屎肠球菌活菌制剂的研究

对屎肠球菌活菌制剂的特性及功效进行研究和分析。方法：通过分离菌种、筛选、鉴定、初步确定一株具有调节血脂作用的屎肠球菌菌株。经过毒理学试验、调血脂功能试验及人体试食试验来观察该制剂的作用。结果：毒理学试验结果证明屎肠球菌DM891129菌株属无毒、弱蓄积,无遗传毒性。功效试验表明高中低剂量组均只有降低实验高脂血症大鼠血胆固醇的作用。结论：屎肠球菌活菌制剂具有调节血脂作用。     

神农架川金丝猴源肠道粪肠球菌的分离与鉴定

通过培养特征、形态观察、抑菌性实验,从神农架健康野生金丝猴肠道分离到8株抑菌效果明显的菌株;生理生化鉴定和16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析,该8株菌为粪肠球菌。毒力因子检测和动物急性毒性实验筛选出2株安全性良好的菌株,研究两菌株对胃肠道环境（低pH值、高胆盐）的耐受特性和生长情况。结果表明,粪肠球菌dlt7a和dlt7b株繁殖能力很强,无迟缓期,具有较强的耐受胃酸及肠道高胆盐环境的能力,且安全性好,具有较好的益生特性,可作为金丝猴微生态制剂的候选菌株。     

屎肠球菌降胆固醇作用的初步研究

血液中胆固醇含量增加会严重威胁人类健康。利用皂化-比色法检测了22株屎肠菌株体外降胆固醇的能力,结果显示屎肠菌株的胆固醇去除率在85.93%~21.25%之间。选取3株胆盐耐受能力较好的菌进行后续研究,其中,屎肠球菌SP5-6L的耐酸能力较差;JS2和ML13-5菌株具有一定的耐酸和耐胆盐能力;3株菌株的胆盐水解酶活性都很高。在0.3%胆盐培养基中,屎肠球菌的胆固醇去除率不同,其中ML13-5菌株的去除率由52.71%增加到68.01%。此外,屎肠球菌无溶血性,但其抗药性各有不同。本文对屎肠球菌降低胆固醇的机制进行了初步研究,为进一步利用其开发相关功能性食品和药物提供了依据。     

植物乳杆菌PUM1785抑菌作用及耐胆盐和耐盐性能

目的通过分析植物乳杆菌PUM1785体外抑菌活性和部分耐受能力,为进一步研发乳杆菌微生态制剂提供理论和数据支持。方法以模式菌株WCSF1为对照株,采用双层琼脂点种法进行体外抑菌试验,并开展高胆盐、高盐环境耐受试验。结果植物乳杆菌PUM1785体外抑菌活性与模式菌株相近,对6种常见致病菌均有较强的抑制作用,对革兰阴性菌的抑菌效果优于革兰阳性菌。在不同浓度胆盐溶液中培养24 h后,2株乳杆菌生长均受抑制,当胆盐浓度从0 g/100 mL持续增至0.5 g/100 mL后,2株乳杆菌活菌数量呈下降趋势,但始终维持在10~5 CFU/mL数量级以上,并且PUM1785与WCSF1活菌数量比呈上升趋势;在不同浓度的NaCl溶液中培养24 h后,2株乳杆菌均生长良好,当NaCl浓度从0 g/100 mL升高到8 g/100 mL时,2株乳杆菌活菌数始终维持在10~8 CFU/mL数量级以上,并且PUM1785与WCSF1活菌数量比呈明显上升趋势。结论植物乳杆菌PUM1785具有与模式菌株相近的抑菌活性,对胆盐和高盐环境耐受力均强于模式菌株,表明PUM1785具有良好的生物学特性,可以作为微生态制剂研发的候选菌株。     

肠球菌E4及其抑菌产物特性的研究

目的获得抑制微生物生长的菌株。方法根据形态学和生理生化学特性进行菌种鉴定;采用牛津杯法测定抑菌谱和抑菌物质的理化特性。结果排除了过氧化氢和有机酸的作用,该菌发酵上清液对苏云金杆菌、枯草杆菌、大肠埃希菌、鸡白痢沙门菌等有抑制作用。根据菌株的生理生化特征,该菌株初步定为肠球菌属,定名为E4（Enterococcus sp．）。所产抑菌物质具有较好的热稳定性,在酸性条件下稳定且活性高。结论分离筛选了1株可产抑菌物质的肠球菌,其产生的抑菌物质具有良好的生物化学特性和广谱的抑菌能力。     

常用微生态制剂的体外药敏试验

目的了解常用微生态制剂与一些常见抗菌药物的体外相互作用。方法从3种微生态制剂(美常安、妈咪爱、培菲康)中培养并分离供试菌,用电子显微镜和药敏纸片做鉴别及药敏试验。结果3种微生态制剂对常用的抗菌药物均敏感。尤其是制剂中的杆菌类对所选的抗菌药物几乎都敏感,而屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对各种抗菌药物表现出不同程度的耐药。结论除阿莫西林外,常用的抗菌药物不宜与美常安、妈咪爱、培菲康配伍。     

2008年至2010年泌尿系统感染中病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解泌尿系统感染的病原菌分布及药物耐药性。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK60分析仪对2008年至2010年宁波市妇女儿童医院疑为泌尿系统感染患者的尿液标本进行细菌培养、菌株鉴定,纸片扩散确证试验检测ESBLs。结果 2008年至2010年尿标本中共分离出病原菌1 561株,以大肠埃希菌最多见,占27.2%,其次肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形菌、粪肠球菌(D群),各占6.34%、6.28%和6.21%,再次是表皮葡萄球、白色念珠菌和屎肠球菌(D群),各占4.48%、4.36%和3.91%。表皮葡萄球、粪肠球菌(D群)、屎肠球菌(D群)对万古霉素均敏感,对利奈唑烷仅1株粪肠球菌(D群)耐药。3年中,无1例大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南耐药,1株肺炎克雷伯菌和1株奇异变形菌对亚胺培南耐药,其他药物均有不同程度耐药。结论大肠埃希菌是导致泌尿系统感染最常见的致病菌,产ESBLs的菌株已达46.6%。治疗由产ESBLs细菌引起的尿路感染首选亚胺培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;引起尿路感染的革兰阳性菌主要为肠球菌,青霉素可作为治疗粪肠球菌引起的尿路感染,但不适合治疗屎肠球菌引起的尿路感染,耐药率已达95%以上,呋喃妥因、利奈坐烷、万古霉素可作为首选。     

一种新的蜜蜂细菌性幼虫病病原的分离鉴定

2005年早春,在浙江部分地区出现了一种严重的蜜蜂细菌性幼虫病,该病导致蜜蜂幼虫颜色发黄,失去光泽;严重时幼虫死亡腐烂。从10批发病死亡幼虫样品中,分离得到并保存了5类纯培养物。通过蜂群接种试验和实验室人工培养的幼虫接种,确定L2菌株能引起与自然发病相似的症状,且能从接种发病的幼虫上再次分离到相同菌株,证明L2菌株是该蜜蜂细菌性幼虫病的致病菌。进一步对分离到的该致病菌从发病特征、病原形态学、生理生化特性、16SrRNA序列等方面进行了分析鉴定,结果显示:该菌株属于肠球菌属的屎肠球菌(Enterococcusfaecium),不是目前报道的任何一种已知蜜蜂细菌性幼虫病的病原。     

奶牛源乳酸菌的分离、鉴定及其微生态制剂的研究

为筛选出能用于防治奶牛子宫内膜炎的益生性乳酸菌菌株并以其为原材料制作微生态制剂,采集产后30～50 d健康奶牛的子宫颈口处分泌物,利用MRS选择性培养基厌氧培养方式进行乳酸菌初步筛选。纯化得到的单株菌株进行染色和镜检,将典型的乳酸菌进行生化鉴定。提取其DNA,扩增16S rDNA全序列并测序,将所得序列与NCBI核酸数据库进行同源性比对,明确各分离菌株种属归属。将鉴定得到的单株乳酸菌过滤以及离心获取上清,得到的上清进行抑菌实验。采用琼脂扩散法检测对大肠埃希菌的抑菌活性。以得到的良好抑菌能力的菌株为原材料进行混合抑菌,进行微生态制剂最优比例的探究,并研究这些菌株的生长曲线和产酸能力。结果显示,经染色镜检、生化鉴定和16S rDNA测序分析和单株抑菌实验得到6株较好的抑菌能力的乳酸菌,其中鼠李糖乳杆菌、魏斯式细菌和粪肠球菌的混合上清抑菌效果最好,具有较强的生长和产酸能力。研究得到了可用于防治奶牛子宫内膜炎益生菌株,可进一步用于临床试验探究。     

大熊猫粪便乳酸菌的分离鉴定

大熊猫作为国家保护动物,其健康问题备受瞩目。为了维护大熊猫的肠道健康,本研究从大熊猫肠道内分离出适宜于大熊猫肠道环境的乳酸菌菌株,有望将其制成熊猫肠道微生物制剂,从而改善大熊猫肠道菌群环境。从雅安市宝兴县蜂桶寨自然保护区选取圈养与野生大熊猫的粪便,通过体外培养分离出9个菌株。分离菌株经过革兰氏染色镜检、过氧化氢产气、菌落形态观察等方法与技术初步鉴定为乳酸菌。对这9株乳酸菌进行耐酸试验、耐胆盐试验、抑菌能力试验和产酸能力等测试,筛选出了3个适应性较强,有望制成调节大熊猫肠道内环境平衡作用的微生态菌剂的菌株。16S rRNA基因序列分析表明:分离菌株J1、J2和J4分别为融合魏斯氏菌（Weissella confusa）,海氏肠球菌（Enterococcus heynei）和非解乳糖链球菌（Streptococcus alactolyticus）,有望被应用于大熊猫肠道微生态制剂的研究。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.