长白山高山苔原带蛾类物种组成及其时间动态

长白山高山苔原带环境条件恶劣，通过对高山苔原带蛾类研究，揭示蛾类物种组成以及时间变化，可为研究蛾类对苔原极端生境的适应能力，以及蛾类在维持苔原带生态平衡中的作用提供依据。2005-2007年和2019年，每年的6、7、8月，在长白山高山苔原带利用灯诱采集蛾类标本，分析蛾类的物种组成以及时间动态。共采集蛾类1585头，隶属于13科126种，夜蛾科（Noctuidae）为优势类群，绿组夜蛾（Anaplectoides prasina）和一色兜夜蛾（Cosmia unicolor）为优势种，稀有种较多。蛾类的种-多度分布接近生态位优先假说。7月份蛾类的物种数、个体数最多，丰富度指数、多样性指数都最高，但均匀度指数却最低。不同种类对时间的反应表现出一定的差异，黄绿组夜蛾（Anaplectoides virens）对8月，厉切夜蛾（Euxoa lidia）对6月的适应力相对较强。各物种的顺序日期存在一定的差异性，只有10种蛾类在3个月份都被采集到。研究表明，长白山高山苔原带蛾类的多样性较低，成虫活跃期较短；不同类群的蛾类在苔原环境中显示出差异化的适应性，夜蛾科的适应能力超过其它类群，尺蛾科（Geometridae）的适应性相对较低，蛾类对时间的变化反应比较敏感。     

基于结构方程模型分析林分空间结构对草本物种多样性的影响

林分空间结构的改变直接影响林下草本物种的多样性。以针叶纯林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采用结构方程模型研究了林分空间结构对林下草本物种多样性的影响,并探讨了林分水平空间结构,垂直空间结构以及林木竞争态势对林下草本物种多样性的影响的相对重要性。结果表明,林分水平空间结构对林下草本的物种多样性指数和物种均匀性指数均存在极显著的影响（P < 0.001）,影响系数高达0.96和0.89,对林下草本物种丰富度存在显著影响（P < 0.01）,影响系数为0.22;林分垂直空间结对林下草本丰富度和物种均匀性指数均存在极显著的影响（P < 0.001）,影响系数分别为0.86和0.43,对林下草本物种多样性指数存在显著影响（P < 0.01）,影响系数为0.16;林木竞争指数与林下草本丰富度和物种多样性指数也均存在极显著的影响（P < 0.001）,但影响系数较小,分别为-0.47和-0.30,而对林下草本物种均匀性指数未达到显著影响作用（P > 0.05）,影响系数仅为-0.04。整体上看,林分水平空间结构、垂直空间结构和林木竞争态势均对林下草本物种多样性有较强的影响作用,但从影响系数看,林分水平空间结构的影响作用最大,垂直空间结构次之,林木竞争态势的影响作用最小。因此,欲维持或改善林下草本物种多样性,应采取调整林分水平空间结构为主,垂直空间结构调整为辅,并适当降低林木竞争程度的综合经营措施。     

甘肃河西走廊不同生境中鼠类群落结构初步研究

本文对河西走廊不同生境中鼠类群落的物种组成和多样性进行了初步研究,在6种生境中进行了定量调查和采集,共获13种标本,隶于6（亚）科9属,其中古北界种类占优势。多样性分析结果表明：6种生境的物种丰富度指数R_Margalef在0.6139～1.9689之间,Shannon-Wiener指数（H′）为1.0695～1.5607,Pielou指数（J′）和Simpson指数（D）分别为0.7242～0.9735和0.2768～0.4683,不同生境的丰富种数量（N₁）变化趋势与H′相似,而非常丰富种数量（N₂）的变化趋势为：半荒漠灌丛生境>山地草原生境>戈壁荒漠生境>农田生境>森林生境>山地半荒漠灌丛生境。降水对不同生境类型中鼠类群落物种组成和多样性起直接的限制作用,同时海拔和人类干扰也是影响的因素。     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区实蝇多样性研究

2011年对南岭国家级自然保护区实蝇科昆虫进行了诱集采集,得到实蝇科昆虫标本1640号,隶属于2亚科11属19种。不同海拔高度实蝇科昆虫群落组成不同,在6个采样地中海拔最高点实蝇科昆虫种类和数量发生都较少。不同时间实蝇科群落组成及数量也呈现一定的差异。调查发现,7、8月份诱集的数量最多,分别为525头和537头。不同采样地和不同时间实蝇科昆虫的总体优势度指数（D）、多样性指数（H′）、物种丰富度指数（E）、均匀度指数（J）随时间的变化趋势基本一致。     

北京市珍珠泉乡不同昆虫采集方法采集效果对比分析

为了探究科研调查中不同昆虫采集方法的采集效率差异,在北京珍珠泉乡不同的生境类型中,采用样线法、马氏网法、灯诱法、陷阱法(糖醋液)4种采集方法进行昆虫采集,按生境类型对不同采集方法采集的昆虫进行统计分析.在实验中共采集昆虫3996头,隶属12目87科,其中在昆虫种类数量上,鳞翅目最多,其次是半翅目和鞘翅目;在数量上,半翅目昆虫数量最多,依次是双翅目和鳞翅目.样线法共采集到昆虫61科72种、灯诱法共采集到45科95种、马氏网法共采集到39科41种、陷阱法共采集到14科25种.在调查中,不同方法在不同生境采集昆虫种类数多存在显著差异(P<0.05).不同的采集方式间除马氏网和样线法采集昆虫的种类相似度为中等不相似(q=0.436),其他方法间均为极不相似.采用不同的采集方式可以采集到更多的昆虫种类.马氏网法是最优选的采集方式,马氏网采集昆虫最方便,节省人力;样线法采集的效果最稳定;灯诱法的采集效果好,但是应用较为复杂;糖醋液陷阱法采集昆虫效率对比其他三种方法,既不能采集到大量昆虫也没有采集到特定种昆虫,如无特别需求可以考虑减少或者放弃使用.     

林分因子对云顶山不同人工林林下植物多样性的影响

该研究采用典型抽样法,以成都云顶山5种人工林——柏木 枫杨林(BF)、银杏 楠木林(YN)、光皮梾木 香樟林(GZ)、枫杨 桤木林(FQ)、柏木林(CB)为研究对象,分析不同人工林的林下植物组成与多样性特征,并确定影响林下植物多样性的主导林分因子,为当地人工林经营管理提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)研究区共记录林下植物168种,隶属于62科130属;5种人工林灌木层与草本层的科属种数均以GZ最多。(2)5种不同人工林灌木层与草本层的优势种数分别为7、4、7、6、4种和5、4、9、9、10种,数量都较少。(3)5种人工林的Shannon Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H′)、物种丰富度指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J_sw) 均基本表现为草本层>灌木层,BF、GZ灌木层的D略高;灌木层的H、H′、D值均以GZ最大,但不同人工林的J_sw差异不显著;草本层的H、H′、D、J_sw均基本呈现CB>FQ>GZ>BF>YN趋势,GZ的D值略高于FQ。(4)6个林分因子对灌木层4个物种多样性指数的影响均无显著差异;林分平均树高、平均枝下高、平均胸径、平均冠幅和林分密度是影响草本层H、D的主要因子,但各林分因子对草本层H′、J_sw的影响差异不显著。研究认为,林分结构对林下草本层物种多样性的影响更大,平均树高、平均枝下高、平均胸径、平均冠幅、林分密度对草本层多样性有显著影响。     

山东省探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器诱集昆虫群落结构

[目的]山东省是昆虫南北迁飞的关键路径,了解山东省的迁飞性昆虫群落结构,对明确迁飞性昆虫种类,并对其进行预测预报具有重要意义.[方法]在山东省14个地区建立监测点,每个监测点于2018年9月-10月利用探照灯诱虫器和地面灯诱虫器诱集昆虫.[结果]14个监测点共诱捕到昆虫有12目54科408种,其中探照灯诱虫器诱集到11目45科388种,地面灯诱虫器诱集到12目46科365种,探照灯诱虫器诱集的主要昆虫类群为鳞翅目(79.12％)、鞘翅目(9.42％)、直翅目(8.14％)和脉翅目(2.26％).地面灯诱虫器诱集的主要昆虫类群为鳞翅目(68.84％)、鞘翅目(23.46％)、膜翅目(3.69％)、直翅目(1.50％)、半翅目(1.14％).探照灯诱虫器诱集昆虫数量显著多于地面灯诱虫器.[结论]阐明了山东省昆虫群落结构和多样性,并证实了许多重大昆虫在山东省存在迁飞性.     

北京及周边地区刺蛾科昆虫系统发育多样性研究

【目的】鳞翅目刺蛾科(Lepidoptera:Limacodidae)昆虫是重要经济、行道林木的主要害虫,本试验旨在研究北京及周边地区刺蛾科昆虫的系统发育多样性,阐明其群落结构组成与环境因子之间的关系,为北京及周边地区林木害虫防治和生态系统环境保护提供科学依据。【方法】采用灯诱法于2010-2013年间进行样品采集,基于DNA条形码技术及形态特征对9个刺蛾科昆虫群落进行物种识别和鉴定,利用R软件包进行物种丰富度指数、多样性指数和系统发育多样性指数计算及相关性分析。【结果】9个群落间物种多样性和系统发育多样性之间存在差异,北部燕山地区具有较高的物种丰富度和系统发育多样性,可能与植物类型不同有关;通过多种方法分别计算系统发育多样性,结果表明系统发育多样性指数对于系统发育树构建方法和物种内遗传差异不敏感;系统发育多样性与环境因子相关性研究结果表明,该地区刺蛾科群落系统发育多样性与温度季节变化存在显著正相关性。【结论】北京及周边地区刺蛾科昆虫群落结构具有地理差异,温度季节变化可能会造成环境异质性的增加,从而增加了群落系统发育多样性的复杂度。     

漯河地区农田灯下蛾类群落结构和优势蛾生态位分析

为明确农田生境灯下蛾类群落结构和优势蛾的生态位特点,2017-2021年在漯河市郊区农田利用虫情测报灯对蛾类进行了逐日监测分析。结果表明,5年共诱集蛾类昆虫11科121种150 861头,统计得到个体数量（N)、物种丰富度(S)、群落多样性指数(H)、相似性系数(Cs)、生态位宽度（Bi）和生态位重叠(Cij)等相关群落数据参数。3-11月农田灯下蛾类个体数量、物种丰富度和群落多样性指数,均随时间呈先增加后减小的趋势;不同月份间的群落相似性指数差异较大。年度优势蛾为东方黏虫M. separata、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua 3种。月度优势蛾共9种,其中亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis和棉铃虫的生态位宽度最大0.4434和0.4002,东方黏虫最小（0.1811）;棉铃虫和甜菜叶螟Hymenia recurvalis与其余8种优势蛾的生态位重叠指数均较大,而东方黏虫和其余优势蛾的生态位重叠指数均较小。研究结果为开展蛾类监测预警和有效防治提供参考数据。     

青海东部人工生态公益林近自然经营的林分结构调整

依据研究区5种典型人工林近自然状况,以人工生态公益林的近自然经营管理为目标,提出林分结构调整策略与方法。主要从林分结构、物种组成、年龄及枯死木几个方面考虑选取了垂直结构、水平结构、草本盖度及其多样性、天然更新、物种多样性、组成系数、直径分布、枯木比例、健康木比例10个指标,应用基于单位圆的π值法则,采取定性与定量相结合的方法,对5种林分的近自然状态做出评价并依据评价结果提出相应改造措施。青海云杉-白桦混交林（ω_PB=0.4786）属于远近自然林分,此类林分在密度合理的情况下无需过多人为抚育;青杨-白桦混交林（ω_BP=0.2664）属于近人工林,此类林分以伐除病虫害严重的青杨、调整密度和补植青海云杉为主;青海云杉-青杨混交林（ω_PP=0.2283）属于近人工林,此类林分以伐除病虫害严重的青杨、调整密度和补植白桦为主;青海云杉-落叶松混交林（ω_PL=0.1872）属于人工林,此类林分以调整密度和补植白桦为主;青海云杉纯林（ω_P=0.0190）属于人工林,此类林分以调整密度和营造杉桦混交林为主。通过近自然度评价与分析,为当地近自然经营提供了直观可靠的依据。在进行林分结构调整时,首先通过伐除干扰木来调整林分密度,其次要营造针阔混交林分,其中以青海云杉和白桦混交林为主要目标林分。     

Forest Modification Affects Diversity (But Not Dynamics) of Speciose Tropical Pyraloid Moth Communities

We studied temporal and spatial dynamics of extremely diverse moth ensembles (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea) along a gradient of forest disturbance ranging from undisturbed primary tropical rain forest to different kinds of modified forest and open cultivated land at the margin of Mount Kinabalu National Park (Sabah, East Malaysia). We sampled moths by light trapping during two periods (March‐May and August‐September 1997). We collected a total of 7724 individuals representing 680 species during 78 light‐trapping nights at six study sites. Species diversity (Fisher's α) of ensembles in undisturbed primary forest was distinctly higher than in disturbed or secondary forest. More pyraloid moths were attracted in undisturbed primary forest. Samples from disturbed primary or old‐growth secondary forest were statistically indistinguishable from the undisturbed primary forest ensemble in regard to species composition. Thus, pyraloid ensembles from disturbed forest with tall trees remaining appeared to represent impoverished subsets of the undisturbed primary forest community. The more heavily disturbed sites had a distinct fauna and showed a stronger faunal differentiation among each other. Four species of the genus Eoophyla, in which aquatic larvae feed on algae in fast‐running streams benefited prominently from forest disturbance. Temporal variation of ensembles was remarkably concordant across the disturbance gradient. Relative abundance variation of the commonest species was identical at all sites. Overall, pyraloid moths responded more sensitively to anthropogenic habitat alteration than most other moth taxa studied thus far in tropical regions and allowed for an analysis of diversity patterns at a high temporal resolution.     

Determinants of diversity in afrotropical herbivorous insects (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): plant diversity,vegetation structure or abiotic factors?

Aim This study was conducted to investigate the potential of predicting alpha diversity and turnover rates of a highly diverse herbivorous insect family (Geometridae) based on vascular plant species richness and vegetation structure. Location The study was carried out on the south‐western slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro within a wide range of habitats between 1200 and 3150 m elevation. Methods The floristic and structural composition of the vegetation was recorded at 48 plots of 400 m². Geometrid moths were sampled manually at light sources located at the plot centres. Principal components analysis, redundancy analysis and multiple linear regression were used to explore how alpha diversity and species turnover of geometrid moths are related to vegetation structure and plant species richness. Results Alpha diversity of geometrid moths was significantly correlated with species diversity patterns in the most common vascular plant families (R² = 0.49) and with plant structural parameters (R² = 0.22), but not with overall floristic diversity. Species turnover of geometrid moths was strongly linked to diversity changes in a range of plant families (40% explained variance), less strongly to changes in vegetation physiognomy (25%), and only weakly to overall floristic diversity (5%). Changes in elevation were a better predictor of both alpha diversity and species turnover of geometrid moths than any principal component extracted from the vegetation data. Main conclusions Vegetation composition, diversity and structure all showed significant correlations with the diversity and species composition of geometrid moth assemblages. Nevertheless, in most cases relationships were indirect, via environmental parameters such as temperature and humidity, which influenced both vegetation and moth fauna. Possible direct links between geometrid diversity and potential food plants were much weaker. The lack of a significant correlation between overall plant species richness and geometrid diversity indicates that tropical geometrid moths may not be very selective in their food plant choice. Accordingly, a clear correlation between floral diversity and herbivore species richness must be regarded as overly simplistic, and the diversity of vascular plants cannot universally be used as a suitable biodiversity indicator for diverse insect taxa at higher trophic levels.     

Temporal variation in different life stages of moths (Lepidoptera) from a southwestern temperate forest of Korea: A preliminary study

Two study sites in a temperate forest in Mt. Seungdal-san, Muan, Jeonnam in southwestern Korea were selected for the collection of caterpillars and adult moths (Lepidoptera). Here, we determined (1) the characteristics of moth fauna based on lepidopteran larvae and adults, and (2) the differences in temporal variation between these two developmental stages. In addition, we investigated the life history of moth species collected at the surveyed sites. Of the 206 caterpillars collected, 17 moth species from 9 families were successfully reared. A total of 342 adult moth species and 2108 individuals from 15 families were collected. Twenty-two plants were identified as host plants of 188 caterpillars. Two tree species, Prunus serrulata var. spontanea and Quercus serrata, were widely distributed in the study sites. Leaf water content (%) of Quercus serrata and Carpinus laxiflorawas the highest in June, whereas the leaf water content of Platycarya strobilacea was the highest in August. We postulated that many of the variables in the temperate forest, such as host plant availability, parasitoids, disease, and weather, affected the lepidopteran caterpillar populations. There were differences in species composition among the sampling methods which suggest the need for diverse methods to uncover total biodiversity. However, it should be noted that a long term and well-planned study with efficient rearing of caterpillars is needed to better understand these correlations.     

Food web structure of the fungivorous insect community on bracket fungi in a Bornean tropical rain forest

1. If fungivorous insect diversity is maintained by host specialisation on particular fungi, it should be higher in the tropics than in temperate or boreal regions owing to high macrofungus species diversity. 2. To reveal the community and food web structure of fungivorous insects on bracket fungi, fungivorous insects were collected from 427 fruiting bodies belonging to 22 genera throughout the development and deterioration process in a 3‐ha plot of lowland dipterocarp tropical rain forest on Borneo Island. 3. Eight hundred and twenty‐nine individuals of 82 coleopteran species in 13 families from 111 fruiting bodies of 15 fungal genera were collected. Tenebrionidae and Staphylinidae were most common. Fifty‐three and 19 insect species were observed on Ganoderma and Phellinus, respectively. The numbers of insect species and individuals on a particular fungal genus were positively correlated with the abundance of that fungal genus. 4. Quantitative food web analysis revealed a high degree of specialisation at the whole‐community level. At least 65% of insect individuals were observed on Ganoderma at every stage of development and deterioration. Diverse insects coexist on one dominant fungal genus, Ganoderma, in contrast to our hypothesis. 5. The high abundance of Ganoderma fruiting bodies, which lack obvious defences against insect feeding, probably influences the bracket fungus–insect food web in this tropical rainforest.     

DNA barcoding confirms polyphagy in a generalist moth,Homona mermerodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Recent DNA barcoding of generalist insect herbivores has revealed complexes of cryptic species within named species. We evaluated the species concept for a common generalist moth occurring in New Guinea and Australia, Homona mermerodes, in light of host plant records and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I haplotype diversity. Genetic divergence among H. mermerodes moths feeding on different host tree species was much lower than among several Homona species. Genetic divergence between haplotypes from New Guinea and Australia was also less than interspecific divergence. Whereas molecular species identification methods may reveal cryptic species in some generalist herbivores, these same methods may confirm polyphagy when identical haplotypes are reared from multiple host plant families. A lectotype for the species is designated, and a summarized bibliography and illustrations including male genitalia are provided for the first time.     

Temporal Dynamics of Rich Moth Ensembles in the Montane Forest Zone in Southern Ecuador1

We studied temporal dynamics of diverse moth ensembles (Arctiidae and Geometridae) in early and late succession stages of forest recovery in the montane zone of southern Ecuador. Moths were sampled using weak light sources (2 × 15 W tubes per trap) during three sampling periods (March–April 2002, wet season; October–November 2002, and August–October 2003, both “dry” seasons). Arctiid moth abundance hardly varied between sampling periods. Estimates of local diversity were lower in 2002 (wet and dry season) than in the dry season 2003, and ensemble composition was more strongly affected by sampling period rather than habitat differences. Geometridae ensembles revealed stronger temporal patterns. Geometrid abundance increased about twofold from the wet to the dry season, and temporal effects on species composition were far more pronounced that in arctiids. These differences might hint to variation in the dependence of geometrid versus arctiid larvae on ephemeral plant resources. Despite these significant temporal dynamics, in both families only a few of the more common species analyzed individually showed strong temporal changes in abundance. Almost all common species occurred as adults during all sampling periods. Therefore, even though temporal dynamics of moth ensembles are not negligible, both moth families are suitable “indicators” of community diversity and change along the succession gradient. Samples must be large enough, however, and preferably should be collated over various times of the year and in parallel, to allow for valid statements about moth diversity and species compositions in relation to habitat differences. These recommendations undermine the validity of the concept of “rapid biodiversity inventories” for speciose tropical insect communities.     

不同林分类型对昆虫群落多样性的影响

为研究近自然森林经营下的华北落叶松人工林不同林分类型对昆虫群落多样性的影响,以塞罕坝自然保护区内的华北落叶松纯林和混交林作为研究对象,对6种不同林分类型中的昆虫群落结构进行了研究。共获得昆虫标本9542头,隶属于7目,68科,187种,以双翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目为优势类群。研究结果表明:6种林分类型中的昆虫在物种和个体数上存在差异,相似性分析显示群落结构均不相似;群落多样性指数分析表明华北落叶松纯林和其它类型的混交林均具有较高的丰富度指数和多样性指数;主成分分析表明各林分类型中捕食性类群和寄生性类群是影响昆虫群落结构的主要因素,且捕食性类群和寄生性类群对植食性类群的控制作用较强;稳定性分析显示6种林分类型昆虫群落结构均具有较高的稳定性。     

Contrasting patterns of vertical stratification in two moth families in a Costa Rican lowland rain forest

The vertical stratification of two species-rich moth families (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae, Geometridae) was analysed in a lowland rain forest in Costa Rica. Moths were trapped with automatic 8 W ultraviolet light traps at three sites in the understorey and canopy of a primary forest at the La Selva Biological Station (10.4° N, 84.0° W). A total of 846 arctiid moths (148 species) and 946 geometrid moths (140 species) were analysed. Species richness and diversity of arctiid moths was significantly lower in the understorey than in the canopy (Fisher's alpha: 24 vs. 49) whereas geometrid moths showed an inverse pattern (Fisher's alpha: 44 vs. 27). This resulted in an overall increase in the proportion of conspicuously coloured species towards the canopy. Moth ensembles were clearly separated in multidimensional scaling ordinations, and differed significantly in their faunal composition and dominance between the strata. The available host plant data suggest that the flight height of moths was determined by larval resource availability. Examples include understorey flyers such as the geometrid genus Eois feeding on Piper, and canopy flyers such as the arctiid moth genera Aclytia, Macrocneme and Poliopastea which feed on lianas.     

Diversity and composition of Arctiidae moth ensembles along a successional gradient in the Ecuadorian Andes

Andean montane rain forests are among the most species‐rich terrestrial habitats. Little is known about their insect communities and how these respond to anthropogenic habitat alteration. We investigated exceptionally speciose ensembles of nocturnal tiger moths (Arctiidae) at 15 anthropogenically disturbed sites, which together depict a gradient of forest recovery and six closed‐forest understorey sites in southern Ecuador. At weak light traps we sampled 9211 arctiids, representing 287 species. Arctiid abundance and diversity were highest at advanced succession sites, where secondary scrub or young forest had re‐established, followed by early succession sites, and were lowest, but still high, in mature forest understorey. The proportion of rare species showed the reverse pattern. We ordinated moth samples by non‐metric multidimensional scaling using the chord‐normalized expected species shared index (CNESS) index at various levels of the sample size parameter m. A distinct segregation of arctiid ensembles at succession sites from those in mature forest consistently emerged only at high m‐values. Segregation between ensembles of early vs. late succession stages was also clear at high m values only, and was rather weak. Rare species were responsible for much of the faunal difference along the succession gradient, whereas many common arctiid species occurred in all sites. Matrix correlation tests as well as exploration of relationships between ordination axes and environmental variables revealed the degree of habitat openness, and to a lesser extent, elevation, as best predictors of faunal dissimilarity. Faunal differences were not related to geographical distances between sampling sites. Our results suggest that many of the more common tiger moths of Neotropical montane forests have a substantial recolonization potential at the small spatial scale of our study and accordingly occur also in landscape mosaics surrounding nature reserves. These species contribute to the unexpectedly high diversity of arctiid ensembles at disturbed sites, whereas the proportion of rare species declines outside mature forest.