1株来自瘤胃液菌株RB1在降解秸秆中的作用

木质纤维素中木糖残基大量乙酰化,导致半纤维素的降解受阻。半纤维素支链水解断裂,可以解除其空间位阻效应,利于木质纤维素彻底降解。采用产乙酰酯酶活力较高的菌株RB1降解玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆。研究结果表明,菌株RB1对玉米秸秆和水稻秸秆中半纤维素降解率分别高达53.87%和51.67%。同时该菌株对秸秆中木质素降解率分别达到35.50%和35.01%。该菌株与其他降解纤维素能力较强的菌株共同发酵,会对木质纤维素类物质有更高降解率。该菌株在生物转化木质纤维素类物质方面,具有一定的潜在应用价值。     

木质纤维素酶高产菌株的筛选及其对玉米秸秆降解效果的影响

为了提高玉米秸秆中木质素的降解率,从腐烂的树枝和土壤中筛选木质纤维素酶高产菌株,以秸秆为唯一C源富集培养后,采用PDA-愈创木酚法进行初筛,筛选出产木质素酶真菌5株,然后以玉米秸秆为主要C源进行固态发酵和复筛。结果表明:第5号菌株在发酵玉米秸秆5 d后,使木质素的降解率达到最高(34.95%),粗纤维的降解率达到20.00%,显著高于其他4种菌株(P<0.05),其羧甲基纤维素酶比酶活达到116.35 U/g;10 d后,其木质素酶比酶活达到最高(45.64 U/g)。     

降解烤烟秸秆和烟碱菌株的筛选及其产酶特性

摘要:【目的】为获得能够降解烤烟秸秆和烟碱的菌株,并探索其降解烤烟秸秆的利用途径。【方法】以烤烟秸秆为唯一碳氮源,从烟田土壤中进行了菌株的筛选。采用形态学观察、生理生化特性鉴定、16S rRNA基因序列鉴定等方法对该菌株进行了鉴定,并对其以烤烟秸秆为底物进行液态发酵的产酶活性和木质纤维素降解效果进行了测定。【结果】结果表明:该菌株为巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)。在以烤烟秸秆为主要营养物质液态发酵条件下该菌株具有较强的木质素降解能力,最大漆酶活力达到418.52 U/L,而木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶的最大酶活分别为19.71 U/L 和64.71 U/L。此外,发酵20 d后该菌能够完全降解发酵液中的烟碱。【结论】本研究筛选到了1株能够较好降解烤烟秸秆和完全降解烟碱的巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium),且该菌株具有利用烤烟秸秆生产漆酶的应用价值。     

一株纤维素降解菌的分离、鉴定及对 玉米秸秆的降解特性

[目的]获得高产纤维素酶细菌菌株,探讨以氨化预处理玉米秸秆为底物时的纤维素酶产酶特性及底物降解特性,探讨纤维素酶作用机理,提高玉米秸秆利用率.[方法]用LB培养基分离并纯化菌株,羧甲基纤维素钠培养基培养、刚果红染色进行初步筛选.考察氨化预处理对底物降解率、产酶能力的影响.通过形态特征观察及16S rRNA、Biolog鉴定菌株.[结果]分离到一株高效纤维素降解菌NH11,经鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis). 30℃、发酵5d时,预处理前后玉米秸秆降解率分别为14.24％和24.73％.30℃、pH 7.2时,处理组CMC酶活力峰值处为153.84 U/mL,FPA酶活力为197.24 U/mL,比未处理组分别高出11.45％和10.59％.[结论]NH11具有较高的纤维素酶产酶能力,氨化预处理能够提高菌株对玉米秸秆的降解率.该菌株在秸秆堆肥、制作食用菌培养基和制取反刍动物粗饲料方面具有很高的应用价值.     

高产纤维素酶芽孢杆菌的筛选、鉴定与发酵条件优化

纤维素是生产生物质能源最广泛、最廉价的原材料,筛选高活性纤维素酶菌株是纤维素能源开发利用的关键。采用刚果红-CMC平板筛选高产纤维素酶菌株;结合菌株形态、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析对菌株进行鉴定;采用正交实验筛选菌株AF1的最佳产酶发酵条件。筛选获得5株高活力的纤维素酶产生芽孢杆菌,鉴定为2株枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、3株解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。5株菌的水解圈直径与菌落直径比值均大于4.5,其中解淀粉芽孢杆菌AF1最大达到8.04,优化AF1菌株最佳固体发酵培养基为：玉米秸秆粉20 g, NaCl 0.4 g, CaCl₂ 0.2 g,麸皮32 g,吐温80 0.2 g,蛋白胨0.7 g,(NH₄)₂SO₄ 0.8 g,KH₂PO₄ 0.5 g, MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.04 g,糖蜜0.4 g,吐温20 0.4 g,水115...     

牛粪堆肥中纤维素高效降解菌的筛选与产酶条件优化

【背景】纤维素是一种有待开发利用的生物质资源,对于能源危机、环境污染问题的解决具有重要作用。【目的】从牛粪堆肥中分离出产纤维素酶的细菌,研究该菌株的纤维素降解能力。【方法】采用纤维素固体平板刚果红染色法进行初筛、液体发酵纤维素酶活测定法进行复筛。【结果】筛选获得一株具有高产纤维素酶活性的解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillusamyloliquefaciens),命名为N5。单因素分析试验结果显示,菌株N5具有较好的pH、温度和盐度耐受性,正交优化试验结果表明,菌株N5产纤维素酶的最佳条件为：发酵初始pH 5.0,发酵时间96 h,发酵温度40℃。在此条件下,羧甲基纤维素(carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC)酶活为189.27 U/mL。此外,菌株N5能够在7 d内使水稻秸秆减重率达到19.35%。扫描电镜结果表明菌株N5能够有效促进水稻秸秆降解。【结论】菌株N5具有较高的纤维素酶活力,具有开发成高效好氧堆肥菌剂的潜质,这为固体废弃物中纤维素的生物转化提供了优质菌种资源。     

枯草芽胞杆菌降解木质纤维素能力及产酶研究

从农林废物堆肥中分离得到1株细菌经鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌,将该细菌用于木质素类化合物利用.固态培养条件下考察其对木质纤维素的降解能力及产酶特性,另外对发酵前后的稻草结构进行了红外光谱分析.结果表明,枯草芽胞杆菌具有木质素降解能力,兼具低分子量木质素酚型、非酚型类物质的降解能力.其对木质素降解是木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶、漆酶、纤维素酶和半纤维素酶共同作用的结果.在实验条件下,培养30 d使木质素降解率达9.47%,同时对纤维素、半纤维素也有较高程度的降解;降解率分别为38.8%、41.84%.红外光谱分析结果表明,稻草木质素结构被破坏,枯草芽胞杆菌对木质素各官能团的降解作用有所不同.     

从海水环境分离筛选甘蔗渣纤维素降解菌

【目的】筛选海水环境高效甘蔗渣纤维素降解菌,并研究不同菌株间的混合发酵对甘蔗渣纤维素酶活力的影响,为纤维素降解菌在海水养殖中的应用提供理论基础。【方法】采用刚果红染色法进行菌株初筛,利用DNS法测定各菌株胞外纤维素酶活力及不同菌株间的混合酶液与混合发酵酶液的纤维素酶活力。【结果】筛选得到两株具有较强纤维素分解能力的细菌菌株Z4和S5,经16S rRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)。菌株S5具有最高的全酶活和甘蔗渣纤维素酶活,分别为1.16 U/mL和2.80 U/mL。菌株Z4与S5间混合发酵能明显提高菌株的纤维素酶活力,比S5单独发酵时全酶活、甘蔗渣纤维素酶活分别提高40.60%、14.21%。同时菌株S5与芽孢杆菌BZ5混合发酵也能提高其纤维素酶活力,比S5单独发酵时全酶活、甘蔗渣纤维素酶活分别提高6.23%、25.92%。【结论】筛选得到两株酶系较全且酶活较高的纤维素降解菌Z4、S5,适宜的混合发酵可明显提高纤维素降解能力,在海水养殖中有较大的应用前景。     

一株玉米秸秆纤维素分解菌株的分离鉴定及酶学性质

【目的】筛选分离可以分解玉米秸秆纤维素的菌株。【方法】采用平板稀释法从土样中分离纯化得到能够分解玉米秸秆纤维素的菌株,对分离得到的菌株进行生理生化及分子鉴定,同时以菌株Penicillium spp.(CICC40361)作为对照,比较菌株纤维素酶和木质素酶的活性,研究不同因素对菌株纤维素酶活力的影响,确定菌株纤维素酶动力学常数Km值。【结果】分离得到的菌株命名为PL2#,经生理生化及分子鉴定后,确定菌株PL2#为羊毛状青霉(Penicillium lanosum)。菌株PL2#的纤维素酶和木质素酶活力高于对照菌株Penicillium spp.;菌株PL2#的最优酶活测定条件为:1%CMC底物浓度,pH 4.8,50°C,酶反应时间60 min以及2 m L DNS添加量。【结论】羊毛状青霉(Penicillium lanosum)菌株PL2#比对照菌株Penicillium spp.具有更好地降解玉米秸秆纤维素的性能。     

利用果渣产黄腐酸菌剂的筛选

以果渣发酵生产黄腐酸可实现农业有机固定废弃物的资源化利用。从腐植酸样品中分离获得4株耐高温菌,以果渣为基质发酵生产黄腐酸,通过测定黄腐酸产量和木质纤维素降解率,从中筛选出2株能够较好降解木质纤维素的黄腐酸生产菌株BFA02和BFA03,其黄腐酸产量分别为43.67、59.35 g/kg。经16S rDNA分类鉴定,初步确认BFA02为解淀粉芽孢杆菌,BFA03为地衣芽孢杆菌。选择季也蒙酵母、长枝木霉分别与BFA02、BFA03复配发酵生产黄腐酸。结果表明,复合菌剂发酵生产黄腐酸产量高于单菌发酵。其中,由BFA02、BFA03和长枝木霉组成的复合菌剂3实验组黄腐酸产量最高,达到103.19 g/kg,较BFA02、BFA03单菌发酵分别提高了136%和74%,其纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的降解率分别为46.25%、39.49%、37.5%,均高于单菌发酵。黄腐酸生产菌株与长枝木霉复配,能够有效促进木质纤维素降解率,提高黄腐酸产量,在果渣废弃物资源化利用领域有着极大的潜力。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.