两种茶树全基因组数据的密码子偏好性比较分析

研究密码子偏好性有利于提高两种茶树外源基因表达水平及探讨遗传进化规律。该研究综合运用CodonW 1.4.2、SPSS 22.0软件以及Perl、Python语言,系统分析两种茶树基因组CDS序列,从而得出密码子偏好模式和高频密码子,明确密码子使用的变异来源。结果表明:两种茶树基因组的密码子偏好性主要受突变压力影响,在一定程度上也受到自然选择等因素的影响;两种茶树基因组倾向于使用以A/T结尾的密码子,且它们在密码子使用模式上具有较高的相似性;"云抗10号"(Camellia sinensis var. assamica, CSA)茶树基因的异源表达受体优先选择拟南芥、毛果杨和烟草,"舒茶早"(Camellia sinensis var. assmica, CSS)茶树基因的异源表达受体首选毛果杨。上述结果为分析两种茶树的进化规律、提高它们基因组中的基因异源表达效率提供了重要依据。     

葡萄基因组密码子使用偏好模式研究

根据完整基因组序列,运用多元统计分析和对应分析的方法,探讨了葡萄全基因组序列密码子的使用模式和影响密码子使用的各种可能因素。结果显示:葡萄密码子偏好性主要受到碱基差异(r=0.925)和自然选择(r=0.193)共同作用的影响,突变压力占了主导因素,自然选择的作用较小。同时基因长度和蛋白质疏水性也对密码子的偏好性有所影响。确定了葡萄的20个最优密码子。     

茄腐镰孢(Fusarium solani)线粒体基因组密码子偏好性分析

密码子使用偏好性作为功能基因组重要的进化特征而被广泛报道,但是有关真菌线粒体基因组密码子使用偏好性的研究相对较少。本试验以茄腐镰孢线粒体基因组为研究对象,运用Codon W软件及RSCU在线软件对所筛选到的22条编码基因密码子3个位置上的GC含量、有效密码子数、同义密码子使用频率和最优密码子进行了分析。同时,确定了茄腐镰孢线粒体基因组的最优密码子,并探讨了影响密码子偏性形成的相关因素。分析结果表明,茄腐镰孢线粒体密码子3位的GC含量为GC1(32.7%)GC2(28.0%)GC3(19.7%),第3位GC含量明显小于第1、2位,表现出对以A或者T结尾的密码子发生较强烈的偏向使用;且确定的21个最优密码子中有20个以A或者T结尾。通过中性绘图及ENC分析得出茄腐镰孢线粒体基因组密码子的使用偏好受到选择作用和突变压力的共同影响,选择作用为主要影响因素。     

落叶松-杨栅锈菌基因复制事件及共线性分析

落叶松-杨栅锈菌是一种分布广且危害严重的林木病原真菌。了解基因组内发生的基因复制事件及基因组间的共线性关系,能为最终理解落叶松-杨栅锈菌适应性进化等生物学问题提供帮助。落叶松-杨栅锈菌全基因组水平上基因复制相关研究未见报道,共线性研究报道也较少。本研究利用落叶松-杨栅锈菌全基因组序列分析其基因复制模式。结果表明,落叶松-杨栅锈菌转座复制基因的数目远高于片段复制基因、串联复制基因及相邻复制基因。落叶松-杨栅锈菌基因组内不存在大规模的片段复制,且基因年龄法显示节点同义替换率分布图上没有峰形出现,推断该锈菌未发生全基因组复制。富集分析显示不同类型复制基因富集于不同的功能条目,如串联复制基因富集于碳水化合物的转运和代谢而转座复制基因富集于次生代谢物合成、代谢与分解。共线性分析显示落叶松-杨栅锈菌与松栎柱锈菌及小麦条锈菌的共线性程度均较低,3种锈菌间存在1个共同的共线性区域,该保守区域包含6个基因,其中1个可能编码小分泌蛋白的基因值得关注。     

甘蔗属种及其近缘属种蔗茅的全基因组密码子偏好性分析

【目的】为解析甘蔗基因组的密码子使用特征,提高异源基因在甘蔗中的表达效率。【方法】以已发布的甘蔗属种（热带种LA-purple、割手密NP-X和AP85-441）及其近缘属种蔗茅（Yunnan2009-3）基因组为数据,利用Python、CodonW1.4.2进行密码子偏好性分析,同时通过中性绘图、ENC-plot、PR2-plot等分析探讨密码子偏好性形成的影响因素,并结合转录组测序数据分析密码子偏好性参数与基因表达水平的相关性。最后,基于RSCU均值与7个主要模式生物种（玉米、高粱、水稻、拟南芥、烟草、大肠杆菌、酿酒酵母）的密码子使用模式进行比较分析。【结果】显示热带种、割手密和蔗茅的基因组都富含GC,平均GC含量为56.3%,且GC3>GC1>GC2,倾向于使用以G/C结尾的密码子,平均ENC值为48.45,偏好性较低。中性绘图、ENC-plot和PR2-plot分析表明它们的密码子偏好性受到自然选择、突变压力等多种因素的共同影响,其中自然选择占主导作用。相关性分析表明密码子偏好性参数与基因实际的转录表达水平存在显著相关性,但相关性不强。根据RSCU和?RSCU值,确...     

三种侧耳属真菌基因组密码子偏好性比较分析

为了解3种侧耳属真菌基因组密码子的使用偏性及影响因素,本研究以糙皮侧耳、刺芹侧耳和白灵侧耳基因组CDS序列为研究对象,通过生物信息学方法对3种侧耳密码子使用偏性进行了分析。结果表明,3种侧耳基因组总碱基组成差异小,GC含量高。RSCU、RFSC分析表明糙皮侧耳G/C结尾的偏好密码子的比例最高(82.14%),并且有3个特有偏好密码子。3种侧耳共有偏好密码子25个,以G/C结尾的占80%;共有高频密码子3个,均以G/C结尾。密码子相似性分析表明3种侧耳密码子使用模式比较相似(相似性指数均小于0.001),其中刺芹侧耳与白灵侧耳的相似性最高(相似性指数为0.000259014);且3种侧耳密码子的使用频率与灰盖鬼伞和金针菇较为接近。PR2-plot、ENc-GC3和中性绘图分析表明3种侧耳密码子偏好性使用主要受自然选择影响,在一定程度上也受碱基突变压力和其他因素影响。上述结论为分析侧耳真菌的进化规律及选择最佳异源表达受体系统提供了依据。     

昆虫质型多角体病毒同义密码子使用模式分析

昆虫质型多角体病毒(cypovirus,CPV)是害虫种群重要调节因子,可用作生物防治剂。本研究采用多元统计分析方法对7种CPV进行密码子使用模式分析,结果表明:CPV密码子使用偏好性较弱,多数基因密码子使用模式受碱基组成影响,少数基因密码子使用模式除碱基组成外还有其它影响因素;中性绘图分析表明碱基组成主要受选择压力影响,受突变影响较小。同一电泳型CPV之间比同一宿主CPV之间共有的偏好性密码子多。CPV基因组内10个基因组片段之间密码子偏好性存在差异。CPV密码子偏好性与宿主昆虫密码子偏好性存在差异,所有CPV与其宿主昆虫共有的偏好性密码子均较少。对应分析进一步证明碱基组成是影响密码子使用的主要因素,不同电泳型CPV具有不同的密码子使用模式。聚类分析表明同一电泳型CPV密码子使用模式相似,同一宿主CPV密码子使用模式差异较大。     

樟树叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性分析

为分析樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性使用模式,该研究利用CodonW、EMBOSS、R语言等软件和程序,对53条樟树叶绿体基因组密码子使用模式及偏好性进行了系统分析。结果表明:樟树叶绿体基因的有效密码子数(ENC)在36.82～59.30之间,表明密码子的偏好性较弱。相对同义密码子使用度(RSCU)分析发现RSCU>1的密码子有32个,其中28个以A、U结尾,表明第3位密码子偏好使用A和U碱基。中性绘图分析发现GC₃与GC₁₂的相关性不显著,回归曲线斜率为0.049,说明密码子偏好性主要受到自然选择的影响。ENC-plot分析发现大部分基因落在曲线的下方,同样表明选择是影响密码子偏好性的主要因素。该研究发现共有9个密码子(UUU、CUU、UCA、ACA、UAU、AAU、GAU、UGA、GGA)被鉴定为樟树叶绿体基因组的最优密码子。     

伊犁郁金香叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性分析

目的：明晰伊犁郁金香叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性的使用模式。方法：以伊犁郁金香53条蛋白编码序列(CDS)为研究对象,使用CodonW1.4.2、CUSP等软件对其进行密码子组成分析、偏性影响因素分析、最优密码子筛选。结果：伊犁郁金香叶绿体基因组密码子的GC₁、GC₂、GC₃含量不同,其中GC₃的平均含量最低为27.15%,说明GC₃偏好以A/U结尾。有效密码子(ENC)值均大于35,表明密码子使用偏性较弱;通过中性绘图、PR2-plot和ENC-plot的分析,伊犁郁金香叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性主要受到自然选择的影响,同时受突变因素的影响。结论：伊犁郁金香叶绿体基因组共筛选到18个最优密码子可为后续野生郁金香资源开发、优良性状的遗传改良、外源基因表达及叶绿体工程育种等提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

人类1号、X、Y染色体基因密码子偏好性研究

随着人类基因组计划测序工作的完成,进一步数据挖掘工作已成为新的研究热点。根据人类1号、X、Y染色体数据,通过自编的Perl程序,提取3条染色体基因的CDS序列,利用密码子偏好性的理论及生物信息学方法分析其碱基组成特点和密码子使用模式,确定了偏好密码子和最优密码子,探讨影响其密码子用法的主要因素。结果表明:1)人类1号、X、Y染色体基因偏好使用以G或C结尾的密码子;2)密码子的使用受基因长度的影响,较长的基因具有较高的表达水平和密码子使用偏性;3)基因表达水平对人类1号、X、Y染色体基因的密码子使用没有影响,暗示了这3条染色体并未承受翻译选择的压力;4)人类1号、X、Y染色体基因共有32个偏好性密码子,其中编码Arg的AGG和AGA、编码Val的GTG、编码Leu的CTG、终止密码子TAG为最优密码子。     

Studies on codon usage in Entamoeba histolytica

Codon usage bias of Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, was investigated using the available DNA sequence data. Entamoeba histolytica having AT rich genome, is expected to have A and/or T at the third position of codons. Overall codon usage data analysis indicates that A and/or T ending codons are strongly biased in the coding region of this organism. However, multivariate statistical analysis suggests that there is a single major trend in codon usage variation among the genes. The genes which are supposed to be highly expressed are clustered at one end, while the majority of the putatively lowly expressed genes are clustered at the other end. The codon usage pattern is distinctly different in these two sets of genes. C ending codons are significantly higher in the putatively highly expressed genes suggesting that C ending codons are translationally optimal in this organism. In the putatively lowly expressed genes A and/or T ending codons are predominant, which suggests that compositional constraints are playing the major role in shaping codon usage variation among the lowly expressed genes. These results suggest that both mutational bias and translational selection are operational in the codon usage variation in this organism.     

Synonymous codon usage in Thermosynechococcus elongatus (cyanobacteria) identifies the factors shaping codon usage variation

Analysis of synonymous codon usage pattern in the genome of a thermophilic cyanobacterium, Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 using multivariate statistical analysis revealed a single major explanatory axis accounting for codon usage variation in the organism. This axis is correlated with the GC content at third base of synonymous codons (GC3s) in correspondence analysis taking T. elongatus genes. A negative correlation was observed between effective number of codons i.e. Nc and GC3s. Results suggested a mutational bias as the major factor in shaping codon usage in this cyanobacterium. In comparison to the lowly expressed genes, highly expressed genes of this organism possess significantly higher proportion of pyrimidine-ending codons suggesting that besides, mutational bias, translational selection also influenced codon usage variation in T. elongatus. Correspondence analysis of relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) with A, T, G, C at third positions (A3s, T3s, G3s, C3s, respectively) also supported this fact and expression levels of genes and gene length also influenced codon usage. A role of translational accuracy was identified in dictating the codon usage variation of this genome. Results indicated that although mutational bias is the major factor in shaping codon usage in T. elongatus, factors like translational selection, translational accuracy and gene expression level also influenced codon usage variation.     

Selection intensity on preferred codons correlates with overall codon usage bias in Caenorhabditis remanei

Adaptive codon usage provides evidence of natural selection in one of its most subtle forms: a fitness benefit of one synonymous codon relative to another. Codon usage bias is evident in the coding sequences of a broad array of taxa, reflecting selection for translational efficiency and/or accuracy as well as mutational biases. Here, we quantify the magnitude of selection acting on alternative codons in genes of the nematode Caenorhabditis remanei, an outcrossing relative of the model organism C. elegans, by fitting the expected mutation-selection-drift equilibrium frequency distribution of preferred and unpreferred codon variants to the empirical distribution. This method estimates the intensity of selection on synonymous codons in genes with high codon bias as N(e)s = 0.17, a value significantly greater than zero. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time that estimates of ongoing selection on codon usage among genes, inferred from nucleotide polymorphism data, correlate strongly with long-term patterns of codon usage bias, as measured by the frequency of optimal codons in a gene. From the pattern of polymorphisms in introns, we also infer that these findings do not result from the operation of biased gene conversion toward G or C nucleotides. We therefore conclude that coincident patterns of current and ancient selection are responsible for shaping biased codon usage in the C. remanei genome.     

植物KCO基因密码子使用特性

以植物钾离子外排通道（K’channeloutward．rectifier,KCO）基因为研究对象,运用CodonW软件分析了75个植物KCO基因密码子的使用模式,探讨密码子的使用模式和影响密码子使用的各种可能因素。结果表明：碱基组成差异（r=0．961,P〈0．01）和自然选择（r=0．568,P〈0．01）是影响密码子使用的主要因素,并且高表达的基因强烈偏爱使用以G或C结尾的密码子。确定了UUC、CUC等26个均以G／C结尾的密码子为植物KcD基因的高表达优越密码子。     

Analysis of synonymous codon usage in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis>

It is important and meaningful to understand the codon usage pattern and the factors that shape codon usage of maize. In this study, trends in synonymous codon usage in maize have been firstly examined through the multivariate statistical analysis on 7402 cDNA sequences. The results showed that the genes positions on the primary axis were strongly negatively correlated with GC3s, GC content of individual gene and gene expression level assessed by the codon adaptation index (CAI) values, which indicated that nucleotide composition and gene expression level were the main factors in shaping the codon usage of maize, and the variation in codon usage among genes may be due to mutational bias at the DNA level and natural selection acting at the level of mRNA translation. At the same time, CDS length and the hydrophobicity of each protein were, respectively, significantly correlated with the genes locations on the primary axis, GC3s and CAI values. We infer that genes length and the hydrophobicity of the encoded protein may play minor role in shaping codon usage bias. Additional 28 codons ending with a G or C base have been defined as “optimal codons”, which may provide useful information for maize gene-transformation and gene prediction.     

Genome-wide analysis of codon usage bias patterns in an enterotoxigenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> F18 strain

Enterogenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F18 strains are the main pathogenic bacteria causing severe diarrhea in humans and domestic animals. However, the information about synonymous codon usage pattern of ETEC F18 genome remains unclear. We conducted a genome-wide analysis of synonymous codon usage patterns in the ETEC F18 strain SRA: SAMN02471895. After filtering of the complete genome sequence, 4327 coding sequences were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods to calculate synonymous codon usage patterns and to evaluate the influence of various factors in shaping the codon usage. The mean GC content was 51.38%, with a slight preference for G/C-ending codons. Twenty-two codons were determined as ‘‘optimal codons”. ENC plots showed some of the genes were on or close to the expected curve, while only points with low-ENC values were below the curve. PR2 analysis showed that GC and AT were not used proportionally, suggesting major roles for mutational pressure and natural selection in shaping usage. Neutrality plots showed a significant correlation between GC12 and GC3, suggesting that mutational pressure is responsible for nucleotide composition in shaping the strength of codon usage. Translational selection was the main factor shaping the codon usage pattern of ETEC F18 genome, while other factors such as protein length, GRAVY and ARO values also influenced codon usage to some extent. We analyzed the codon usage pattern systematically and identified the factors shaping codon usage bias in the ETEC F18 genome. Such information further elucidates the mechanisms of synonymous codon usage bias and provides the basis of molecular genetic engineering and evolutionary studies.     

Codon usage bias in prokaryotic pyrimidine-ending codons is associated with the degeneracy of the encoded amino acids

Synonymous codons are unevenly distributed among genes, a phenomenon termed codon usage bias. Understanding the patterns of codon bias and the forces shaping them is a major step towards elucidating the adaptive advantage codon choice can confer at the level of individual genes and organisms. Here, we perform a large-scale analysis to assess codon usage bias pattern of pyrimidine-ending codons in highly expressed genes in prokaryotes. We find a bias pattern linked to the degeneracy of the encoded amino acid. Specifically, we show that codon-pairs that encode two- and three-fold degenerate amino acids are biased towards the C-ending codon while codons encoding four-fold degenerate amino acids are biased towards the U-ending codon. This codon usage pattern is widespread in prokaryotes, and its strength is correlated with translational selection both within and between organisms. We show that this bias is associated with an improved correspondence with the tRNA pool, avoidance of mis-incorporation errors during translation and moderate stability of codon-anticodon interaction, all consistent with more efficient translation.     

Genome-wide codon usage profiling of ocular infective Chlamydia trachomatis serovars and drug target identification

Chlamydia trachomatis (C.t) is a Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria and is a major causative of infectious blindness and sexually transmitted diseases. Among the varied serovars of this organism, A, B and C are reported as prominent ocular pathogens. Genomic studies of these strains shall aid in deciphering potential drug targets and genomic influence on pathogenesis. Hence, in this study we performed deep statistical profiling of codon usage in these serovars. The overall base composition analysis reveals that these serovars are over biased to AU than GC. Similarly, relative synonymous codon usage also showed preference towards A/U ending codons. Parity Rule 2 analysis inferred unequal distribution of AT and GC, indicative of other unknown factors acting along with mutational pressure to influence codon usage bias (CUB). Moreover, absolute quantification of CUB also revealed lower bias across these serovars. The effect of natural selection on CUB was also confirmed by neutrality plot, reinforcing natural selection under mutational pressure turned to be a pivotal role in shaping the CUB in the strains studied. Correspondence analysis (COA) clarified that, C.t C/TW-3 to show a unique trend in codon usage variation. Host influence analysis on shaping the codon usage pattern also inferred some speculative relativity. In a nutshell, our finding suggests that mutational pressure is the dominating factor in shaping CUB in the strains studied, followed by natural selection. We also propose potential drug targets based on cumulative analysis of strand bias, CUB and human non-homologue screening.