细胞因子网络调控与免疫性血小板减少性紫癜相关性研究

细胞因子是由免疫细胞和某些非免疫细胞经刺激而合成分泌的一类具有广泛生物学活性的小分子蛋白,它在机体正常和异常的生命活动过程中均具有重要而复杂的生物学作用,它们之间通过合成和分泌的相互调节.受体表达的相互调节、生物学效应的相互影响等组成一个复杂的细胞因子网络.免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(ITP)是一种以血小板减少和皮肤粘膜出血为特征的自身免疫性疾病,研究表明细胞因子水平的异常导致的细胞因子网络失衡在ITP发病中具有重要作用.细胞因子疗法已被用于自身免疫性疾病,随着细胞因子网络与ITP研究的不断深入和基因工程技术、细胞分子生物技术的日趋成熟,细胞因子疗法将成为治疗ITP的有效措施.     

细胞因子融合蛋白的研究进展

细胞因子融合蛋白是近年来国内外研究的热门问题。因为融合蛋白可能具有除相关因子征稿 性以外的复合功能,所以被学术界看作为很有前途的第二代细胞因子。随着基因重组技术和蛋白质工程技术完善和发展,越来越多的有研究与应用价值的新的细胞因子融合蛋白将会被人们发现。     

细胞因子受体及其介导的信号转导

细胞因子受体及其介导的信号转导朱锦芳,郑仲承,刘新垣（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,上海２０００３１）关键词细胞因子,受体,信号转导,Ｒａｓ－ＭＡＰＫ途径,ＪＡＫ－ＳＴＡＴ途径免疫或造血细胞之间的相互通讯依靠一种可溶性的细胞因子介导。细胞因子包括白细...     

Th17细胞在肺部感染免疫中的作用

Th17细胞是近年来发现的一种新的效应T细胞亚群,在自身免疫性疾病和感染中发挥重要的作用,其分泌产生几种致炎细胞因子,包括新发现的细胞因子白细胞介素17。Th17产生的细胞因子与Th1、Th2不同并且与其相互对抗。Th17细胞很可能对防御胞外病原菌的感染及自身免疫性疾病产生影响。综述了Th17细胞产生的细胞因子及其在肺部感染免疫中的作用相关方面的进展。     

人白细胞介素-3的基因工程和临床应用

白细胞介素-3(Interleukin-3,IL-3)是一种作用于造血干细胞的细胞因子,利用基因工程技术,可在大肠杆菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母菌或哺乳动物细胞中表达生产人重组IL-3。目前,IL-3的临床Ⅰ/Ⅱ期试验已经结束,在治疗骨髓衰竭、再障、骨髓移植等造血功能障碍的治疗中收到较好疗效,且副作用很小,是一种很有发展前景的新型生物应答调节剂。     

DNA疫苗的质粒型细胞因子佐剂

细胞因子是机体产生的一系列免疫效应和免疫调节蛋白。在近几年,质粒型细胞因子作为能增强DNA疫苗免疫应答的佐剂已引起了研究者广泛的关注。本文就细胞因子的生物学机制、T细胞分化和利用质粒型细胞因子佐剂优化DNA疫苗等方面的进展进行了讨论。     

第二军医大学长征医院口腔科

创伤愈合是一个复杂的生物学过程,涉及炎症细胞,修复细胞、细胞外基质以及细胞因子之间的相互作用。传统将这一过程分为炎症期、增值期、组织重构三个相互重叠的时期。细胞因子是一类对细胞生长、分化有明显调控作用的小分子生物活性多肽,是细胞与细胞外基质间重要的信号传导物。多种生长因子被释放到伤口部位被认为是创伤愈合所必需的。本文就细胞因子对创伤愈合的促进作用、细胞因子相互之间的协同作用,以及应用前景作以概述。     

细胞因子对创伤愈合的影响

创伤愈合是一个复杂的生物学过程,涉及炎症细胞,修复细胞、细胞外基质以及细胞因子之间的相互作用。传统将这一过程分为炎症期、增值期、组织重构三个相互重叠的时期。细胞因子是一类对细胞生长、分化有明显调控作用的小分子生物活性多肽。是细胞与细胞外基质间重要的信号传导物。多种生长因子被释放到伤口部位被认为是创伤愈合所必需的。本文就细胞因子对创伤愈合的促进作用、细胞因子相互之间的协同作用,以及应用前景作以概述。     

细菌在实体肿瘤治疗中的应用

150多年前就发现某些细菌能够选择性地在实体肿瘤部位生长聚集,而在正常组织器官则否。尽管对产生这一现象的原因尚不明了,但人们已经利用细菌的这一特性,就试图将其作为治疗实体肿瘤的一种非常有前景的方法进行了研究。随着基因工程技术的日益完善,以及新的具有肿瘤靶向性细菌的发现,细菌作为肿瘤靶向性载体用于治疗肿瘤已日益受到青睐。这些细菌被用来传递抗肿瘤生长或杀伤肿瘤的物质,如毒素、前药转化酶、血管生长抑制剂、细胞因子等。     

基因工程技术在免疫学中的应用

基因工程技术已越来越广泛渗透到包括免疫学在内的生命科学的各个领域,无论在应用基础还是在开发研究方面都取得了惊人的进展,大量的基因工程疫苗、基因工程抗体、基因工程细胞因子和基因工程化细胞治疗技术等,已成功地应用于临床。１基因工程疫苗疫苗是免疫防治的重要...     

Cytokines and HIV infection

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in the production of cytokines by cells that comprise the immune system. Such cytokines regulate both immune function and viral replication, and thereby complicate their contribution to the progression to AIDS. Certain cytokines that regulate immune function exert opposing effects, such that some promote mainly cellular immune function, whereas others enhance antibody production. It has been suggested that an imbalance in cytokine production is responsible in part for the immune dysregulation characteristic of progression to AIDS. Different cytokines can also have different effects on HIV expression and replication. Cytokine-based therapy has been suggested for preventing or delaying progression to AIDS. If such therapy is to be successful, it will be necessary to identify the correlate of immune protection, as well as to determine which cytokines enhance or suppress protective immunity, and the effects of these cytokines on viral replication.     

Receptors and mechanisms of neurotropic effects of cytokines and growth factors

Cytokines and trophic factors (TF) are known to be involved not only into the immune processes but in majority cells, organs and physiological systems functional activity regulation as well as in pathological conditions. Cytokines and TF are shown to exert antagonistic effects on the brain, involved into local and systemic reactions modulation in response to CNS inflammation, infections and other types of injuries. Authors observed new data about cytokines and TF (particularly, the very biologically active among them - tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1-beta) physico-chemical properties as the background for their neurotropic affects investigation. The contemporary data about cytokines and TF receptors, their interaction with neurotransmitters, penetration into the brain and their bioactivity regulation are reviewed.     

Somatostatin and somatostatin receptors in the immune system: a review

Communication and reciprocal regulation between the nervous, endocrine and immune systems are essential for the stability of the organism. Among others, cytokines, hormones and neuropeptides have been identified as signalling molecules mediating the communication between the three systems. This review focuses on the role of the neuropeptide somatostatin as an intersystem signalling molecule, with emphasis on the immune system. Somatostatin down-modulates a number of immune functions, among others lymphocyte proliferation, immunoglobulin production and the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFN-g. Systemic or local treatment with somatostatin or somatostatin analogues has been shown to be beneficial in a number of in vivo models of autoimmune disease and chronic inflammation. In many of these models somatostatin appears to antagonise the effects of another neuropeptide, substance P. A somatostatin-substance P immunoregulatory circuit has been proposed to operate within murine Schistosoma mansoni-induced granulomas. In this review we extend the model of the somatostatin-substance P immunoregulatory circuit to include data derived from other biological systems, and those relying on human clinical situations. In addition, we present a hypothesis on the regulation of the default class of immune response within a tissue, based on the local balance of pro-and anti-inflammatory neuropeptides.     

Immunoregulatory biological response modifiers: effect of cytokines on septic shock

Whole bacteria or bacterial components or their extracts were employed to restore or augment the immune system. Beneficial effects were attained with these agents in treating various diseases. These agents were named biological response modifiers (BRMs) because they regulated certain cellular components of the immune system. The cellular regulation induced by these BRMs was found to be due to cytokines. The cytokines were shown to act directly on the various cellular components and to provide therapeutic benefit in various autoimmune and immune deficiency diseases. Overproduction of specific cytokines however leads to a deleterious effect on the host. Overproduction of tumour necrosis factor (endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide) leads to septic shock. Bacteraemia is the leading cause of overproduction of tumour necrosis factor (TNF). Septic shock in many cases leads to death. Several monoclonal antibodies to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and anticytokines have demonstrated protection against septic shock.     

细胞因子作为DNA疫苗佐剂的研究进展

细胞因子是机体细胞(主要指免疫细胞)产生的一类具有广泛生物学活性的异质性肽类调节因子,在体内能激活免疫活性细胞,对免疫应答的产生和调节有重要作用。近年来,大量研究表明细胞因子可作为DNA疫苗佐剂来增强疫苗的免疫效果。简要综述了细胞因子作为DNA疫苗免疫佐剂的研究进展。     

Secretion of immunoregulatory cytokines by mesenchymal stem cells

According to the minimal criteria of the International Society of Cellular Therapy, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of undifferentiated cells defined by their ability to adhere to plastic surfaces when cultured under standard conditions, express a certain panel of phenotypic markers and can differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages when cultured in specific inducing media. In parallel with their major role as undifferentiated cell reserves, MSCs have immunomodulatory functions which are exerted by direct cell-to-cell contacts, secretion of cytokines and/or by a combination of both mechanisms. There are no convincing data about a principal difference in the profile of cytokines secreted by MSCs isolated from different tissue sources, although some papers report some quantitative but not qualitative differences in cytokine secretion. The present review focuses on the basic cytokines secreted by MSCs as described in the literature by which the MSCs exert immunodulatory effects. It should be pointed out that MSCs themselves are objects of cytokine regulation. Hypothetical mechanisms by which the MSCs exert their immunoregulatory effects are also discussed in this review. These mechanisms may either influence the target immune cells directly or indirectly by affecting the activities of predominantly dendritic cells. Chemokines are also discussed as participants in this process by recruiting cells of the immune systems and thus making them targets of immunosuppression. This review aims to present and discuss the published data and the personal experience of the authors regarding cytokines secreted by MSCs and their effects on the cells of the immune system.     

Plant Based Bioreactors of Recombinant Cytokines (Review)

Cytokines are a family of signaling polypeptides involved in intercellular interactions in the process of the immune response, as well as in the regulation of a number of normal physiological functions. Cytokines are used in medicine for the treatment of cancer, immune disorders, viral infections, and other socially significant diseases, but the extent of their use is limited by the high production cost of the active agent. The development of this area of pharmacology is associated with the success of genetic engineering, which allows the production of significant amounts of protein by transgenic organisms. The review discusses the latest advances in the production of various cytokines with the use of genetically modified plants.     

Eicosanoids and their role in immune modulation in fish—a brief overview

Eicosanoids have been demonstrated to play a central role in immune regulation in mammals brought about by their direct effects on cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes or by their indirect effects via cytokines. Studies have shown that fish mononuclear phagocytes, granulocytes and thrombocytes synthesize and release both cyclooxygenase- and lipoxygenase-derived products such as prostaglandin E₂, leukotriene B₄ and lipoxin A₄. Whether lymphocytes have the ability to generate leukotrienes and lipoxins is still unclear but they do appear to have 12-lipoxygenase activity that leads to the generation of 12-hydroxy fatty acid derivatives. As in mammals, leukotriene and lipoxin biosynthesis requires the presence of a 5-lipoxygenase activating protein-like molecule that is sensitive to the action of the specific inhibitor, MK-886. The prostaglandin-generating ability of trout macrophages can be altered by incubation with lipopolysaccharide suggesting the possible presence of an inducible cyclooxygenase activity. Prostaglandins have been found to suppress the mitogen-induced proliferation of trout leucocytes and the generation of humoral antibody and plasma cells both in vivo and in vitro. The lipoxygenase products, leukotriene B₄ and lipoxin A₄ have more variable effects ranging from inhibition to stimulation depending on the assay system employed. Overall, there is clear evidence that eicosanoids play a role in immune regulation in fish in a similar way to that reported in mammals.     

Role of myokines in exercise and metabolism.

During the past 20 yr, it has been well documented that exercise has a profound effect on the immune system. With the discovery that exercise provokes an increase in a number of cytokines, a possible link between skeletal muscle contractile activity and immune changes was established. For most of the last century, researchers sought a link between muscle contraction and humoral changes in the form of an "exercise factor," which could mediate some of the exercise-induced metabolic changes in other organs such as the liver and the adipose tissue. We suggest that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers and exert either paracrine or endocrine effects should be classified as "myokines." Since the discovery of interleukin (IL)-6 release from contracting skeletal muscle, evidence has accumulated that supports an effect of IL-6 on metabolism. We suggested that muscle-derived IL-6 fulfils the criteria of an exercise factor and that such classes of cytokines should be named "myokines." Interestingly, recent research demonstrates that skeletal muscles can produce and express cytokines belonging to distinctly different families. Thus skeletal muscle has the capacity to express several myokines. To date the list includes IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15, and contractile activity plays a role in regulating the expression of these cytokines in skeletal muscle. The present review focuses on muscle-derived cytokines, their regulation by exercise, and their possible roles in metabolism and skeletal muscle function and it discusses which cytokines should be classified as true myokines.