外源添加剂促进裂殖壶菌合成DHA

为提高二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）产量,根据裂殖壶菌生物合成DHA的代谢途径,考察外源添加剂对裂殖壶菌发酵生产DHA影响。研究表明：分生物素、柠檬酸、苹果酸和洛伐他汀均能提高裂殖壶菌DHA的合成能力。同时添加生物素、苹果酸和洛伐他汀时能够显著提高DHA的产量,DHA的最高产量达到11.55 g/L,相比对照提高71.87%。     

渗透压调控对裂殖壶菌发酵产DHA的影响

考察了不同渗透胁迫(0、10、20、30和40 g/L NaCl)对裂殖壶菌HX-308发酵产DHA及脂肪酸构成的影响。结果表明:20 g/L NaCl最有利于裂殖壶菌生长和DHA积累,生物量、总脂肪酸含量、DHA产量及DHA占生物量的比值分别为73 g/L、10.7 g/L、5.0 g/L和68 mg/g,并且DHA在总脂肪酸中所占百分比最高,为45.2%。此外,在低渗透压(10 g/L NaCl)条件下,添加40 mmol/L甘氨酸甜菜碱,DHA产量与未添加相比提高了28.21%;在高渗透压(40 g/L NaCl)条件下添加40 mmol/L海藻糖,DHA产量提高了46.84%;表明添加适量的外源相容性溶质能有效地促进裂殖壶菌积累DHA。     

强化乙酰辅酶A供应对裂殖壶菌合成二十二碳六烯酸的影响

细胞液中乙酰辅酶A的持续供应是脂肪酸高效积累的必要条件。考虑到甲羟戊酸和脂肪酸合成途径共用相同的前体乙酰辅酶A,抑制甲羟戊酸途径可能促使更多的乙酰辅酶A流向脂肪酸合成。通过添加前体物质或/和甲羟戊酸途径酶的抑制剂以强化乙酰辅酶A的供应,即在裂殖壶菌发酵起始或/和后期添加乙酸、发酵起始添加甲羟戊酸途径酶的抑制剂辛伐他汀或柠檬酸、发酵起始同时添加乙酸和辛伐他汀或柠檬酸并考察其对裂殖壶菌合成二十二碳六烯酸 (DHA)的影响,结果发现发酵起始同时添加6mmol/L的乙酸和1μmol/L的辛伐他汀时,DHA产量最高,达到13.21g/L,比对照提高了46.61%。     

搅拌和通气对裂殖壶菌LX0809产DHA的影响

利用一株生产DHA专利菌株裂殖壶菌LX0809,在10 L全自动发酵罐中考察了16个搅拌转速和通气量组合对裂殖壶菌LX0809发酵产DHA的影响。生物量和总油脂的产量随搅拌转速和通风量的增加而增加,DHA占总油脂比例随搅拌转速和通风量的增加而降低,最终确定通气量为全程0.3 m3/h(通气比0.83),搅拌转速为前40 h 400 r/min,后56 h 300 r/min。发酵96 h放罐,细胞生物量92 g/L,油脂质量浓度52.3 g/L,DHA占总油脂含量为40.2%,DHA发酵产量高达21 g/L。     

我国首个裂殖壶菌项目建成并投入使用

利用中国海洋大学享有的海洋真菌裂殖壶菌OUC88的工业应用专利技术,我国首个裂殖壶菌（Schizochytrium limacinum）工业化生产装置在无棣县建成并投入使用。年产裂殖壶藻干粉30t以上,DHA质量达细胞干质量的20％以上。     

代谢途径酶活促进剂对番茄红素发酵的影响

考察了几种代谢途径中关键酶活促进剂对番茄红素发酵的影响。通过添加代谢途径中HMg-CoA还原酶与MVA激酶酶活促进剂,提高类胡萝卜素前体物质的生物合成,从而促进三孢布拉霉菌合成番茄红素的能力。实验结果表明,发酵24 h分别加入质量分数0.05%的某醇及其代谢产物A、1 mg/L的青霉素和质量分数0.1%β-紫罗酮,番茄红素的产量分别提高了31%,32%及35%,最大产量达到1.54 g/L。     

裂殖壶菌Schizochytrium sp. 20888产DHA培养条件优化

【目的】为了优化裂殖壶菌产DHA的培养条件,提高油脂中DHA含量。【方法】采用单因素试验和正交设计试验方案,针对分批培养时间、培养基碳、氮源的种类和浓度以及培养温度开展试验,采用重量法测定生物量、采用索氏提取法测定油脂总量,采用气相色谱法测定油脂DHA含量,考察培养条件对细胞油脂DHA含量的影响。【结果】最适培养时间为4 d,培养温度23°C,最优碳氮源组成为(g/L):葡萄糖65、甘油80、蛋白胨6、酵母粉4和谷氨酸钠8。【结论】裂殖壶菌Schizochytrium sp.20888在葡萄糖和甘油组成的复合碳源和由蛋白胨、酵母粉和谷氨酸钠组成的复合氮源的培养基中可以得到最优的DHA产量,细胞DHA含量能达到33.68%。     

一株具有工业化生产DHA前景的破囊壶菌

多不饱和脂肪酸是保持人体健康不可缺少的营养成分之一,尤其是二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)作为细胞膜磷脂的重要组分,具有非常重要的医药应用和营养价值。目前,在食品工业中,DHA已经添加至牛奶或奶粉中,用作功能性营养强化剂。20世纪80年代,DHA的唯一来源是鱼油,但鱼油的腥味、重金属污染等问题,促使人们探索生产DHA的其他途径如微生物发酵。诱变和筛选是微生物选育过程中比较重要的手段,可以快速使菌株朝着人类所需要的方向突变。UV诱变和化学药物胁迫筛选是使野生株定向突变的一种很好的办法。目前国内外研究主要针对裂殖壶菌属菌株进行诱变育种,许永利[1]用紫外线诱变和喹禾灵筛选方法对裂殖壶菌(Schizochytrium limacinu)进行诱变选育,突变菌株生物量和DHA含量比对照菌株均有提高。吴克刚等[2]利用添加植物激素对Thraustochytriu roseum MF2进行培育诱变,从而获得更高的DHA量,但在脂质含量和DHA在脂质占比率上都不存在明显变化。本期介绍梁园梅、成家杨等[3]发表的论文《高产DHA破囊壶菌Aurantiochytrium sp.PKU#SW7诱变株的筛选》,作者采用紫外线和药物双重诱变胁迫破囊壶菌获得一株突变株,其在生物量、脂质含量和DHA在脂质占比率上都有显著性提高,相比前人的研究,作者获得的突变株有显著优越性,且突变株DHA生产能力传代4次后仍然保持稳定,具有较高的工业价值。在后续的研究中作者若能对筛选条件、培养基(如利用廉价碳源)和培养条件等方面实行进一步优化,提高突变株生物量,降低突变株发酵生产DHA生产成本,将能获得更高的商业价值。     

种子培养基成分对裂殖壶菌发酵产DHA的影响

考察种子培养基中谷氨酸钠质量浓度和NaCl质量浓度（盐度）对Schizochytrium sp. HX-308菌种质量及发酵性能的影响。结果表明：40 g/L谷氨酸钠条件下培养菌种,发酵后DHA质量分数达到（53.25±0.48）%,而其油产量、油脂质量分数和DHA产量分别为（24.9±0.4）g/L、（45.2±0.6）%、（8.6±0.35）g/L; 利用不含谷氨酸钠的种子培养基发酵,其油产量、油脂质量分数和DHA产量分别为（30.1±0.8）g/L、（54.3±0.5）%、（12.1±0.5）g/L,比含40 g/L谷氨酸钠时分别提高了20.88%、20.13%和40.70%,为菌种驯化提供了新的思路和方向。此外,低盐度培养条件有利于菌种生产性能的发挥,6.25 g/L NaCl条件下发酵后油质量分数、DHA产量及DHA质量分数最高,分别为（62.1±0.8）%、（10.0±0.3）g/L、（48.97±0.42）%。     

基于同源重组的裂殖壶菌遗传转化体系的构建及验证

【目的】裂殖壶菌是一种能高效生产DHA的海洋真菌;基因工程技术已经成功应用在微生物改造和代谢机理研究中,利用基因工程技术对裂殖壶菌进行改造首先需要构建适合裂殖壶菌的遗传转化体系;【方法】本文利用电转化的方法将含有18S r DNA同源重组片段的ble基因导入裂殖壶菌中,通过zeocin抗性平板筛选出阳性菌株,并设计ble基因引物,以裂殖壶菌基因组为模板,进行PCR验证ble基因是否成功结合到裂殖壶菌染色体上。【结果】筛选获得的抗性菌株基因组上确实PCR出ble基因片段,对改造菌株与原始菌株进行发酵培养,发现改造后菌株在生物量、油脂含量、DHA含量及脂肪酸分布等方面和原始菌株基本一致。【结论】抗性基因的插入不会影响菌株的正常代谢,该体系的构建为后续其他外源基因导入奠定基础。     

Enhancement of polyunsaturated fatty acid production by cerulenin treatment in polyunsaturated fatty acid-producing bacteria

When docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing Moritella marina strain MP-1 was cultured in the medium containing 0.5 μ g cerulenin ml⁻¹, an inhibitor for fatty acid biosynthesis, the cells grew normally, but the␣content of DHA in the total fatty acids increased from 5.9–19.4%. The DHA yield of M. marina strain MP-1 cells also increased from 4 to 13.7 mg l⁻¹ by cerulenin treatment. The same effect of cerulenin was observed in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-producing Shewanella marinintestina strain IK-1 grown in the medium containing 7.5 μg cerulenin ml⁻¹, and the cerulenin treatment increased the EPA yield from 1.6 to 8 mg l⁻¹. The use of cerulenin is, therefore, advantageous to increase the content of intracellular polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in particular PUFA-containing phospholipids in bacterial cells.An erratum to this article can be found at .     

植物激素对破囊壶菌生长与产DHA的影响

研究了植物激素对破囊壶菌(Thraustochytrium roseum) MF2产DHA的影响作用。实验结果表明：植物激素对T.roseum MF2的生长和产DHA有很大影响;赤霉素(GA)能促进DHA的合成,6苄基腺嘌呤(BA)能显著促进T.roseum　MF2的生长,二者的配合使用能明显增加DHA的产量;培养基中适宜的添加量为2mg/L GA和3mg/L BA,可使DHA产量达到982mg/L。     

不同浓度有机物对雷公藤不定根生长和次生代谢产物含量的影响

以NT为基本培养基,雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii)不定根为材料,研究了肌醇、VB1、烟酸、VB6、甘氨酸、叶酸、生物素等有机物质对雷公藤不定根生长及其次生代谢产物雷公藤甲素和总生物碱含量的影响。结果表明:NT培养基中原有浓度的肌醇、VB1含量即可使雷公藤不定根生长量、雷公藤甲素含量、总生物碱含量及产量达到最大值。在添加的其他有机物中,添加1 mg/L烟酸、1 mg/L VB6和5 mg/L甘氨酸适合不定根的生长;添加0.5 mg/L烟酸、0.5 mg/L生物素、1 mg/L VB6、1 mg/L甘氨酸和1 mg/L叶酸适合雷公藤甲素的积累;添加0.5 mg/L甘氨酸、1 mg/L VB6、1 mg/L叶酸和1 mg/L生物素则适合不定根中雷公藤总生物碱的合成。     

Impact of phosphate concentration on docosahexaenoic acid production and related enzyme activities in fermentation of Schizochytrium sp.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important and widely used infant food additive. In this study, the effects of phosphate concentration on lipid and especially DHA synthesis in the oleaginous fungi Schizochytrium sp. HX-308 have been investigated in batch cultures. The maximum DHA yield (8.9 g/L) and DHA productivity (148.3 mg/L h) in 0.1 g/L KH₂PO₄ concentration were higher than the DHA yield (6.2 g/L) and DHA productivity (86.1 mg/L h) in 4 g/L KH₂PO₄ concentration. Furthermore, differences in related enzyme activities (malic enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NAD⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase) between phosphate-sufficient and phosphate-limitation conditions were assayed. The results showed that the phosphate-limitation condition could maintain higher activities of malic enzyme and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in addition to lower activity of NAD⁺-isocitrate dehydrogenase. In addition, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase might be the main supplier of NADPH at the early stage of fermentation while malic enzyme might be the provider at the late stage. This information might explain the regulation mechanism of phosphate limitation for lipid production and be useful for further DHA production enhancement.     

Changes in composition and content of mycolic acids in glutamate-overproducing Corynebacterium glutamicum

Overproduction of glutamate by Corynebacterium glutamicum is induced by biotin limitation or by the supplementation of specific detergents, sublethal amounts of penicillin, or cerulenin. But, it remains unclear why these different treatments, which have different sites of primary action, produce similar effects.In this study, it was found that the cellular content of mycolic acids--characteristic constituents of Corynebacterineae that are synthesized from fatty acids and form a cell surface layer--decreased under all conditions that induced glutamate overproduction. Furthermore, short mycolic acids increased under conditions of biotin limitation and cerulenin supplementation. These results suggest that different treatments produce the same effect that causes defects in the mycolic acid layer. This is perhaps one of the key factors in overproduction of glutamate by C. glutamicum.     

High-cell-density fed-batch cultivation of the docosahexaenoic acid producing marine alga Crypthecodinium cohnii

The heterotrophic marine alga Crypthecodinium cohnii is known to produce docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid with food and pharmaceutical applications, during batch cultivation on complex media containing sea salt, yeast extract, and glucose. In the present study, fed-batch cultivation was studied as an alternative fermentation strategy for DHA production. Glucose and acetic acid were compared as carbon sources. For both substrates, the feed rate was adapted to the maximum specific consumption rate of C. cohnii. In glucose-grown cultures, this was done by maintaining a significant glucose concentration (between 5 and 20 g/L) throughout fermentation. In acetic acid-grown cultures, the medium feed was automatically controlled via the culture pH. A feed consisting of acetic acid (50% w/w) resulted in a higher overall volumetric productivity of DHA (r(DHA)) than a feed consisting of 50% (w/v) glucose (38 and 14 mg/L/h, respectively). The r(DHA) was further increased to 48 mg/L/h using a feed consisting of pure acetic acid. The latter fermentation strategy resulted in final concentrations of 109 g/L dry biomass, 61 g/L lipid, and 19 g/L DHA. These are the highest biomass, lipid, and DHA concentrations reported to date for a heterotrophic alga. Vigorous mixing was required to sustain aerobic conditions during high-cell-density cultivation. This was complicated by culture viscosity, which resulted from the production of viscous extracellular polysaccharides. These may present a problem for large-scale industrial production of DHA. Addition of a commercial polysaccharide-hydrolase preparation could decrease the viscosity of the culture and the required stirring.