72份青稞氨基酸组成与营养价值评价

为了解青稞氨基酸的组成及营养品质,本研究测定了72份青稞材料籽粒的17种氨基酸(色氨酸除外)含量,通过对供试青稞材料氨基酸含量进行聚类分析,并比较育成品种与地方品种的氨基酸组成差异,对青稞的氨基酸进行了营养价值评价。结果表明,青稞氨基酸总含量平均为87.454 mg/g DW,变幅为47.8~178.7 mg/g DW,其中必需氨基酸含量占37.15%,谷氨酸的含量最高且变异大,蛋氨酸含量最低,赖氨酸含量变异小,91.67%的青稞材料的第一限制性氨基酸为赖氨酸。青稞氨基酸的贴近度为0.903,与世界粮农组织(FAO)、世界卫生组织(WHO)、联合国大学(UNU)提出的模式蛋白质的必需氨基酸组成较接近,氨基酸比值系数分SRC(73.14)较高。非必需氨基酸占青稞总氨基酸含量的62.85%,其中鲜味和甜味氨基酸含量分别为26.58 mg/g DW和21.85 mg/g DW,分别占总氨基酸含量的30.04%和24.43%。不同青稞材料的氨基酸含量和营养价值有很大的差异,地方品种各氨基酸含量均高于育成品种。供试材料中有4份青稞的氨基酸营养价值及风味氨基酸含量均较高。研究结果可为优质氨基酸组成的青稞选育及青稞加工提供指导。     

北虫草栽培残基中主要活性物质含量分析及评价

对北虫草栽培残基中蛋白质、虫草素等主要营养及活性物质含量分析,为其资源化合理利用研究提供参考。采用反相高效液相色谱法测定氨基酸含量,半微量凯氏定氮法测定粗蛋白,稀酸碱处理法测定粗纤维含量,旋光度法测量淀粉含量,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定矿质元素钙及磷含量,苯酚硫酸法测定多糖的含量,高效液相色谱法测定虫草素。结果显示,北虫草栽培残基中主要营养成分氨基酸、粗蛋白、粗纤维、淀粉、含量检测分别为8. 17%、18. 4%、4. 9%、43. 1%;矿质元素钙及磷含量分别为0. 09%、0. 46%;主要活性成分虫草多糖含量可达4. 8%,与子座含量(5. 1%)相当;虫草素含量0. 318%,显著高于子座(0. 166%)中虫草素含量。结果表明,北虫草栽培残基中除富含蛋白质、氨基酸、淀粉等营养物质外,还含有虫草素、虫草多糖等北虫草特有的活性物质,具有较大营养价值。北虫草栽培残基综合利用资源化研究应用前景广阔。     

细叶小羽藓营养成分的测定分析

该研究以细叶小羽藓为材料,测定了基本营养成分总糖、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、灰分的含量,采用气相色谱、氨基酸自动分析仪分别检测了脂肪酸和氨基酸的组分含量,并通过化学分析法和扫描电镜明确了细叶小羽藓矿质元素含量及分布情况。结果表明:细叶小羽藓中主要成分是糖类,占16.11%,粗蛋白质、灰分含量分别为11.20%、23.34%。氨基酸组成均衡,必需氨基酸(EAA)占氨基酸总量(TAA)的27.70%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值(EAA/NEAA)为0.38;限制性氨基酸为组氨酸,比值系数分(SRC)为12.96;药用氨基酸占总氨基酸的62.12%;天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、亮氨酸等含量相对较高。不饱和脂肪酸与饱和脂肪酸的比值为0.74,不饱和脂肪酸花生四烯酸(AA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)相对含量较高。富含矿物质,茎叶元素均匀分布,其中Al、Ca、Fe、K、Mg等元素含量很高。综上认为,细叶小羽藓是一种含糖量较多、矿质丰富、低脂、低蛋白的苔藓,作为生物资源具有开发潜力。     

白带锯蛱蝶幼虫和蛹的营养成分比较分析北大核心CSCD

探寻白带锯蛱蝶幼虫和蛹的主要营养成分,为它们的食用开发提供理论基础。运用营养分析方法分析表明白带锯蛱蝶幼虫和蛹的矿质元素含量丰富,粗脂肪含量分别占其干重的7.74%和12.1%,蛋白质含量分别占其干重的70.2%和67.8%,总氨基酸的含量分别为478.0 mg/g干重和519.4 mg/g干重,必需氨基酸分别占总氨基酸的比例为36.4%和33.7%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值分别为0.57和0.51,它们的第一限制氨基酸都为苏氨酸,第二限制氨基酸都为缬氨酸,必需氨基酸指数分别为0.86和0.93。白带锯蛱蝶幼虫和蛹除了各种矿质元素含量差异显著外,其余各营养成分含量相近,具有高蛋白、低脂肪、矿质元素含量丰富、蛋白质质量较好、必需氨基酸含量较高以及氨基酸结构较不平衡等特点。综上,白带锯蛱蝶幼虫和蛹具有较高的营养价值,它的食用开发具有巨大的潜力和广阔的市场前景。     

6种石斛属植物氨基酸组成及营养价值评价

为比较不同种石斛的氨基酸组成差异,作出营养评价,使用氨基酸自动分析仪检测6种石斛的氨基酸含量,分析其必需氨基酸组成成分,并通过计算氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)及氨基酸比值系数分(SRCAA)等非生物指标进行营养评价。结果表明:石斛中氨基酸种类齐全、营养丰富,均含有被检测的17种氨基酸。6种石斛氨基酸总量存在差异,介于3.58%～8.09%。必需氨基酸组成总含量介于42.62%～47.23%之间,明显高于WHO/FAO模式值(35.00%),其中,化学评分显示其限制氨基酸均为半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸。6种石斛药用氨基酸含量相差较大(2.24%～5.37%),其中蜻蜓石斛含量最高,为含量最低细叶石斛的2.40倍,但在总氨基酸中所占的比例基本一致(60.96%～66.47%)。对6种石斛进行聚类分析可分为4类,其中杓唇石斛、叠鞘石斛、细叶石斛可视为高品质蛋白质种。综上所述,石斛氨基酸具有重要的营养价值,6种石斛氨基酸差异显著。该结果可为石斛营养价值评价、品种选育及药用开发提供理论指导。     

组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果营养成分的分析和比较

对组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果提取物的营养成分进行分析和比较研究,分别测定了蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、碳水化合物、灰分、矿质元素、维生素E和氨基酸含量。结果表明:组培苗鲜罗汉果和干罗汉果蛋白质含量分别为22.23%、19.8%,氨基酸总量分别为12.51%、8.36%,其中人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量分别为38.13%、36.36%,矿质元素含量分别为1081mg/100g、1089mg/100g,维生素E含量分别为0.183mg/100g、0.589mg/100g。组培苗鲜罗汉果的蛋白质、氨基酸含量比组培苗干罗汉果分别高2.43%、4.15%,碳水化合物、维生素E含量组培苗干罗汉果比组培苗鲜罗汉果分别高2.44%、0.406mg/100g,矿质元素、粗脂肪、总糖、灰分等含量两者不存在明显差异。     

米仓织蛾-豹皮樟虫茶主要营养成分分析

首次对贵州新发现的虫茶品种“米仓织蛾—豹皮樟虫茶”（简称“仓樟虫茶”）的营养价值进行了综合评价。用豹皮樟嫩叶饲喂米仓织蛾幼虫,获得仓樟虫茶,分析介绍了其一般营养成分、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成和矿质元素等,并以三叶虫茶、紫白虫茶和米白虫茶等作为参照,对仓樟虫茶的营养价值进行评价。结果表明：仓樟虫茶蛋白质总量为23.8%,脂肪含量为2.8%,其必需氨基酸含量约为氨基酸总量的31.87%,4种呈味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的40.81%。第一、第二限制性氨基酸分别为赖氨酸和蛋氨酸,此外,包含10种脂肪酸和多种矿物元素,Mg、Ca、Fe、K含量较高,重金属和稀土元素均在安全范围以内。由此可见,仓樟虫茶营养丰富适宜作为一种新的食品资源进行研究开发和优化利用。     

云南高黎贡山管花鹿药茎叶营养成分分析

测定了云南高黎贡山管花鹿药茎叶的营养成分 ,并与常见蔬菜及一些粮谷类食物进行了比较 ,结果显示 :管花鹿药茎叶含多种营养成分 ,干品蛋白质含量高达 4 4 92 %、氨基酸含量为 2 6 4 %、含有多种人体必需的常微量元素 ,矿质元素含量呈十分典型的高钾低钠特点 :钾含量高达 395 0mg/kg ,而钠含量仅为 0 14mg/kg ,Fe、Mn、Zn等元素含量也较高 ,具有较高的营养价值和良好的营养保健作用     

白带锯蛱蝶幼虫和蛹的营养成分比较分析

探寻白带锯蛱蝶幼虫和蛹的主要营养成分,为它们的食用开发提供理论基础。运用营养分析方法分析表明白带锯蛱蝶幼虫和蛹的矿质元素含量丰富,粗脂肪含量分别占其干重的7.74%和12.1%,蛋白质含量分别占其干重的70.2%和67.8%,总氨基酸的含量分别为478.0 mg/g干重和519.4 mg/g干重,必需氨基酸分别占总氨基酸的比例为36.4%和33.7%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值分别为0.57和0.51,它们的第一限制氨基酸都为苏氨酸,第二限制氨基酸都为缬氨酸,必需氨基酸指数分别为0.86和0.93。白带锯蛱蝶幼虫和蛹除了各种矿质元素含量差异显著外,其余各营养成分含量相近,具有高蛋白、低脂肪、矿质元素含量丰富、蛋白质质量较好、必需氨基酸含量较高以及氨基酸结构较不平衡等特点。综上,白带锯蛱蝶幼虫和蛹具有较高的营养价值,它的食用开发具有巨大的潜力和广阔的市场前景。     

黄蜀葵种子形态及其化学成分的研究

本文报道了黄蜀葵种子的形态特征和化学成分。研究结果表明 :种子含有脂肪油 ,含量为31 16 % ,其主要成分为 :亚油酸 (82 179% )、油酸 (9 195 % )、棕榈酸 (4 75 6 % )、硬脂酸 (2 6 81% )、亚麻酸 (0 32 8% )等 ,此外 ,还含有 18种氨基酸和 2 4种矿质元素。其种子含有多种氨基酸和矿质元素 ,而且种子油含有大量人体所必需的不饱和脂肪酸 ,含量达 91 815 %。因此 ,其种子和种子油具有较高的营养价值和医疗保健功效 ,具有潜在开发利用的价值。     

Numerical approaches towards life cycle interpretation five examples

The ISO-standard for LCA distinguishes four phases, of which the last one, the interpretation, is the least elaborated. It can be regarded as containing procedural steps (like a completeness check) as well as numerical steps (like a sensitivity check). This paper provides five examples of techniques that can be used for the numerical steps. These are the contribution analysis, the perturbation analysis, the uncertainty analysis, the comparative analysis, and the discernibility analysis. All five techniques are described at a non-technical level with respect to basic concept, possibilities, tabular and graphical representation, restriction and warnings, and all are illustrated with a simple example.     

影响水稻光合日变化的酶和相关因素的分析

水稻叶片的最大光合速率出现在上午１０：００时,Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力也在此时达到最大,然后逐渐降低,下午１４：００时略上升后又下降．Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力与光合速率之间极显著相关,相关系数为 ０．９４７４．运用相关性分析、回归分析、通径分析,对晴（有时有云）天气水稻叶片的光合速度、光合关键酶及有关因素的日变化进行综合评估,结果发现中午光合下降主要来自气孔限制,同时Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性也下降;Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性是影响光合日变化的又一重要生化因子．体内Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性受Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活化酶的调节．     

Discrimination of higher plant calluses based on embryogenic capacity and taxonomic classification by pyrolysis mass spectrometry

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) is a rapid, simple, high-resolution analytical method based on thermal degradation of complex material in a vacuum, and has been widely applied to the discrimination of closely related microbial strains. Minimally prepared samples of embryogenic and non-embryogenic calluses derived from various higher plants (sweet potato, morning glory, Korean ginseng, Siberian ginseng, and balloon flower) were subjected to PyMS for spectral fingerprinting. A dendrogram based on the unweighted pair group method, with arithmetic mean of pyrolysis mass spectra, divided the calluses into Siberian ginseng embryogenic callus and the others, which were subsequently divided into embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus groups, regardless of plant species from which the calluses were derived. In the non-embryogenic callus group, the dendrogram was in agreement with the known taxonomy of the plants. These results indicate that PyMS analysis could be applied for discriminating plant calluses based on embryogenic capacity and taxonomic classification.     

Intraspecific variation in Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) in Peninsular Malaysia– a morphometric analysis

We studied vegetative and reproductive characters of 74 herbarium specimens of Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) collected from 22 localities throughout Peninsular Malaysia. To test the null hypothesis that there are no distinct groups within the species, cluster analysis (nearest neighbour), principal coordinates and principal components analyses were performed on the set of 43 qualitative and quantitative characters. The results obtained suggested that: (1) there are three infraspeciflc groups within the species, viz., the two published varieties glabra and selangorensis as well as a possible third novel taxon; (2) there is clustering of individuals corresponding to their geographic localities; (3) clusters generated using only reproductive characters indicate a biogeographic distribution of populations correlated with the mountain ranges in the peninsula.     

Fish ecoregions of Kansas: stream fish assemblage patterns and associated environmental correlates

Synopsis Principal components analysis was performed on fish presence/absence data for 39 common fish species from 410 stream sites in Kansas. The analysis confirmed ten ecologically meaningful fish assemblages, based on species associations. Factor scores based on these assemblages were then clustered into six geographic areas or fish ecoregions. Canonical discriminant analysis identified environmental variables that distinguished the derived fish ecoregions. Mean annual runoff, mean annual growing season, and discharge appear most important. Mean width, mean depth, chloride concentration, water temperature, substrate type, gradient, and percent of pool habitat were less important. Correspondence exists between these fish ecoregions and the patterns of physiographic regions, river basins, geology, soil, and potential natural vegetation in Kansas. The multivariate statistical approach used to classify fish ecoregions should have considerable potential value for fish assessment and management purposes in areas other than the state of Kansas.     

Some remarks about the analysis of active control studies

In an active-controlled trial, the experimental treatment can be declared to be non-inferior to the control if the confidence interval for the difference excludes a fixed pre-specified margin. Recently, some articles have discussed an alternative method where the data from the current study and placebo-controlled studies for the active control are combined together into a single test statistic to test whether a fixed fraction of the effect of the active control is preserved. It has been shown that, conditional on nuisance parameters from the active-controlled study, a fixed margin can be defined that will be operationally equivalent to this latter method. In this article, we will discuss statistical properties associated with these approaches. Specifically, the interim monitoring boundaries and level of evidence will be considered.     

Normal Approximations of Exact Tests in Configural Frequency Analysis

The most common tests for types and antitypes in configural frequency analysis are normal approximations of exact tests. In the paper such statistics under the complete independence model and under the fixed margins model are discussed. It turns out that these test statistics are not acceptable when the number of simultaneously performed tests is large or when the expected frequencies are small. In these cases, the use of exact tests is advocated and some existing computer programs for such tests are indicated. A normal approximation based on the strong version of the De Moivre-Laplace limit theorem is also discussed. Empirical examples are given from longitudinal data describing psychological development of boys.     

Phenotypic evaluation of genetic variability and selection of yield contributing traits in chickpea recombinant inbred line population under high temperature stress

Heat is a major abiotic stress that drastically reduces chickpea yield. This study aimed to identify heat-responsive traits to sustain crop productivity by screening a recombinant inbred line (RILs) population at two locations in India (Ludhiana and Faridkot). The RIL population was derived from an inter-specific cross between heat-tolerant genotype GPF 2 (C. arietinum L.) and heat sensitive accession ILWC 292 (C. reticulatum). The pooled analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for all the traits in RILs and most of the traits were significantly affected by heat stress at both locations. High values of genotypic coefficient of variation (19.52–38.53%), phenotypic coefficient of variation (20.29–39.85%), heritability (92.50–93.90%), and genetic advance as a percentage of mean (38.68–76.74%) have been observed for plant height, number of pods per plant, biomass, yield, and hundred seed weight across the heat stress environments. Association studies and principal component analysis showed a significant positive correlation of plant height, number of pods per plant, biomass, hundred seed weight, harvest index, relative leaf water content, and pollen viability with yield under both timely-sown and late-sown conditions. Path analysis revealed that biomass followed by harvest index was the major contributor to yield among the environments. Both step-wise and multiple regression analyses concluded that number of pods per plant, biomass and harvest index consistently showed high level of contribution to the total variation in yield under both timely-sown and late-sown conditions. Thus, the holistic approach of these analyses illustrated that the promising traits provide a framework for developing heat-tolerant cultivars in chickpea.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00977-5.     

分子水平的遗传多样性及其测量方法

遗传多样性水平是一项很重要的数据。目前从分子水平量化遗传多样性的方法以等位酶分析、ＲＦＬＰ分析和ＲＡＰＤ分析为代表。遗传变异在基因组中并非随机分布,所以取样方式对分析结果的影响不容忽视。本文叙述了遗传变异的产生和分布,并以此为基础比较了上述３种分析方法的理论与实践。     

凡纳滨对虾各月龄性状的主成分与判别分析

为了研究凡纳滨对虾各性状增长规律和判定最佳生长季节凡纳滨对虾的体格与月龄的关系,选择1～6月龄凡纳滨对虾各1000只,选择全长、体长、第一腹节背高、第三腹节背高、第一腹节背宽、头胸甲长和体重共7个性状,进行主成分与判别分析.结果表明:各月龄凡纳滨对虾性状之间均呈现显著的正相关(P<0.01), 其中以全长与体长的相关性最为明显,1月龄凡纳滨对虾体重与形态性状的相关系数较小.各月龄凡纳滨对虾的主成分有所不同,1～2月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分为长度因子,第二主成分为宽度因子,第三主成分为高度因子;3月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分与1～2月龄凡纳滨对虾一致,但第二主成分为高度因子,第三主成分为体重因子;4～6月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分为体重因子,第二主成分为高度因子,第三主成分为宽度因子.1～3月龄凡纳滨对虾形态性状的增长优先于体重, 4～6月龄凡纳滨对虾体重优先于形态性状的增长.错过最佳生长季节的凡纳滨对虾的与体格大小相符的月龄可通过建立的判别式来判断,总的判别准确率为98.98%,其中2～4月龄凡纳滨对虾的判别准确率为100%.