航天与辐射共诱变在水稻育种中的应用

利用航天诱变与辐射诱变相结合的方法进行水稻新种质、新品种的选育,显著地提高其突变频率和突变类型,提高诱变育种的选择效果,育成1个两系杂交水稻新组合“培两优721”及一批优质水稻新种质和新品系(组合)。     

辐射诱变技术在农业育种中的应用与探析

辐射诱变育种是在人工控制的条件下,利用中子、质子或者射线等物理辐射诱变因素对种子进行辐照,诱发其染色体的数量、结构和行为变异,从而得到可供利用的突变体,并在此基础上进一步培育出新的种质资源的一种新兴的育种技术.本文以水稻、小麦、大豆、花卉和林木等材料所做的辐照试验为依托,综述了国内外在辐射诱变育种方面所取得的成就,分析了该技术的作用机理、特点、优势、适用范围及其发展历程,并对其发展方向和应用前景做出了展望.其主旨在于提高人们对辐射诱变育种技术在农业生产中应用的价值、意义及其前景的认识,并为该技术的进一步发展和应用提供参考与借鉴,以期促进现代化物理农业工程的发展和应用,提高人民的生活水平与质量.     

“卫星灵芝”让人类更健康

1什么是太空诱变育种 自1987年以来,我国利用返回式卫星和飞船搭载了各种植物种子、微生物菌种、动物等生物材料进行太空生命科学的研究。太空诱变育种是利用返回式卫星等所能到达的空间环境对生物体诱变作用产生的变异,在地面选育新种质、新材料,培育新品种的一种新型的诱变育种方法,称为航天诱变育种或空间诱变育种也称太空诱变育种。     

作物育种知识讲座（五）：诱变育种与倍数性育种

作物育种知识讲座（五）──诱变育种与倍数性育种金清波（河南师范大学生物学系４５３００２）（续１９９５年第３０卷第１２期第２３页）１诱变育种诱变育种是指利用物理和比学的方法诱发作物产生突变,然后按照育种目标,在变异的后代中进行选择和培育,从而获得新品种...     

诱变育种在产油微生物生产DHA中的研究进展

二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)对维持人体正常的生理功能至关重要,具有极高的生物医学价值。产油微生物是指具有很强的脂肪酸合成能力,DHA占总脂肪酸含量相对较高的一类微生物,是获取DHA的新途径。诱变育种作为一种有效的变异手段在产油微生物选育与改良中显示了极为重要的作用和十分诱人的前景。综述了通过物理和化学诱变选育高产DHA菌株的机理及方法,其中物理诱变包括γ射线、紫外线、离子束和常压室温等离子体等;化学诱变包括甲基磺酸乙酯、亚硝基胍和硫酸二乙酯等;主要介绍了不同诱变育种方式在产油微生物生产DHA研究方面取得的成就,探讨了诱变育种的发展方向,提出了不同诱变育种方式相结合的复合育种的思路,以期对今后产油微生物生产DHA的研究有所启发。     

离子束在生物品种改良中的应用研究进展

辐射诱变育种是利用各种射线诱发生物遗传基因突变,促进基因重组和核外突变,获得有利用价值的突全体。诱变育种的辐射技术和方法在不断地发展看,辐射源由X射线、γ射线发展到快中子、电子束、空间辐射,离子束诱变育种是近十几年崛起的新技术,具有损伤轻、突变率高、突变谱广的优点,概述了这一新的品种改良技术的进展。     

组学技术在重离子辐射微生物诱变育种中的应用

重离子辐射诱变具有诱变率高、诱变谱宽、突变体易稳定等优势,在微生物育种实践中已得到广泛应用。随着测序技术的发展,对重离子辐射诱变效应的研究可以实现较为全面地了解突变体在基因组、转录组、蛋白质组和代谢组等多个层面的生物学信息。本文综述了利用重离子辐射诱变技术进行微生物育种的研究进展,以及联合高通量测序技术探究重离子诱变产生的生物学效应机理。在此基础上,进一步探讨利用组学方法研究重离子诱变微生物的新思路,旨为重离子诱变微生物育种技术提供参考和建议。     

大豆诱变育种研究四十年

本文简要阐明我所大豆诱变育种研究四十年来,研究确定的可行诱变技术,创造的优良遗传变异类型。先后采用＾６０Ｃｏγ－射线,Ｘ－射线,热中子,ＥＭＳ,ＮａＮ３等诱变因素处理以及有性杂交与诱变结合的技术,育成１３个优良大豆品种,累计种植面积４３２万公顷。还创造出一些极早熟,高蛋白、低亚麻酸、高油,高亚油酸,抗病等优良突变体。研究表明,人工诱变,及其与有性杂交相结合技术,已经成为大豆遗传改良的有效技术手段。     

水稻空间技术育种的研究

为探讨空间条件对水稻育种的影响,利用返回式卫星搭载水稻干种子,返地种植,考察分析了12个亲本品种后代的性状表现及遗传与变异情况。结果表明：空间条件诱变的后代性状具有多样性变异和多向性遗传,且能稳定遗传,并有超亲遗传现象,诱变后代具有变异类型多、变异频率高、特殊突变体、育种周期短等特点。为进一步开发利用空间技术育种,在研究实践的基础上,提出了程序化、规范化、可操作性强的水稻空间育种技术规范。     

辐射诱变创制水稻新种质研究进展及浙粳99突变体库的建立

辐射诱变育种所需年限短、变异率高、后代性状稳定快,在作物遗传育种中已广泛应用.本文统计了我国近10年来利用辐射诱变技术培育的在生产应用上发挥重要作用的部分优良新品种18个,说明通过辐射诱变可加速水稻变异,丰富水稻遗传图谱,为培育高产、优质、抗病水稻新品种提供更多类型种质资源.此外总结了利用辐射诱变获得的各种类型突变,包...     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.