成年牦牛与双性牦牛睾丸蛋白质双向电泳的比较研究

为了比较牦牛和双性牦牛睾丸组织中蛋白质的差异表达,以探索双性牦牛生殖障碍的机理。提取牦牛睾丸(n=4)和1头双性牦牛睾丸总蛋白质,采用双向电泳分离后,对差异表达蛋白质点进行质谱鉴定。实验获得了分辨率高、重复性好的牦牛与双性牦牛睾丸组织蛋白质的双向电泳图谱,2倍及以上差异表达的蛋白质24个,其中22个蛋白质经质谱分析和数据库搜索后得到鉴定。有6种蛋白质属于分子伴侣,在双性牦牛睾丸组织中表达量显著下降,推测与双性牦牛精子发生障碍有关。     

金钗石斛生物碱抗糖性白内障作用及蛋白质组学效应的实验研究

为观察金钗石斛生物碱抗糖性自内障作用及其相关蛋白谱.将Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组、模型组、样品高、低剂量组和阳性对照组,每组10只,模型组腹腔注射D-半乳糖诱导大鼠白内障模型,样品高、低剂量组和阳性对照组在注射D-半乳糖26 d后形成Ⅱ级白内障后每天分别给予0.36、0.18 g/kg金钗石斛总生物碱灌胃进行实验性治疗,阳性对照组每天以0.22 g/kg石斛夜光丸灌胃,正常对照组每天仅灌胃生理盐水;用裂隙灯观察观察晶状体浑浊度;46 d后处死动物后检测晶状体水溶性蛋白、GSH的含量及T-SOD和MDA的活性;使用双向电泳技术提取分离大鼠晶状体总蛋白及糖基化蛋白,分析比较双向电泳图谱,寻找正常组与模型组、生物碱治疗组大鼠晶状体蛋白质组学差异.结果金钗石斛生物碱高剂量组能明显减轻晶状体混浊度,显著升高晶状体水溶性蛋白、GSH含量及T-SOD活性,降低MDA的活性;2-DE获得了较好的大鼠晶状体总蛋白质及糖基化蛋白质的双向电泳图谱,并观察到模型组有大量蛋白质点表达上调或下调或新蛋白,蛋白质糖基化水平升高,给予高剂量石斛生物碱后,大部分达上调或下调蛋白质恢复到正常的水平,糖基化蛋白降低.表明金钗石斛生物碱具有较好的抗糖性白内障作用,并伴随一系列晶状体蛋白质表达水平的改变,其差异蛋白可能参与了晶状体浑浊过程.     

乳腺纤维瘤蛋白质组的凝胶内差异显示电泳分析

目的:建立具有高分辨率和稳定性的乳腺纤维瘤组织蛋白质组的双向电泳图谱,并对其进行差异蛋白质组分析.方法:取乳腺纤维瘤病患者病变部位及正常乳腺组织,匀浆提取乳腺组织总蛋白,分别用Cy3或Cy5标记,每一时Cy3和cy5标记样品都与一个Cy2标记的内标等量混合,上样于同一胶中进行电泳分离,经不同光激发下扫描得到不同样品的蛋白质组图谱.所获得的图谱经DeCyder软件分析.结果:在乳腺纤维瘤病的病变组织中,有37个蛋白质表达水平显著增加,另外8个蛋白质表达水平显著下降.结论:分析所得的45个差异蛋白质可能与乳腺纤维瘤疾病的发生与发展有关.     

灰黄霉素高产菌F208发酵过程蛋白质表达差异的研究

目的 为探寻灰黄霉素生物合成过程中的关键酶,以蛋白质组学技术手段分析灰黄霉素高产菌F208发酵过程蛋白质表达差异.方法 通过双向电泳联用质谱技术对F208发酵过程蛋白质组图谱进行比较分析.结果 研究发现灰黄霉素产生期( 192 h)F208表达的蛋白质与产生前期(72 h)有较大差异,并鉴定出在灰黄霉素产生高峰期蛋白表达量明显增加的两个特异点是丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶和S-腺苷甲硫氨酸合成酶.结论 成功建立灰黄青霉菌丝体总蛋白双向电泳技术体系.并鉴定出两个蛋白特异点,极可能与灰黄霉素生物合成有关.     

口虾蛄性腺组织蛋白质双向电泳体系的建立及优化

旨在通过口虾蛄雄性、雌性性腺组织蛋白质双向电泳技术体系的优化,获得雄性、雌性口虾蛄性腺蛋白质的表达图谱。结果表明,不同的蛋白提取方法,上样前处理方法,上样量,聚焦时间及雌、雄性口虾蛄性腺蛋白表达图谱存在一定的差异。雌性、雄性口虾蛄用Tris-HCl提取后用丙酮沉淀方法提取蛋白质、不经上样缓冲液处理、上样量为10μg时,得到较好图谱。对图谱分析发现在pH4-6.5范围内,雌性口虾蛄性腺可溶性蛋白质种类多于雄性。雄性口虾蛄蛋白质点相对于雌性较少,且蛋白质大部分分布于酸性端。经过蛋白质双向电泳体系的优化,能显著提高双向电泳图谱的分辨率,为进一步研究口虾蛄性别差异表达蛋白的筛选,后续的口虾蛄蛋白质组学研究提供技术保障。     

帕金森病和正常人外周血单个核细胞的蛋白质组差异分析

目的:通过研究帕金森病和正常外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)的蛋白质组差异,初步探讨外周免疫系统与帕金森病的病理联系.方法:用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳分离人帕金森病和正常单个核细胞总蛋白质,考马斯亮蓝染色,PDQuest 2-DE软件分析,对部分差异蛋白质点进行基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)测定其胶内酶解后的肽质指纹图谱,用Mascot查询系统查询SWISS-PROT数据库.结果:获得了分辨率和重复性均较好的双向电泳考染图谱,对其中的21个差异蛋白质点分别进行肽质指纹分析,经数据库查询,初步鉴定为一些与蛋白降解、抗氧化应激、信号转导、细胞骨架、细胞周期调控等有关的蛋白质.结论:建立了帕金森病PBMC的双向凝胶电泳图谱,提示帕金森病和正常的PBMC的蛋白质表达具有差异.     

玉米花丝蛋白质组双向电泳条件的优化

以玉米温敏自交不亲和系‘HE97’的花丝为材料,比较了3种不同蛋白质提取方法对双向电泳结果的影响,并对其中的蛋白质上样量、等电聚焦条件及SDS-PAGE凝胶浓度进行了探索与优化。结果表明,与酚提取法和改良的酚提取法相比,采用三氯乙酸/丙酮提取法提取蛋白质操作简便,所得的双向电泳图谱蛋白质点数较多,图谱背景清晰,是一种提取玉米花丝蛋白质的有效方法。优化后的双向电泳技术体系适合于玉米花丝全蛋白质的双向电泳分析。     

慢性高眼压下兔视网膜组织蛋白质组变化的初步研究

应用蛋白质组学技术对兔青光眼慢性高眼压视网膜组织的蛋白进行初步分析。左眼前房注入0.2mL复方卡波姆溶液制作成慢性高眼压模型,右眼为对照眼。28d后分离各组视网膜组织,用双向电泳分离试验组和对照组的蛋白,然后分析电泳图谱,对比、分析其表达蛋白质点的差异,寻找兔视网膜中与慢性高眼压相关的蛋白质。结果表明,慢性高眼压诱导视网膜组织3种蛋白质出现明显差异表达。质谱鉴定出3个蛋白质,分别为热休克蛋白70(heat shock 70 kD protein,HSP70),丙酮酸激酶(Pyruvate kinase)和烯醇酶(enolase)。通过双向电泳,发现兔视网膜蛋白质表达与对照眼相比有质和量的变化,这些变化涉及与神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)糖酵解及应激反应有关的几组蛋白质,提示上述蛋白质组改变可能参与了慢性青光眼神经节细胞凋亡的过程。     

胆管癌胆汁蛋白质样品制备和双向电泳条件的优化

采用合适的裂解液和沉淀方法,提取胆管癌胆汁中的蛋白质,获得分辨率高、重复性好的蛋白质双向电泳图谱.通过不同裂解液和蛋白质沉淀方法提取胆汁蛋白的效果比较,设计了不同的样品制备方法,并且对双向电泳(2-DE)的条件进行优化.结果显示,试验确定了适合胆管癌胆汁的裂解液配方(LSⅣ),丙酮沉淀的蛋白分布完整,沉淀效率相对较高.高伏时、长时间的等电聚焦可以获得高分辨率、重复性好的蛋白质双向电泳图谱.因此,本方法可以应用到胆管癌胆汁蛋白的提取,也可以对其他体液蛋白质样品的制备和双向电泳提供借鉴.     

油菜叶片总蛋白质双向电泳样品制备方法的改进

以甘蓝型油菜"扬油6号"的叶片为试验材料,分别采用传统的TCA/Acetone(三氯乙酸/丙酮沉淀法)和改进的PEG(polyethylene glycol)分步提取法提取叶片可溶性总蛋白,并利用条件一致的蛋白质双向电泳体系进行比较。TCA/Acetone法提取的蛋白质双向电泳图谱背景中由于高丰度"housekeeping"结构蛋白的存在,特别是叶片中参与光合作用的Rubisco蛋白的干扰,图谱中低丰度调控蛋白受到了高度覆盖和遮蔽现象,影响双向电泳图谱的质量。而PEG分步提取法提取的蛋白质样品,可以剔除Rubisco蛋白,使获得的双向电泳图谱清晰,无斑点间的遮蔽现象,为油菜叶片蛋白质组定量和定性分析提供了丰富的信息。     

Recombinant production and biochemical characterization of a hyperthermostable α-glucan/maltodextrin phosphorylase from Pyrococcusfuriosus

Alpha-glucan phosphorylase catalyzes the reversible cleavage of α-1-4-linked glucose polymers into α-D-glucose-1-phosphate. We report the recombinant production of an α-glucan/maltodextrin phosphorylase (PF1535) from a hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus, and the first detailed biochemical characterization of this enzyme from any archaeal source using a mass-spectrometry-based assay. The apparent 98 kDa recombinant enzyme was active over a broad range of temperatures and pH, with optimal activity at 80 °C and pH 6.5–7. This archaeal protein retained its complete activity after 24 h at 80 °C in Tris-HCl buffer. Unlike other previously reported phosphorylases, the Ni-affinity column purified enzyme showed broad substrate specificity in both the synthesis and degradation of maltooligosaccharides. In the synthetic direction of the enzymatic reaction, the lowest oligosaccharide required for the chain elongation was maltose. In the degradative direction, the archaeal enzyme can produce glucose-1-phosphate from maltotriose or longer maltooligosaccharides including both glycogen and starch. The specific activity of the enzyme at 80 °C in the presence of 10 mM maltoheptaose and at 10 mg ml^–1 glycogen concentration was 52 U mg^–1 and 31 U mg^–1, respectively. The apparent Michaelis constant and maximum velocity for inorganic phosphate were 31 ± 2 mM and 0.60 ± 0.02 mM min^–1 µg^–1, respectively. An initial velocity study of the enzymatic reaction indicated a sequential bi-bi catalytic mechanism. Unlike the more widely studied mammalian glycogen phosphorylase, the Pyrococcus enzyme is active in the absence of added AMP.     

Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric characterization of peptides

Structural characterization of peptides in the range of 500–5000 Da, using fast atom bombardment (FAB) and Cs⁺ ion liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), is reviewed. These include syntheitc peptides Kemptamide (mol wt 1516); GIF-C15 (mol wt 1875), an isolated natural product as an acylated pentapeptide; and polypeptides generated from enzymatic digests of proteins. MS data is shown to reveal molecular weight and sequence information as well as determine disulfide bonds between cysteine residues and glycosylation sites in the case of a glycopeptide. The complementarity of MS technique to classical biochemical methods for peptide characterization is highlighted. The reader is briefly acquainted with two newer ionization techniques namely, electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI). Synthetic chemists and biochemists can refer to the in-depth review articles that are cited throughout this article.     

Proton-linked bi- and tri-metallic gold cyanide complexes observed by ESI-MS spectrometry

Electrospray ionization spectra of potential cyanide-containing gold-drug metabolites revealed additional, weak, unanticipated peaks at approximately twice the mass of the gold(I) and gold(III) cyanide complexes. The exact masses correspond to proton-linked bimetallic complexes, [H[Au(CN)(m)](2)](-), (m=2,4). Further investigation revealed a total of 12 examples, including trimetallic complexes, [H(2)[Au(CN)(m)](3)](-); mixed species with two complexes, [H[Au(CN)(2)][Au(CN)(4)]](-); and thiolato species, [H[(RS)Au(CN)(3)](2)](-). trans-[AuX(2)(CN)(2)Cl(2)](-) and trans-[AuX(2)(CN)(2)Br(2)](-) generated (35)Cl/(37)Cl and (79)Br/(81)Br isotopic patterns for the protonated bi- and tri-metallic analogues which were in good agreement with the presence of four or six halide ligands, respectively. Concentration-dependent studies demonstrated that the signals are independent of the solution concentrations of mono-metallic precursors, suggesting formation in the gas phase during or following droplet desolvation.     

Proteinase K Processing of Rabbit Muscle Creatine Kinase

Proteinase K cleaves selectively both cytosolic and mitochondrial isoforms of creatine kinase leading to the appearance of two fragments, a large N-terminal one (K1) and a small C-terminal peptide (K2) which remain associated together. The loss of enzymatic activity correlates with the extent of monomer cleavage. N-terminal sequencing of the K2 fragments from rabbit cytosolic and pig mitochondrial creatine kinase shows that these peptides begin with A₃₂₈ and A₃₂₄, respectively. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry demonstrates that K2 peptide is composed of 53 residues (A₃₂₈–K₃₈₀). However, the C-terminal end of the K1 fragment is not A₃₂₇ as expected, but D₃₂₅. Thus, the amino acids residues T₃₂₆ and A₃₂₇ have been eliminated by the protease.     

基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱在微生物鉴定中的研究进展

与传统的微生物鉴定技术相比，基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF MS)是一种准确、可靠和快速的鉴定和分型的技术。本文通过检索近年来国内外相关研究论文，总结最新的研究进展，发现MALDI-TOF MS在临床病原微生物、食源性微生物以及环境微生物等鉴定中有较大的优势，加快了微生物鉴定的进程，同时探索该技术在新领域的最新进展和面临的挑战，以期为我国基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱技术的发展提供参考。     

Shotgun lipidomics of cardiolipin molecular species in lipid extracts of biological samples

Cardiolipin is a prominent component of the mitochondrial inner membranes contributing to the regulation of multiple discrete mitochondrial functions. Here, we extend shotgun lipidomics to identify and quantitate cardiolipin molecular species directly from lipid extracts of biological samples. Three shotgun lipidomics approaches for analyses of cardiolipin molecular species were developed using either a continuous ion-transmission instrument (i.e., triple-quadrupole type) with either low or high mass resolution settings or a high mass resolution hybrid pulsed instrument [i.e., quadrupole time-of-flight (QqTOF) type]. Three chemical principles were used for the development of these approaches. These include the marked enrichment of linoleate in cardiolipin to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, the specific neutral loss of ketenes from doubly charged cardiolipin molecular ions to yield doubly charged triacyl monolysocardiolipins, and the doubly charged character of two phosphates in each cardiolipin molecular species. Through these techniques, we identified and quantified the specific molecular species profiles of cardiolipin directly from lipid extracts of mouse heart, liver, and skeletal muscle. The accuracy ( approximately 5%) and the low end of the linear dynamic range (10 fmol/microl) for quantitation make these approaches useful for studying alterations in cardiolipin metabolism in multiple disease states using either type of mass spectrometer.     

Imaging mass spectrometry: principle and application

Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is two-dimensional mass spectrometry to visualize the spatial distribution of biomolecules, which does not need either separation or purification of target molecules, and enables us to monitor not only the identification of unknown molecules but also the localization of numerous molecules simultaneously. Among the ionization techniques, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is one of the most generally used for IMS, which allows the analysis of numerous biomolecules ranging over wide molecular weights. Proper selection and preparation of matrix is essential for successful imaging using IMS. Tandem mass spectrometry, which is referred to MSⁿ, enables the structural analysis of a molecule detected by the first step of IMS. Applications of IMS were initially developed for studying proteins or peptides. At present, however, targets of IMS research have expanded to the imaging of small endogenous metabolites such as lipids, exogenous drug pharmacokinetics, exploring new disease markers, and other new scientific fields. We hope that this new technology will open a new era for biophysics.     

莲子心碳苷黄酮与黄酮异构体的色谱质谱研究

采用电喷雾质谱法(ESI-MS),对从莲子心分离得到的碳苷类黄酮化合物进行质谱碎裂规律研究。结果表明,负离子模式下,六碳糖碳苷黄酮主要发生糖环裂解,通过丢失特征性的碎片(90 u、120 u、150 u)与氧苷黄酮区分;单糖取代的六碳醛糖氧苷黄酮直接丢失单糖部分(162 u),六碳醛糖种类无法通过质谱区分,但由于它们在液相上的保留时间不同,可通过液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)联用方法分离鉴定;二糖取代的氧苷黄酮主要碎片离子通过丢失糖部分(146 u、162 u、308 u)所得,二糖的种类及连接方式可通过质谱图上的碎片离子峰及其相对丰度辨别。莲子心中多种碳苷黄酮和氧苷黄酮质谱的不同裂解规律,不仅有助于莲子心黄酮化合物的快速鉴定,而且可以通过与液相色谱联用实现莲子心中同分异构体的快速区分。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B2菌株产生的表面活性素变异体的纯化和鉴定

利用6mol/L HCI沉淀枯草芽孢杆菌B2菌株的去细胞培养液,甲醇抽提获得脂肽类抗生素粗提物,过Sephadex LH-20层析柱获得粗纯化物,经MALDI-TOF-MS检测表明B2菌株仅含有表面活性素一种脂肽类抗生素。利用HPLC SMART SYSTEM,将粗纯化物过μPRC C2／C18层析柱对表面活性素变异体进行分离后获得纯化物。经MALDI-TOF-PSD—MS对纯化物的结构分析表明,B2菌株的表面活性素变异体由13、14和15个碳原子的脂肪酸链以及L-Glu-L-Leu—D—Leu—L-Val-L-Asp-D—Leu-L-Leu七环肽组成。