宁夏罗山自然保护区3种典型林分凋落物和土壤层水源涵养能力综合评估

森林凋落物层和土壤层是森林生态水文效应中的主要贡献层，对森林生态系统水土保持功能和水源涵养能力有重要影响。对比宁夏罗山自然保护区3种典型林分类型凋落物和土壤层水文效应的变化规律和水源涵养能力大小，为该地区的森林生态水文、水土保持和森林管理提供科学依据。以该自然保护区青海云杉纯林、油松纯林和青海云杉油松混交林为研究对象，运用称量、室内浸泡、环刀法和回归分析法对凋落物和土壤层的水文效应进行测定和拟合，并使用熵权法对二者的水源涵养能力进行评估。结果表明：（1）青海云杉油松混交林凋落物的总厚度和总储量显著高于青海云杉纯林和油松纯林（P<0.05），3种林分类型的半分解层的厚度和储量高于未分解层。（2）凋落物层最大持水量范围为63.29-95.08t/hm²，最大持水率范围为335.97%-353.85%，有效拦蓄量范围为34.09-63.92t/hm²，三者均为青海云杉油松混交林>云杉纯林>油松纯林。（3）3种林分类型的凋落物持水量（Q）与浸泡时间（t）呈对数函数关系，吸水速率（V）与浸泡时间（t）呈幂函数关系。（4）从3种林分类型的土壤物理性质和持水特性得出，3种林分类型的土壤层水文效应的等级排序为云杉油松混交林>油松纯林>青海云杉纯林。（5）凋落物层和土壤层的水源涵养能力大小为青海云杉油松混交林（0.43）>油松林（0.3）>青海云杉林（0.27）。综合来看，青海云杉油松混交林的凋落物层和土壤层的水源涵养能力最优，其次是纯林，说明混交林在水土保持和水源涵养方面比纯林更具优势。     

高寒区青海云杉人工林密度与林下植物多样性的关系

为了研究青海云杉人工林密度对林下植物多样性的影响及二者的关系,探明维持植物多样性、人工林生态系统稳定性及其健康状况的合理林分密度,以青海大通宝库林区6种不同密度（3 400株/hm²、2 900株/hm²、2 600株/hm²、2 300株/hm²、2 150株/hm²、1 750株/hm²）25年生青海云杉人工林林下植物的重要值、丰富度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数为指标,对林下植被多样性随林分密度的变化规律进行分析。结果表明:(1) 青海云杉人工林下共有维管束植物60种,非维管束植物1种,隶属于29科45属。（2）灌木层植被优势种受密度影响较大,草本层植被优势种受密度影响较小。（3）青海云杉密度分别与灌木层和草本层的S指数、H′指数、Ea指数均呈显著相关关系,且相关系数分别为0.688、0.937、0.762和 0.679、0.870、0.505。（4）随着青海云杉密度的增加,林下植被多样性呈先减少后增大再减少的变化规律,且密度为2 600株/hm²时,林下植物多样性综合得分最高。研究认为,青海云杉林下植被多样性对其密度响应具有非同步性;密度为2 600株/hm²时比较适合林下植被生长,并保持林下植物多样性水平。     

干旱半干旱区不同林型人工林水源涵养能力比较研究

通过引入模糊物元模型优化水源涵养能力估算方法,从而为研究区林分结构调整、水源涵养能力提升提供科学依据。运用欧式贴近度,以青海省大通县塔尔沟小流域6种不同林型人工林云杉×白桦混交林（YB）、云杉×青杨混交林（YQ）、云杉×落叶松混交林（YL）、云杉纯林（Y）、落叶松纯林（L）、青杨纯林（Q）作为研究对象,定量评价其水源涵养能力。结果表明：欧式贴近度大小排序为YB （0.794） > YQ （0.723） > YL （0.655） > Y （0.494） > L （0.416） > Q （0.270）,欧式贴近度越大,该林分类型水源涵养能力更强。6种林型中,白桦×青杨混交林水源涵养能力最强,青杨林水源涵养能力最差。     

海拔和郁闭度对祁连山青海云杉林叶凋落物分解的影响

为了探究海拔和郁闭度对青海云杉林叶凋落物分解的影响,本文选择海拔为2850 m,3050 m,3250 m和3450 m四个梯度和高、中、低三个林分郁闭度,采用分解网袋法,研究青海云杉叶凋落物分解速率及分解过程中N、P元素变化。结果表明,质量损失率随时间在波动增大。分解速率先减小后增大,不同海拔下分解速率为K₃₄₅₀ > K₃₀₅₀ > K₃₂₅₀ > K₂₈₅₀,不同郁闭度下分解速率为K_低 > K_中 > K_高,青海云杉叶枯落物分解50%和95%所需时间约为5.3 a和22.7 a。枯落物分解过程中,N、P含量和累积系数在不同海拔和郁闭度下的变化不同,与季节变化有关。研究结果为祁连山森林生态系统地球化学循环奠定基础。     

林分因子对云顶山不同人工林林下植物多样性的影响

该研究采用典型抽样法,以成都云顶山5种人工林——柏木 枫杨林(BF)、银杏 楠木林(YN)、光皮梾木 香樟林(GZ)、枫杨 桤木林(FQ)、柏木林(CB)为研究对象,分析不同人工林的林下植物组成与多样性特征,并确定影响林下植物多样性的主导林分因子,为当地人工林经营管理提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)研究区共记录林下植物168种,隶属于62科130属;5种人工林灌木层与草本层的科属种数均以GZ最多。(2)5种不同人工林灌木层与草本层的优势种数分别为7、4、7、6、4种和5、4、9、9、10种,数量都较少。(3)5种人工林的Shannon Wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(H′)、物种丰富度指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J_sw) 均基本表现为草本层>灌木层,BF、GZ灌木层的D略高;灌木层的H、H′、D值均以GZ最大,但不同人工林的J_sw差异不显著;草本层的H、H′、D、J_sw均基本呈现CB>FQ>GZ>BF>YN趋势,GZ的D值略高于FQ。(4)6个林分因子对灌木层4个物种多样性指数的影响均无显著差异;林分平均树高、平均枝下高、平均胸径、平均冠幅和林分密度是影响草本层H、D的主要因子,但各林分因子对草本层H′、J_sw的影响差异不显著。研究认为,林分结构对林下草本层物种多样性的影响更大,平均树高、平均枝下高、平均胸径、平均冠幅、林分密度对草本层多样性有显著影响。     

青海大通典型林分冠层结构与林下植被物种多样性关系研究

为探究青海高寒山区典型林分冠层结构与林内光环境中维持林下植被物种多样性稳定的关键因素,该研究以青海大通县青海云杉林(Ⅰ)、青杨林(Ⅱ)、华北落叶松-青海云杉混交林(Ⅲ)、青杨-白桦混交林(Ⅳ)和白桦-青海云杉混交林(Ⅴ)5种典型人工林分为研究对象,运用冠层分析仪采集数据,并结合实地调查,研究冠层结构与林内光环境特征及其对林下植被的影响。结果表明:(1)林分Ⅰ、Ⅲ的林冠开度显著低于林分Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ(P0.05),各林分叶面积指数大小顺序为ⅢⅠⅡⅤⅣ,总体表现为阔叶林的林冠开度大于针叶林,但其叶面积指数小于针叶林;林分Ⅱ、Ⅳ的直射辐射、散射辐射及总辐射均显著高于林分Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ(P0.05),其中林下总辐射与散射辐射表现为ⅡⅣⅤⅠⅢ,直射辐射为ⅡⅣⅠⅢⅤ;林分Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ的消光系数均显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅲ,总体上均表现为阔叶林针叶林。(2)相关分析结果表明,林冠开度与林下光照指标呈极显著正相关关系(P0.01),叶面积指数与林下光照指标呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01),且其对林下散射辐射的控制能力最强;典型相关分析表明,纯林的林冠开度对冠层结构的贡献和解释能力较叶面积指数和平均叶倾角大,混交林的叶面积指数对林下光照的影响大于纯林。(3)混交林的林下物种多样性指数(H)及丰富度指数(P)均高于纯林;林下草本层物种多样性指数(H)及丰富度指数(P)与林冠开度及林下光辐射呈显著正相关关系,与叶面积指数呈显著负相关关系(P0.05);物种均匀度(J_(sw))与平均叶倾角呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01),与林下散射辐射呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。研究认为,在人工纯林改造和结构调整中,对乔木层适当补植伴生树种,并逐步调整为多树种混交林,增加冠层结构和林下光照异质性,将更有利于林下植被物种多样性的维持。     

基于Penman-Monteith方程模拟青海云杉生长季日蒸腾过程

青海云杉（Picea crassifolia）作为我国黄土高原与青藏高原地区的主要造林树种,对其林分蒸腾耗水特征的研究,能够更合理的指导该地区植被重建与林分调控,以加强林分的稳定性,提高水分利用效率。为了揭示青海云杉在生长季内的冠层蒸腾规律以及冠层整体气孔阻力与环境因子的响应,评价Penman-Monteith方程在青海云杉冠层尺度上的适用性,采用探针式热扩散茎流计（TDP）进行测定,同步长期监测了环境数据,利用反推法建立冠层整体气孔阻力（r_sT）与环境因子之间的回归模型,结合Penman-Monteith方程模拟出青海云杉生长季的日蒸腾量,采用均方根误差、平均绝对误差和平均相对误差对蒸腾量的实测值与模拟值进行误差分析,以验证模型的准确性。得出的主要结论有：（1）生长季内青海云杉日蒸腾量随月份变化呈先增高后降低的趋势;各月蒸腾量占潜在蒸散量的比例为7月（79.68%） > 8月（72.71%） > 6月（72.53%） > 5月（67.08%） > 9月（66.48%） > 10月（64.29%）;（2）树干液流对气象因子的滞后时间为0.5 h;（3）不同月份云杉冠层整体气孔阻力（r_sT）与空气相对湿度（RH）呈正相关关系,与大气温度（T）、饱和水汽压差（VPD）呈负相关关系;（4）应用所建立的多因素回归模型结合Penman-Monteith方程对青海云杉蒸腾量进行模拟验证,累计平均相对误差为14.381%,平均绝对误差为0.160 mm,均方根误差为0.2。综上所述,Penman-Monteith方程在林分冠层尺度上有较好适用性根据所建立的多因素回归模型并结合Penman-Monteith方程,可以利用饱和水汽压差、温度和空气相对湿度三个气象因子较好地模拟日蒸腾过程。     

林分特征和土壤养分对林下草本物种多样性的影响

林下草本植物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,对维持森林群落演替和发展具有重要的生态功能。该研究以青海省互助北山林场青海云杉纯林(Ⅰ)、红桦纯林(Ⅱ)、青杨纯林(Ⅲ)、阔叶混交林(Ⅳ)和针阔叶混交林(Ⅴ)5种典型林分为研究对象,采用典型取样法在各林分选择4个20 m×20 m的样地,对样地内所有树木进行每木检尺,每个样地设置5个1 m×1 m的草本小样方,调查记录林下草本植物,并分层钻取5个小样方的土样进行分析;采用灰色关联法分析林下草本多样性与林分特征、土壤养分特征之间的关系,以明确影响林下草本物种多样性的主导因子,为该区人工林地的改造与经营提供理论依据。结果表明：(1)5种林分林下共发现草本植物86种,分属 30科 74属,其中林分Ⅴ的植物科、属、种数量均最多(25科42属49种),林分Ⅰ均最少(17科26属27种);林分Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ中草本层均以野草莓的重要值最大(分别为 44.42%、20.29%、23.05%),林分Ⅱ、Ⅴ分别以山尖子、野草莓、黑麦草为优势种,其重要值分别为 20.97%、13.95%、13.68%和8.34%、16.83%、27.82%。(2)5种林分的林下草本物种丰富度(S)、Shannon Wiener多样性指数(D)、Simpson多样性指数(H)均差异显著(P<0.05),而Pielou均匀度指数(J)差异不显著,但S、D、H、J均表现为阔叶纯林(Ⅱ和Ⅲ)、混交林(Ⅳ和Ⅴ)高于针叶纯林(Ⅰ)。(3)不同林分间的林分密度 (SD)、平均胸径(DBH)、平均树高(H)、平均冠幅(CW)均无显著差异,但平均胸径、平均树高、平均冠幅在整体上表现为针阔混交林>阔叶混交林>阔叶纯林>针叶纯林。(4)土壤碱解氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、有机质(SOC)含量及酸碱度(pH)均表现为混交林和阔叶纯林高于针叶纯林,且土壤AN、AP、AK、SOC含量均随土层深度增加而降低,土壤pH值随土层深度增加而增加。(5)研究认为,森林生态系统中林下草本物种多样性对林分特征和土壤养分特征均有显著响应,林分平均胸径是影响草本多样性最主要的林分因子,碱解氮是最主要的土壤养分特征。因此,在未来林分改造中,积极改善人工林建设模式,优化林分特征,提升土壤肥力,以提高林下草本植物的多样性,维持林分的稳定和可持续发展。     

川西亚高山三种森林恢复途径对土壤生物有效磷的影响

土壤生物有效磷在提高森林生产力和生物地球化学循环中起着至关重要的作用,研究不同森林恢复途径对土壤生物有效磷的影响对于退化森林的适应性恢复和可持续经营具有重要意义。选取川西亚高山不同恢复途径下形成的3种森林类型,即粗枝云杉人工林（人工种植,PF）、岷江冷杉-红桦天然次生林（自然更新,NF）和粗枝云杉阔叶混交林（人工种植后自然更新,MF）,采用基于生物有效性的土壤磷分级方法测定土壤生物有效磷（CaCl₂-P、Citrate-P、Enzyme-P和HCl-P）,探究不同森林恢复途径对土壤生物有效磷的影响。结果表明：不同森林恢复途径对土壤生物有效磷影响显著（P<0.05）,NF和MF的土壤Citrate-P和Enzyme-P显著高于PF（P<0.05）,而PF的土壤HCl-P显著高于NF（P<0.05）。自然更新是3种森林恢复途径中最能提高土壤生物有效磷的方式。3种森林恢复途径下的土壤生物有效磷组分与速效磷均呈现显著的正相关关系,且NF的土壤速效磷与生物有效磷的相关性更强（CaCl₂-P除外）。显著影响NF土壤生物有效磷的土壤理化性质有全钾、铵态氮含量和pH值,且全钾对NF的土壤生物有效磷变异的解释程度最高（r²=0.63,P=0.001）。土壤pH值、钙和可溶性有机碳含量是显著影响MF土壤生物有效磷的主要土壤理化性质（P<0.05）。对PF的土壤生物有效磷具有显著影响的土壤理化性质是土壤有机碳、铁和可溶性有机碳含量。土壤理化性质对3种恢复途径下森林土壤生物有效磷的解释率均超过了80%,森林恢复途径对土壤生物有效磷的影响与土壤理化性质有关。     

珍稀濒危植物长白松(Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis)天然种群生存压力

为了揭示珍稀濒危植物长白松（Pinus sylvestris var. sylvestriformis）天然种群生存压力状况,在全面调查长白山国家级自然保护区长白松分布的基础上,基于邻体干扰模型,引入树高、冠幅、方位等因子,提出3种生存压力指数：个体生存压力指数、种群生存压力指数和群落生存压力指数,分析天然长白松所处6种群落类型中的生存压力。结果表明：长白松承受群落生存压力（PI）从大到小依次为：白桦-臭冷杉群落（PI=21.532）、红松-长白松群落（PI=14.185）、白桦群落（PI=13.262）、臭冷杉-长白松群落（PI=8.752）、长白落叶松-鱼鳞云杉群落（PI=7.780）和蒙古栎群落（PI=5.440）。多重比较单向方差分析表明,6种群落类型中长白松生存压力总体上差异明显,白桦-臭冷杉群落中长白松生存压力最大,显著高于其他5种群落;竞争树种主要为长白落叶松、红松、长白松、山杨和白桦,这5个树种生存压力大小占群落生存压力的87%;红松-长白松群落和白桦群落中长白松生存压力无明显差异,但显著高于臭冷杉-长白松群落、长白落叶松-鱼鳞云杉群落和蒙古栎群落;臭冷杉-长白松群落、长白落叶松-鱼鳞云杉群落和蒙古栎群落中长白松生存压力相对较小,彼此无明显差异。长白松生存压力与其所处植物群落演替阶段及其龄级结构有关。目前,保护区采取严格保护和管理方式不完全有利于长白松种群的稳定发展。根据长白松种群所处的植物群落生境特点、种群生存压力状况并结合种群年龄结构特征,针对不同群落类型提出相应抚育措施建议以期为长白松天然种群的保护提供参考。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.