内皮素对家兔窦房结起搏细胞电活动的影响

本文用细胞内微电极技术观察了ＥＴ－１对家兔窦房结起搏细胞电生理活动的影响。所得结果如下：（１）在以ＥＴ－１作表面灌流时,起搏细胞的４相自动去极化的速度（ＶＤＤ）显著减慢,且呈浓度依赖性,结果导致起搏细胞的自发放电频率（ＲＰＦ）降低。（２）由ＥＴ－１引起的ＶＤＤ和ＲＰＦ下降,可由事先投用ＥＴ＿Ａ＾受体选择性阻断剂ＢＱ－１２３（２０,１００μｇ／Ｌ）所阻断。这一结果有力提示,ＥＴ－１对起搏细胞的电生理效应是由ＥＴ＿Ａ受体亚型介导的。（３）事先投用Ｋ＿（ＡＴＰ）通道阻断剂格列苯脲（１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）,可完全消除ＥＴ－１对起搏细胞的负性频率作用。根据上述结果,似可认为,ＥＴ－１与ＥＴ＿Ａ受体的结合可激活Ｋ＿（ＡＴＰ）通道,致使Ｋ￣＋电流增加和起搏细胞的ＶＤＤ减慢。     

海马脑片缺氧早期腺苷的作用及其机制研究

本实验采用海马脑片细胞外记录技术,观察了缺氧早期突触功能可逆性抑制中腺苷的作用并初步探讨其作用机制。结果发现：海马脑片缺氧早期突触功能出现可逆性抑制,与外源施加高浓度腺苷反应类同。腺苷Ａ１受体拮抗剂ＣＰＴ以及Ｋ＋通道阻断剂４－ＡＰ可阻断这种抑制作用;而ＴＥＡ以及ＡＴＰ敏感Ｋ＋通道阻断剂ｇｌｉｐｉｚｉｄｅ均未见显著效应。结果提示：缺氧早期突触功能可逆性抑制与内源性腺苷大量释放有关,腺苷通过作用其Ａ１受体,激活４－ＡＰ敏感Ｋ＋通道,从而抑制突触传递,显示其抗缺氧作用。ＡＴＰ敏感性Ｋ＋通道可能不参于这个过程。     

内皮素对豚鼠乳头肌电生理和收缩活动的影响

应用细胞内微电极和肌张力记录技术,观察了ＥＴ－１对豚鼠乳头肌细胞电生理和机械收缩活动的影响。结果表明：ＥＴ－１浓度依赖地明显延长ＰＰＤ和ＡＰＤ９０,增加收肌收缩张力;钾通道阻断剂ＴＥＡ不影响ＥＴ－１的生物效应;而Ｌ型钙通道阻断剂硝苯吡啶、ＥＴＡ受体选择性拮抗剂ＢＱ－１２３和ＡＰⅢ以浓度依赖的方式阻断ＥＴ－１的上述效应,提示ＥＴ－１对乳头肌的电生理和正性肌力效应是由ＥＴＡ受体亚型介导的,与胞浆内Ｃａ     

内皮素—1对缺氧肺脉平滑肌细胞的增殖作用

内皮素（ＥＴ）是至今所发现的最强的内源性血管收缩肽,近年来发现ＥＴ－１能促进血管平滑肌细胞增殖。本研究表明ＥＴ－１对缺氧培养的肺动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭＣ）有剂量依赖的增殖作用,缺氧可ＰＡＳＭＣ的ＤＮＡ合成且增加ＥＴ－１的丝裂原作用。ＥＴ－１的丝裂原作用主要由其Ａ型受体（ＥＴＲＡ）所介导,ＥＴＲＡ的特异拮抗剂ＢＱ１２３可显著抑制缺氧以及缺氧与ＥＴ－１协同所产生的增殖作用,而且发现ＥＴＲＡ在缺氧培养     

内皮素－1对缺氧肺动脉平滑肌细胞的增殖作用

内皮素（ＥＴ）是至今所发现的最强的内源性血管收缩肽,近年来发现ＥＴ－１能促进血管平滑肌细胞增殖。本研究表明ＥＴ－１对缺氧培养的肺动脉平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭＣ）有剂量依赖的增殖作用,缺氧可促进ＰＡＳＭＣ的ＤＮＡ合成且增加ＥＴ－１的丝裂原作用。ＥＴ－１的丝裂原作用主要由其Ａ型受体（ＥＴＲ＿Ａ）所介导,ＥＴＲ＿Ａ的特异拮抗剂ＢＱ１２３可显著抑制缺氧以及缺氧与ＥＴ－１协同所产生的增殖作用,而且发现ＥＴＲ＿Ａ在缺氧培养的ＰＡＳＭＣ中的表达显著高于常氧对照组ＰＡＳＭＣ。本研究表明ＥＴ－１参与了缺氧性肺动脉结构重组,而缺氧可增强ＰＡＳＭＣ对ＥＴ－１的增殖反应性。     

腺苷对缺氧时海马神经元内游离Ca^2＋的影响

实验用Ｆｌｕｏ－３负载细胞,在激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下直接监测缺氧后分散培养的大鼠海马ＣＡ１区神经元内游离Ｃａ＾２＋浓度（［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ）的变化,观察腺苷对这种变化的影响并初步探讨其作用机制。结果发现,急性缺氧使海马神经元［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ显著升高;腺苷（１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）明显抑制缺氧引起的［Ｃａ＾２＋］ｉ增高,腺苷Ａ１受体拮抗剂ＣＰＴ以及Ｋ＾＋通道阻断剂４－ＡＰ和ＡＴＰ敏感性Ｋ＾＋通道阻断剂ｇｌ     

缺氧时培养的心内膜内皮细胞内皮素自分泌调节的探讨

本实验观察缺氧对心内膜内皮细胞（ＥＥＣ）内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）分泌的影响。传代培养的新生小牛右心室ＥＥＣ的ＥＴ－１免疫组织化学显色强阳性。采用放免测定发现ＥＥＣ可向培养液中分泌ＥＴ－１,其分泌速度与细胞密度呈线性负相关（ｒ＝－０．９５４２,Ｐ＜０．００１）,与温育时间呈指数负相关（ｒ＝－０．９９８,Ｐ＜０．００１）。０％Ｏ２缺氧６～１２ｈ后,ＥＥＣ的ＥＴ－１分泌约增加１倍（Ｐ＜０．００１）。无论在常氧还是缺氧情况下,硝普钠抑制ＥＥＣ的ＥＴ－１分泌,而ＮＯ合酶抑制剂ＬＮＡ则促进ＥＴ－１分泌。上述结果表明：ＥＥＣ可能通过分泌ＥＴ－１调节心脏功能,内源性ＮＯ抑制ＥＴ－１分泌;缺氧可能显著影响ＥＥＣ的ＥＴ－１分泌     

肾动脉内注射内皮素—1对麻醉大鼠肾神经传入放电的影响

本实验旨在观察肾动脉内注射ＥＴ－１对麻醉大鼠血压（ＢＰ）、心率（ＨＲ）和肾神经传入放电（ＡＲＮＡ）的影响,以及ＥＴＡ受体阻断剂ＢＱ－１２３和硝苯吡啶（Ｎｉｆ）对ＥＴ生物学效应的拮抗作用。结果如下：（１）肾动脉注射ＥＴ－１（１μｇ／ｋｇ）后,平均动脉压（ＭＡＰ）先有短暂的降低（由１３．７７±０．１３ｋＰａ降至１０．２±１．１２ｋＰａ）,随后为较显著的持久增高,增值达３．４４±１．６０ｋＰａＰ＜０．００１）,ＨＲ无明显变化,ＡＲＮＡ增加１０８．３３±１６．６７％（Ｐ＜０．００１）。（２）肾动脉内注射ＥＴＡ受体选择性拮抗剂ＢＱ－１２３（１５０μｇ／ｋｇ）,ＥＴ－１的上述效应即被拮抗。与ＥＴ组相比差异非常显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。（３）肾动脉内注射二氢吡啶敏感性Ｌ－型钙通道阻断剂Ｎｉｆ（０．１ｍｇ／ｋｇ）,也可明显抑制ＥＴ－１的上述效应,与ＥＴ组相比差异十分显著（Ｐ＜０．００１）。以上结果表明：肾动脉内注射ＥＴ－１引起的麻醉大鼠ＭＡＰ增高和ＡＲＮＡ积分增加的作用,可能是由ＥＴＡ受体介导的,其作用的细胞机制可能在于胞内钙超载     

c-fos基因在内皮素-1促肺泡Ⅱ型细胞表面活性物质合成中的作用

应用反义技术探讨ｃ－ｆｏｓ基因ＥＴ－１调控肺泡Ⅱ型细胞（ＡＴⅡ）表面活性物质（ＰＳ）合成的胞内信号转导中的作用,结果显示：（１）内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）可提高ＡＴⅡ细胞的＾３Ｈ－胆碱掺入。（２）蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）激活剂ＰＭＡ可使ＡＴⅡ细胞的＾３Ｈ－胆碱掺入量增加,ＰＫＣ抑制剂Ｈ７可抑制ＥＴ－１的促ＰＳ合成效应。（３）ＥＴ－１和ＰＭＡ可显著提高Ｆｏｓ蛋白表达量,Ｈ７和ｃ－ｆｏｓ反义寡核苷酸（ＯＤＮ）     

大鼠胰腺β细胞离子通道的一些特性

实验以单个Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠胰腺β细胞为对象,用穿孔膜片箝和细胞贴附式记录技术研究ＡＴＰ敏感Ｋ＾＋通道（ＫＡＴＰ）、延迟整流型Ｋ＾＋通道（ＫＤＲ）、Ｃａ＾２＋通道和Ｎａ＾＋通道的有关特性。结果表明：⑴ＫＡＴＰ通道的内流电导约６５ｐＳ,外流电导约３１ｐＳ,反转电位在－６０ｍＶ左右;⑵ＫＤＲ通道在延迟２０ｍｓ后达到最大激活,ＫＤＲ电流约为ＫＡＴＰ的１／３;⑶钙电流在０ｍＶ左右达到４０－６０ｐＡ的峰值,Ｌ     

硫化氢对家兔窦房结起搏细胞的电生理效应

本研究应用细胞内微电极技术,观察硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide,H2S)对家兔窦房结起搏细胞的电生理效应.结果表明:(1)NaHs(H2S供体)50、100、200 μmol/L浓度依赖地降低家兔窦房结起搏细胞4相去极化速率及起搏放电频率.(2)ATP敏感性钾(ATP-sensitive K ,KATP)通道阻断剂格列苯脲(glybenclamide,Gli,20 μmol/L)阻断NariS(100 μmol/L)的电生理效应.(3)预先应用起搏离子流(pacemaker currenL,If)通道阻断剂氯化铯(CsCl,2 mmol/L)对Naris(100μmol/L.)的电生理效应无影响.(4)胱硫醚-γ裂解酶(cystathionine γ-lyase,CSE)的不可逆抑制剂DL-propargylglycine (PPG,200 μmol/L)的家兔窦房结起搏细胞的动作电位参数无影响.以上结果提示,H2S对家兔窦房结起搏细胞有负性变时作用,这些效应可能与其开放KATP通道,增加K 外流有关,与If无关.本实验没有发现窦房结起搏细胞内有CSE催化产生的内源性H2S的合成.     

Negative chronotropic effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the cardiac pacemaker tissue.

The aim of this study was to asses the direct effect of ET-1 on spontaneous discharge rate of the pacemaker tissue in the presence of isoproterenol. The experiments were performed on pacemaker tissue of the isolated right auricle of the right heart atrium of a two-day-old rat. The spontaneous discharge rate of the pacemaker tissue was recorded on the ECG apparatus and analyzed by the computer. ET-1 alone did not significantly affect the discharge rate of the pacemaker tissue. Isoproterenol rapidly increased the discharge rate of the pacemaker tissue. ET-1 had negative chronotropic effect in the presence of isoproterenol. JKC-301, a blocker of ET(A) receptors, significantly reduced the negative chronotropic effect of ET-1 in the presence of isoproterenol, whereas IRL-1038, a blocker of ET(B) receptors, did not significantly affect the negative chronotropic effect of ET-1 in the presence of isoproterenol. In conlusion, the negative chronotropic effect of ET-1 in the presence of beta-adrenergic stimulation the pacemaker tissue of the right auricle of the right heart atrium of the two-day-old rat is mediated by ET(A) receptors.     

Hypoxia-induced pulmonary endothelin-1 expression is unaltered by nitric oxide.

Nitric oxide (NO) attenuates hypoxia-induced endothelin (ET)-1 expression in cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells. We hypothesized that NO similarly attenuates hypoxia-induced increases in ET-1 expression in the lungs of intact animals and reasoned that potentially reduced ET-1 levels may contribute to the protective effects of NO against the development of pulmonary hypertension during chronic hypoxia. As expected, hypoxic exposure (24 h, 10% O(2)) increased rat lung ET-1 peptide and prepro-ET-1 mRNA levels. Contrary to our hypothesis, inhaled NO (iNO) did not attenuate hypoxia-induced increases in pulmonary ET-1 peptide or prepro-ET-1 mRNA levels. Because of this surprising finding, we also examined the effects of NO on hypoxia-induced increases in ET peptide levels in cultured cell experiments. Consistent with the results of iNO experiments, administration of the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine to cultured bovine pulmonary endothelial cells did not attenuate increases in ET peptide levels resulting from hypoxic (24 h, 3% O(2)) exposure. In additional experiments, we examined the effects of NO on the activity of a cloned ET-1 promoter fragment containing a functional hypoxia inducible factor-1 binding site in reporter gene experiments. Whereas moderate hypoxia (24 h, 3% O(2)) had no effect on ET-1 promoter activity, activity was increased by severe hypoxic (24 h, 0.5% O(2)) exposure. ET-1 promoter activity after S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine administration during severe hypoxia was greater than that in normoxic controls, although activity was reduced compared with that in hypoxic controls. These findings suggest that hypoxia-induced pulmonary ET-1 expression is unaffected by NO.     

SURZB/Kir6.1通道开放剂纳他卡林对低氧致大鼠主动脉内皮细胞损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨纳他卡林对低氧引起大鼠主动脉内皮细胞损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法:选取大鼠主动脉内皮细胞作为体外低氧损伤的细胞模型,分为正常对照组、低氧模型组、纳他卡林低、中、高剂量组,利用MTT法测定细胞生存率,硝酸还原酶法检测一氧化氮(NO)释放,RT-PCR法检测细胞间粘附因子-1(ICAM-1)、内皮素-1(ET-1)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)mRNA水平。结果:纳他卡林三个剂量组均可逆转低氧所致的血管内皮细胞功能改变,包括提高内皮细胞生存活力和NO的释放水平,显著抑制低氧引发的内皮细胞ICAM-1,ET-1,VEGF mRNA表达量的上调。结论:纳他卡林对低氧诱发的血管内皮细胞分泌功能改变、细胞通透性增加及炎性因子的分泌均具有保护作用。     

兔主动脉前庭自律细胞与窦房结电生理特性的比较

为进一步阐明左心室流出道(主动脉前庭)自律细胞的特性,及其与窦房结细胞的异同,本实验利用常规的玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术,观察了一些离子通道阻断剂分别对离体兔窦房结起搏细胞与左心室流出道慢反应自律细胞的电生理特性的影响,重点探讨了这两种自律细胞的0期、4期去极离子流的异同。结果表明:(1)用1μmol/L维拉帕米(verapamil,VER)灌流后,窦房结及主动脉前庭自律细胞的动作电位幅值(APA)、0相最大除极速率(V_(max))、最大舒张电位(MDP)绝对值、舒张期除极速率(VDD)、自发放电频率(RPF)均明显下降,复极90％时间(APD_(90))延长(P<0.05)。(2)用180μmol/L氯化镍(NiCl_2)灌流,两自律细胞的VDD均明显下降;APA、V_(max)和RPF也显著降低,且窦房结细胞的APD_(90)明显延长。(3)给予2 mmol/L 4-氨基吡啶(4-AP)后,窦房结及主动脉前庭自律细胞的VDD均明显增快,MDP绝对值、APA和V_(max)显著下降,APD_(90)明显延长(P<0.05)。(4)给予2 mmol/L氯化铯(CsCl),两自律细胞的VDD及RPF均明显变慢。结果提示:(1)主动脉前庭自发慢反应电位的0相、4相去极离子流及复极离子流均与窦房结优势起搏细胞相似。(2)主动脉前庭起搏细胞Ca~(2+)内流为其0相主要去极离子流,复极过程主要由K~+外流引起,4相自动除极以K~+外流衰减为主,另外     

Hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen species downregulate ETB receptor-mediated contraction of rat pulmonary arteries

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be increased during hypoxia in pulmonary arteries. In this study, the role of ROS in the effect of hypoxia on endothelin (ET) type B (ETB) receptor-mediated vasocontraction in lungs was determined. In rat intrapulmonary (approximately 0.63 mm ID) arteries, contraction induced by IRL-1620 (a selective ETB receptor agonist) was significantly attenuated after 4 h of hypoxia (30 mmHg Po2) compared with normoxic control (140 mmHg Po2). The effect was abolished by tiron, a scavenger of superoxide anions, but not by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated catalase, which scavenges H2O2. The hypoxic effect on ETB receptor-mediated vasoconstriction was also abolished by endothelium denudation but not by nitro-L-arginine and indomethacin. Exposure for 4 h to exogenous superoxide anions, but not H2O2, attenuated the vasoconstriction induced by IRL-1620. Confocal study showed that hypoxia increased ROS production in pulmonary arteries that were scavenged by PEG-conjugated SOD. In endothelium-intact pulmonary arteries, the ETB receptor protein was reduced after 4 h of exposure to hypoxia, exogenous superoxide anions, or ET-1. BQ-788, a selective ETB receptor antagonist, prevented these effects. ET-1 production was stimulated in endothelium-intact arteries after 4 h of exposure to hypoxia or exogenous superoxide anions. This effect was blunted by PEG-conjugated SOD. These results demonstrate that exposure to hypoxia attenuates ETB receptor-mediated contraction of rat pulmonary arteries. A hypoxia-induced production of superoxide anions may increase ET-1 release from the endothelium and result in downregulation of ETB receptors on smooth muscle.     

抗心律失常药对豚鼠左心室流出道自律细胞电活动的影响

目的:研究抗心律失常药对豚鼠左心室流出道自律细胞电活动的影响。方法:采用标准玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术,记录并分析了四类抗心律失常药及腺苷对离体豚鼠左心室流出道自发慢反应电位的效应。结果:ⅠA类抗心律失常药1μmol/L奎尼丁可使左心室流出道自发慢反应电位的放电频率(RPF)和4相自动去极速度(VDD)减慢(P0.05),动作电位幅度(APA)降低(P0.05),0相最大去极速度(Vmax)减慢(P0.05),复极50%(APD50)和90%时间(APD90)延长(P0.05);ⅠB类抗心律失常药1μmol/L利多卡因灌流标本后,RPF和VDD减慢(P0.05),最大复极电位(MDP)绝对值和APA减小(P0.05),Vmax减慢(P0.05),APD50和APD90缩短(P0.05);ⅠC类抗心律失常药0.5μmol/L普罗帕酮可使RPF(P0.01)和VDD(P0.05)减慢,APA降低(P0.05),Vmax减慢(P0.01),APD50(P0.01)和APD90(P0.05)延长;Ⅱ类抗心律失常药5μmol/L普萘洛尔可使RPF和VDD减慢(P0.01),MDP绝对值和APA减小(P0.01),Vmax减慢(P0.05),APD50和APD90延长(P0.01);Ⅲ类抗心律失常药1μmol/L胺碘酮可使RPF和VDD减慢(P0.01),APA降低(P0.01),Vmax减慢(P0.05),APD50(P0.01)和APD90(P0.05)延长;Ⅳ类抗心律失常药1μmol/L维拉帕米可使RPF和VDD减慢(P0.01),MDP绝对值和APA减小(P0.05),Vmax减慢(P0.05),APD50和APD90延长(P0.05);50μmol/L腺苷可使RPF和VDD减慢(P0.05),APA降低(P0.05),Vmax减慢(P0.01),APD50和APD90缩短(P0.05)。结论:抗心律失常药均可显著降低左心室流出道组织的自律性,通过改变APD50和APD90影响有效不应期而起到抗心律失常作用。     

高钙对兔窦房结的负性变时作用

本文采用常规微电极技术在离体兔心窦房结标本上研究了细胞外钙离子浓度([Ca~(2 )]_0)对窦房结的变时性作用。结果显示,[Ca~(2 )]_0的递增(1.1—5.5mM),对窦性周期(CL)大于400ms 的标本引起双相变时作用,但对CL小于400ms的标本却引起负性变时作用。阿托品(0.5mg/l)和心得安(0.2mg/l)对[Ca~(2 )]_0 的变时作用无明显影响。随着[Ca~(2 )]_0的递增,窦房结优势起搏细胞的动作电位幅度、最大舒张期电位和0期最大除极速度均降低,舒张期自动除极化斜率增加,起始电位上移,动作电位时程(APD)延长。高[Ca~(2 )]_0时窦房结起搏细胞的有效不应期(ERP)延长、ERP/APD增大,ERP点的阈值提高(P<0.01)。 上述结果表明,高[Ca~(2 )]_0引起窦房结的负性变时效应,这种作用不是通过交感和副交感神经的传递,而可能是 Ca~(2 )直接作用于窦房结起搏细胞引起其电活动改变的结果。