对两株灵芝线粒体基因组进行组装注释,根据差异片段构建分子标记进行种间分类。结果显示：两株灵芝线粒体基因组大小分别为49 233bp、61 563bp的闭环结构,含有15个常见蛋白编码基因,rRNA大小亚基基因及26个携带氨基酸的tRNA基因,其差异区段主要为内含子序列、大亚基及基因间区。根据cob、cox2基因序列能够进行灵芝种间区分,用于灵芝种间鉴定。本研究还根据灵芝119、灵芝无孢的单核菌株构建同核异质体（TY-119、TY-W）,分析线粒体对菌落形态、菌丝生长速度及多糖、三萜成分的影响,结果显示：同核异质体TY-W与TY-119菌落形态上有一定差异,同核异质体TY-W菌丝生长速度为4.77mm/d,是TY-119菌丝生长速度4.50mm/d的1.06倍,同核异质体TY-119菌丝、子实体阶段多糖含量分别为4.45mg/g、12.14mg/g是TY-W菌丝体多糖含量（3.23mg/g）的1.38倍、子实体多糖含量（10.24mg/g）的1.19倍;同核异质体TY-W菌丝、子实体阶段的三萜含量分别为6.82mg/g、11.45mg/g是同核异质体TY-119菌丝体三萜含量（9.26mg/g）的0.74倍,子实体三萜含量（9.10mg/g）的1.26倍。利用高效液相色谱分析同核异质体中灵芝酸含量显示同核异质体TY-W灵芝酸A、灵芝酸E、灵芝酸F含量分别为3.77μg/mL、14.29μg/mL、12.91μg/mL;是TY-119灵芝酸A含量（2.59μg/mL）的1.46倍、灵芝酸E含量（13.65μg/mL）的1.17倍、灵芝酸F含量（12.72μg/mL）的1.06倍。对同核异质体菌丝、子实体阶段多糖、三萜合成通路关键基因（pgm、ugp、gls、hmgs、hmgr、mvd、fps、sqs）表达量进行检测,显示两菌株间多数基因具有显著性差异。结果表明线粒体的不同会影响灵芝菌落形态、菌丝生长速度及多糖、三萜的含量,有助于我们进一步研究线粒体基因组。     

甲醛对小鼠不同脑区的神经毒性作用

本研究旨在探讨甲醛导致机体神经系统病变的具体机制。选用雄性Balb/c小鼠为研究对象,动态吸入甲醛方式染毒7天,每天8 h,甲醛浓度分别为0、0.5、3.0 mg/m3,同时设置一氧化氮合酶(nitric oxide synthase,NOS)拮抗剂(NG-monomethylL-arginine,L-NMMA)组,该组小鼠同时进行3.0 mg/m3甲醛染毒。染毒结束后,用试剂盒检测小鼠大脑皮层、海马和脑干中环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)、环磷酸鸟苷(cyclic guanine monophosphate,cGMP)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)含量和NOS活性的变化。结果显示,与对照组相比,小鼠大脑皮层和脑干中cAMP含量在0.5 mg/m3染毒组显著升高(均P0.05),但是在3.0 mg/m3染毒组显著降低(P0.05),海马中cAMP含量仅在3.0 mg/m3染毒组出现显著降低(P0.05);与对照组相比,L-NMMA拮抗组小鼠cGMP和NO含量分别在海马和大脑皮层中显著上升(均P0.01),而cAMP含量和NOS活性在不同脑区中无显著变化。与3.0 mg/m3染毒组相比,L-NMMA拮抗组不同脑区中cAMP含量均显著上升(均P0.05),NOS活性显著下降(P0.05或P0.01);大脑皮层和脑干中的cGMP含量以及脑干中的NO含量亦出现显著性变化(P0.05或P0.01)。以上结果提示,甲醛暴露的神经系统毒性作用与NO/cGMP信号转导通路和cAMP信号通路存在一定的关系。     

单纯疱疹病毒感染细胞内环核苷酸含量的改变

用单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)Ⅰ型Sm44株和Ⅱ型333株感染非洲绿猴肾细胞系(Vero细胞),观察感染细胞中cAMP和cGMP含量的改变。病毒感染量均为0.5TCID50/细胞,观察周期为36小时(从接种病毒到CPE达++++),在感染后0、2、8、12、24、36小时分别收获细胞,以放射免疫法测定细胞内环磷酸核苷的含量改变。结果Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型HSV感染后在全部6个观察时期,细胞内的cAMP含量始终是升高的。HSV-Ⅰ和HSV-Ⅱ组的平均cAMP含量都明显高于正常细胞(P<0.05和P<0.02)。cGMP和cAMP/cGMP的变化不显著(表1)。     

真菌激发子对桑黄胞内代谢产物积累的影响

利用前期通过大量预试验筛选获得的3种真菌多糖激发子,在桑黄Sanghuangporus sanghuang发酵液中进行添加,研究其对桑黄胞内黄酮、三萜及多糖等代谢产物积累的影响,并对激发效果好的激发子继续进行添加量和激发时间的优化。结果显示:参试的3种真菌多糖激发子在一定程度上均能促进桑黄胞内黄酮和胞内三萜类成分的积累,但对胞内多糖积累的影响不明显;来源菌株为薄多年卧孔菌Perenniporia tenuis的激发子表现最突出,激发效果显著且稳定性良好。激发条件优化的结果表明:在接种的同时按照50mg/L的终浓度进行激发子的添加,激发6d,桑黄胞内黄酮含量达最高值0.7%,比对照提高79.49%;在接种1d后,按照50mg/L的终浓度进行激发子的添加,激发5d,对桑黄胞内三萜类成分代谢的激发效果最显著,胞内三萜含量最高可达5.62%,是对照组的3.43倍。     

HPLC法测定灵芝孢子粉中三萜含量

为准确测定灵芝孢子粉中三萜的含量,运用高效液相建立适合孢子粉的分析测定方法。通过对前处理条件的优化,确定40%乙醇为孢子粉中等极性三萜酸类的最佳提取溶剂,浓缩倍数是子实体提取条件的50倍。通过色谱柱和洗脱条件的优化,建立了包括灵芝酸I、灵芝烯酸C、灵芝酸C2等13种标准品测定方法,方法学考察显示该分析方法精密度、重复性、稳定性的RSD值均小于5%,可以用于灵芝孢子粉中三萜类成分的定量检测。通过5组样品的分析发现,灵芝酸C6、灵芝酸G、灵芝酸A、灵芝酸D、灵芝酸F是灵芝孢子粉中的主要三萜类成分,其中灵芝酸A含量最高,平均占样品三萜总量的比例达19.71%;三萜类成分的溶出量与是否破壁没有相关性。三萜类成分在灵芝孢子粉和灵芝孢子油产品中的含量非常低,孢子粉的三萜含量为14.24-99.70μg/g,仅为子实体的1/100,灵芝孢子油中三萜含量也均低于50μg/g,因此三萜类成分不适合作为灵芝孢子粉及其相关产品的定量检测指标。     

不同产地和品种桑叶游离氨基酸主成分分析及综合评价CSCD

研究重庆市3个品种共17种不同产地桑叶水提液中游离氨基酸组成及含量,为本地区桑叶的开发利用提供理论基础。以桑、华桑、鸡桑3个品种不同采样地区的样品为原材料,模拟桑叶茶冲泡方式获得水提液,用HPLC荧光法测定其游离氨基酸含量并计算18种游离氨基酸的味道强度值(taste activity value,TAV),通过相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析等方法综合评价不同品种和产地桑叶营养成分和风味特征。研究结果显示,不同品种、不同产地桑叶氨基酸种类无明显差别,但氨基酸含量存在差异,可测得最高总氨基酸、必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸含量分别为1927.33 mg/100g、322.6 mg/100g、46.17 mg/100g和1558.56 mg/100g;桑叶氨基酸风味特征表现为甜味氨基酸>鲜味氨基酸>苦味氨基酸;聚类分析将17个样品分为2类,重庆市巴南区安澜镇鸡桑(S15)、华桑(S7)两个品种的氨基酸品质高。综上所述,桑叶中氨基酸含量丰富,具有较高的营养价值,可开发氨基酸类功能性食品。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.