β-Tubulin在正常及妊娠输卵管组织中的表达

目的探讨β-tubulin在正常及妊娠输卵管组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组织化学方法和图像分析技术检测正常输卵管及妊娠输卵管组织中β-tubulin的表达,并分别比较增生期与分泌期、分泌期与妊娠输卵管组织中β-tubulin的平均光密度。结果正常输卵管组织β-tubulin的表达分泌期明显强于增生期;妊娠输卵管组织中β-tubulin的表达比分泌期明显减弱。差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论β-tubulin在妊娠输卵管组织中的低表达可能是输卵管妊娠的影响因素。     

人输卵管粘膜凝集素受体表达的研究

研究正常、妊娠及慢性炎症三种状态下输卵管粘膜凝集素受体表达及其相互关系。应用免疫组织化学ABC方法,以六种生物素化的凝集素为探针,对以上三种状态下的输卵管粘膜凝集素受体进行标记。结果表明PNA.UEA－1.SJA的表达在分泌期比增生期为强;妊娠时输卵管壶腹部粘膜DBA、PNA、SJA表达比分泌期为强,而UEA－1表达比分泌期减弱;慢性输卵管炎粘膜凝集素受体的表达与输卵管妊娠时接近或相同。提示：月经周期中输卵管粘膜凝集素受体的表达受雌激素及孕激素的调节;输卵管妊娠时的表达除受雌孕激素的影响外,还可能与着床时胚泡的局部作用有关;慢性输卵管炎易致输卵管妊娠的因素之一,可能与输卵管粘膜凝集素受体的改变有关。     

β-tubulin在输卵管妊娠着床部位与非着床部位的表达

目的探讨β-tubulin在输卵管妊娠着床部位与非着床部位的表达及其意义。方法采用免疫组织化学方法和图像分析技术检测正常输卵管分泌期、输卵管妊娠着床部位与非着床部位β-tubulin的表达。图像分析技术检测各组输卵管粘膜上皮组织中的β-tubulin表达的平均光密度值,并分别比较正常输卯管分泌期与输卵管妊娠非着床部位、输卵管妊娠非着床部位与着床部位粘膜上皮中β-tubulin表达的差异。结果输卵管妊娠非着床部位β-tubulin的表达弱于正常输卵管分泌期;输卵管妊娠着床部位β-tubulin的表达弱于非着床部位。差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论β-tubulin的低表达可能是引起人输卵管妊娠的因素之一。     

动情周期中大鼠子宫和输卵管壁肥大细胞数量变化的研究

用放射免疫分析法对动情周期中大鼠血清雌二醇浓度进行检测;取子宫、输卵管常规石蜡切片、H－E染色,并用甲苯胺蓝染色显示肥大细胞,于光镜低倍视野下计数。结果显示：动物血清雌二醇浓度依次为：动情期（E）组＞动情前期（PE）组＞动情后期（ME）组＞动情间(DE)且,各组间差异均有显性;在子宫,肥大细胞分布于宫壁肌怪平滑肌束间的结缔组织内、近小血管处,以微血管周居多,常见单个散在,于ME子宫内膜尚偶见肥大细胞;输卵管肥大细胞局限于其外膜层内、近小血管周围,亦多散在。子宫、输卵管壁内的肥大细胞镜下呈圆形、椭圆形或略不规则形,胞浆内充满紫红色粗大颗粒,子宫肥大细胞数量依次为：ME＞DE＞PE＞E,各组间差异有生（DE与PE、PE与E,P＜0.05,余组间P＜0.01）;输卵管壁内肥大细胞数量各组间差异无显性（P＞0.05）。本尚对大鼠血清雌二醇水平波动与子宫、输卵管壁内肥大细胞数量变化的关系及其生理意义进行了讨论。     

正常妇女不同卵巢激素状态离体输卵管平滑肌自发收缩活动及其对NE反应性研究

通过离体实验方法观察58例22—40岁中国育龄正常妇女周期的不同阶段、妊娠期(1—2个月)及哺乳期(2—10个月)输卵管峡部平滑肌收缩频率、波型及对外源性去甲肾上腺素(NE)的反应。实验观察到增生期、行经期及哺乳期峡部收缩活动比分泌期、妊娠期强,前者收缩频率高,多数呈现阵发性收缩,而后者收缩频率低,呈现单个收缩。增生期、行经期、分泌期及哺乳期峡部对NE呈兴奋性反应,只有妊娠期峡部对NE呈抑制反应。峡部环层肌比纵层肌收缩力强,但收缩波型相似。结果表明人输卵管自发收缩活动及对NE反应与卵巢激素状态有密切关系。     

肥大细胞在大鼠输卵管急性沙眼衣原体感染中的作用

目的　为研究肥大细胞在大鼠输卵管急性沙眼衣原体 (Chlamydialtrachomatis,CT)感染中的作用。方法　选择成年雌性SD大鼠 6 0只 ,通过手术从一侧卵巢囊接种沙眼衣原体D型株 ,对照组接种 2 -SPA缓冲液。分别于感染后第 1/ 2d、第 7d、第 14d将大鼠处死 ,取手术侧的输卵管常规固定、脱水、包埋。结果　S -P法显示 :输卵管局部的CD4 + T细胞和血管内皮细胞粘附分子 (VCAM - 1)的表达均较对照组明显增强 (P <0 0 1)。改良的甲苯胺蓝染色法显示 :感染组肥大细胞较对照组数量有显著性增高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并且其变化趋势与CD4 + T细胞和VCAM - 1表达的变化趋势一致。结论　可以推测 ,沙眼衣原体感染引起急性输卵管炎时 ,肥大细胞通过促进炎症局部小静脉内皮细胞上VCAM -1的表达 ,诱导CD4 + T细胞的浸润 ;然后分泌IL - 4等细胞因子促进CD4 + T细胞向TH2 细胞方向转化 ,不利于机体清除沙眼衣原体 ,从而使发生局部输卵管病理损伤的可能性增加。     

注射LHRHa对泥鳅血清性类固醇激素变化研究

研究了注射促黄体激素类似物(LHRHa)后,泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)血清性类同醇激素的变化规律,并探讨在泥鳅繁殖季节时.孕酮(P)、睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E2)对性腺发育的作用及调节机制.实验共分两组,对照组和实验组;对照组只注射生理盐水;实验组注射LHRHa,雌鱼0.2 μg/g,雄鱼减半.注射前尾静脉采血,作为血液样本分析基础水平(Oh),注射药物后分别在7、24、48、72和96h尾静脉采血.测定雌鱼睾酮、雌二醇和孕酮,雄鱼孕酮和睾酬血清浓度.实验结果表明:注射LHRHa,雌鱼血清睾酮和雌二醇浓度显著高于对照组,雄鱼血清睾酮和孕酮显著高于对照组(P<0.05);24h浓度较高.雌鱼孕酬、睾酮和雌二醇分别为(0.710±0.082)ng/mL、(9.00±0.57)ng/mL和(696.4±26.2)pg/mL,雄鱼孕酮和睾酮分别为(0.527±0.121)ng/mL和(9.62±0.62)ng/mL.实验组雌鱼孕酮变化基本规律为,基础水平(0-7h)-逐渐升至最高(7-24h)-逐渐降至基础水平(24-48h)-维持基础水平(48-96h).实验组雌鱼睾酮和雌二醇与雄鱼孕酮和睾酮变化规律基本相似,其规律为,逐渐上升至最高(0-24h)-逐渐降至基础水平(24-72h)-维持基础水(72-96h).24h对照组雌鱼睾酮和雌二醇显著升高,浓度分别为:睾酮(2.20±0.18)ng/mL,雌二醇(269.1±36.6)pg/mL.对照组雄鱼血清孕酮和睾酮浓度实验期间均无显著变化.研究认为:LHRHa能够刺激泥鳅性类同醇激素分泌,特别是睾酮的分泌,显著提高雌鱼性腺指数(GSI).但刺激P的分泌调控能力有限,实验期间处于较低水平,诱导排卵效果差,泥鳅的性类固醇激素可能有特殊的调节机制.雌二醇和睾酮对性腺成熟有重要作用,孕酮对介导卵细胞最终成熟和排卵可能起重要作用,而雌二醇和睾酮无明显效果.     

血清β-HCG、PLGF联合VEGF水平在输卵管妊娠诊断鉴别中的临床应用

目的:探讨血清β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)、胎盘生长因子(PLGF)联合血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平在输卵管妊娠诊断鉴别中的价值。方法:收集我院于2014年1月~2015年1月间收治的输卵管妊娠患者50例作为观察组。另取同期在我院体检的正常宫内妊娠的孕妇50例作为对照组。采用酶联免疫法检测血清中VEGF、PLGF水平,采用放射免疫法检测血清中β-HCG水平,观察并比较两组患者血清VEGF、PLGF、β-HCG水平,计算灵敏度及特异度。结果:观察组血清β-HCG、PLGF水平低于对照组,VEGF水平高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。血清β-HCG+PLGF+VEGF联合检测的灵敏度、特异度均较各单一指标检测高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:通过β-HCG、PLGF联合VEGF检测方式可有效的提高诊断准确率。     

E-cadherin在人输卵管妊娠蜕膜组织中的表达

目的探讨E-cadherin在人输卵管妊娠蜕膜组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法应用免疫组织化学方法检测输卵管妊娠蜕膜组织中E-cadherin的表达,同时以正常输卵管粘膜为对照。结果E-cadherin在输卵管妊娠组中的表达低于正常输卵管组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论E-cadherin的低表达可能是引起人输卵管妊娠的因素之一。     

血清妊娠相关血浆蛋白A在诊断异常妊娠中的临床意义

目的:探讨血清妊娠相关血浆蛋白A(PAPP-A)在诊断异常妊娠中的临床意义,分析其与异常妊振的关系。方法:选取299例5~13周的正常早孕妇为正常早孕组,同期选取稽留流产86例,先兆流产54例,异位妊娠76例为异常妊娠组,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELASA)测定两组受试者的血清PAPP-A水平,分析两组受试者各个孕周内的血清PAPP-A水平的差异。结果:稽留流产孕妇在各个孕周内(9~13周)的血清PAPP-A水平显著低于同孕周内正常早孕孕妇(t值分别为9.500,8.113,3.511,9.538,8.504,P值均0.05);稽留流产孕妇总的平均血清PAPP-A水平亦低于常早孕孕妇(t=3.651,P值均0.05);异位妊娠孕妇在各个孕周内(9~13周)的血清PAPP-A水平显著低于同孕周内正常早孕孕妇(t值分别为7.976,9.030,9.941,11.625,14.079,12.569,P值均0.05),异位妊娠孕妇总的平均血清PAPP-A水平亦低于常早孕孕妇(t=28.168,P值均0.05);先兆流产孕妇(除孕8周)与正常早孕妊娠血清PAPP-A水平比较无显著统计学意义。结论:血清PAPP-A水平在异常妊娠如异位妊娠、稽留流产中显著降低,可作为诊断异位妊娠、稽留流产及先兆流产辅助诊断的生物学指标。     

Cyclic changes in ciliation, secretion and cell height of the oviductal epithelium in women

Oviducts were obtained from women who elected to undergo sterilization either during a normal menstrual cycle, after the first trimester of pregnancy, or in the puerperium. The percent of ciliated cells, cell height and morphology of the fimbria and ampulla were determined and correlated with the stage of the reporductive cycle and plasma levels of the ovarian steroids. Mature ciliated and secretory cells were observed only at mid-cycle. Atrophy, deciliation and loss of secretory activity coincided with elevated levels of serum progesterone. These degenerative processes continued during pregnancy. Ciliation, hypertrophy, and restoration of secretory activity occurred when serum progesterone was essentially undetectable and estradiol relatively low. During each menstrual cycle the secretory cells were observed to undergo a complete cycle of dedifferentiation-differentiation, whereas 10--12% of the ciliated cells lost and regenerated their celia. Ciliogenic cells were frequently present in the epithelium obtained from women in the mid-follicular phase. Fibrous granules, deuterosomes, procentrioles and ciliary buds were observed in the apex of these cells. Plasma levels of estradiol were higher during periods of atrophy and deciliation than they were during periods of hypertrophy and reciliation. It appears that the serum levels of estradiol were adequate to maintain a mature epithelium at all the reproductive stages included in this study. However, progesterone, when present, blocked the growth-promoting effect of estradiol in the oviduct.     

Oviductal progesterone concentration and its spatial distribution in cyclic and early pregnant cows

Changes and local distribution of oviductal progesterone (P(4)) concentration during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy in cows were investigated. Intact reproductive tracts were collected from 16 Holstein cows at an abattoir. Samples were classified in to 4 stages (follicular, postovulatory, luteal and early pregnant,< 20 d) based on visual observation of corpus luteum (CL), uterine characteristics and luteal P(4) concentrations. Oviducts were separated from the uterus at the utero-tubal junction and divided into 4 parts: fimbriae, proximal, medial and distal parts. Luteal tissue samples were also collected. Progesterone levels in oviductal and luteal tissues were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Comparatively higher (P < 0.001) P(4) levels were found in stages with a functioning CL ( luteal phase and early pregnancy) than in those with a regressing CL (follicular phase and post ovulation). The oviduct ipsilateral to the CL bearing ovary during the luteal phase and early pregnancy showed higher ( P < 0.001) P(4) concentrations than the contralateral side. Such a difference was not observed during the follicular phase or post ovulation. The ipsilateral oviduct to the functioning CL at early pregnancy showed higher (P <0.05) P(4) levels than at the luteal phase, while no significant difference in luteal P(4) levels between these 2 stages was observed. Neither were any differences in P(4) concentration within the oviduct observed during any phase of the estrous cycle or during early pregnancy. A positive relationship between luteal and oviductal P(4) concentrations was noted. In conclusion, changes in P(4) levels in the oviduct depend on the location and functional stage of the CL. Localized levels of P(4) in the oviduct may be due to local delivery of P(4) from the CL.     

Ovum transport in pregnant rats is little affected by RU486 and exogenous progesterone as compared to cycling rats

In cycling and pregnant rats, the eggs stay in the oviduct for approximately 66 and 90 h, respectively. The influence of progesterone in these timings was investigated. An excess or a simulated deficit of progesterone was induced with exogenous progesterone or the antiprogesterone RU486, respectively, beginning on the day of ovulation. The effect of these treatments on egg transport in cycling and pregnant rats was assessed in detail and complemented with determinations of estradiol and progesterone circulating levels and progesterone receptor levels in the oviduct. Accelerated transport of ova followed treatment with RU486 in cycling and pregnant rats but with different features. In cycling rats, acceleration began 24 h after the onset of treatment and was not associated with changes in estradiol levels; in pregnant rats, it started 72 h after treatment and was associated with a 5-fold increase in estradiol circulating levels. Thus, RU486 failed to accelerate ovum transport during the first three days of treatment in pregnant rats, in spite of the fact that no progesterone receptors were available in the oviduct as early as 24 h of treatment. Progesterone administration caused egg retention in the oviducts and a 50% reduction in circulating estradiol levels in cycling rats, whereas in pregnant rats progesterone excess did not change estradiol circulating levels and had no effect on the location of embryos on Days 4 and 5. These results demonstrate a different physiological importance of endogenous progesterone in slowing down oviductal ovum transport in cycling and pregnant rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The influence of ovarian hormones on the rat oviductal and uterine concentration of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine

This paper describes the effects of estradiol and progesterone on the concenirations of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the Wistar rat oviduct and uterus. The levels of noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine are higher in the oviduct than in the uterus whereas p-tyrosine and tryptophan are similar in both tissues. Estradiol treatment reduced the oviductal concentration of noradrenaline but not 5-hydroxytryptamine in oviduct, while the concentrations of both noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine were reduced in uterine horn. The levels of noradrenaline in the oviduct and uterus in rats in estrus were lower than those of diestrous rats. Bilateral ovariectomy produced an increase in uterine noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels. These changes were reversed in the presence of ovarian hormones as indicated by experiments where unilateral ovariectomy was performed. Reserpine administration reduced noradrenaline concentration in both the oviduct and the uterus but did not change oviductal or uterine 5-hydroxytryptamine.These results indicate the existence of noradrenaline within postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals and suggest that estrogens increase the utilization and the synthesis of noradrenaline in both the oviducts and the uterine horns. With respect to 5-hydroxytryptamine the data support the concept that it is mainly associated with mast cells.     

Effects of the fetal-placental unit on uterine prostaglandin levels at term in the pregnant rat

Uterine prostaglandins (PGs) increase markedly at term in the pregnant rat. To assess the contribution of the fetal-placental unit (FPU) on uterine tissue and uterine venous blood PG concentrations, each uterine horn of 14 unilaterally pregnant rats at day 21 of pregnancy were compared. In addition, 7 bilaterally pregnant rats were studied. Uterine tissue and uterine venous plasma PGF, PGE, 6-Keto-PGF1 (6KF) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and systemic plasma progesterone, estradiol and estrone were determined by radioimmunoassay. Uterine concentrations of PGs (ng/mg DNA) were always greater on the pregnant side of unilaterally pregnant rats (p less than .05) although the PGF levels were elevated to a lesser extent than were PGE, TxB2 or 6KF. However, no differences were detected between uterine tissue from the pregnant side of unilaterally pregnant compared to bilaterally pregnant rats. In addition, no differences were found in uterine venous plasma PGs adjacent or opposite the pregnant uterine horn and in systemic plasma progesterone, estradiol and estrone levels in unilaterally vs bilaterally pregnant rats. These data suggest that the presence of the FPU is associated with an increased capacity of uterine tissue to produce PGE, TxB2 and 6KF, and to a lesser degree PGF, and thus may contribute to the increase in uterine PGs periparturition.     

Peripheral blood concentrations of progesterone and oestradiol during human pregnancy and delivery

To evaluate the significance of progesterone and estradiol in human uterine activity during pregnancy and delivery the blood concentrations of these hormones were monitored weekly during the last trimester of pregnancy and at the onset of labour in 15 women, and before and 3 hours after the induction of term delivery in 83 parturients. Neither plasma concentrations of progesterone or estradiol nor the ratio of progesterone to estradiol changed significantly during the last trimester of pregnancy or at the onset of delivery. After the induction of delivery parturients with initial progesterone dominance (ratio of progesterone to estradiol higher than 5 before induction) demonstrated a significant fall in serum concentration of progesterone and in the ratio of progesterone to estradiol while estradiol concentration rose significantly. In estrogen dominant women (progesterone to estradiol ratio equal to or lower than 5) the serum concentration of progesterone and the ratio of progesterone to estradiol rose significantly during the 3 hours after the induction of delivery. Our results suggest that the peripheral blood levels of progesterone and estradiol do not correlate with the tissue biochemical changes which prepare the uterine cervix and myometrium for delivery. The observation that the ratio of progesterone to estradiol decreased in progesterone-dominant and increased in estrogen-dominant women stresses the importance of a well balanced equilibrium of these hormones for prostaglandin metabolism during human delivery.     

Role of progesterone and estrogen in development of uterine tone in mares

In two experiments (30 mares/experiment), the uterus was recorded as having flaccid tone characteristic of estrus or seasonal anestrus (tone score 1), intermediate tone characteristic of diestrus (tone score 2), or increased or maximal tone characteristic of early pregnancy (tone score 3 or 4). In Experiment I (five mares/group), uterine tone in seasonally anovulatory mares was not altered significantly from the flaccid state by daily administration of 100 mg progesterone plus 1 mg estradiol 17beta or 1 mg estradiol 17beta alone. Uterine tone in seasonally anovulatory mares receiving 100 mg progesterone alone increased to intermediate level (score 2; P<0.05) and remained there throughout the treatment period. Tone scores in the group receiving a 14-d progesterone priming period followed by progesterone plus estradiol were higher (P<0.02) on Days 16 to 28 than scores in the group receiving progesterone alone throughout the treatment period. In Experiment II, (five mares/group), steroid treatments were begun on Day 10 postovulation. The combination of 1 mg exogenous estradiol plus progesterone produced greater uterine tone than exogenous progesterone alone. There were no significant differences between the pregnant control group and the group receiving progesterone plus 1 mg estradiol. There were no significant differences between the group receiving progesterone alone and the group receiving progesterone plus 5 mg estradiol. Results supported the hypothesis that the maximum uterine tone of early pregnancy is caused by progesterone priming followed by exposure to low levels of estradiol plus continued exposure to progesterone.     

Effects of the fetal-placental unit on uterine prostaglandin levels at term in the pregnant rat

Uterine prostaglandins (PGs) increase markedly at term in the pregnant rat. To assess the contribution of the fetal-placental unit (FUP) on uterine tissue and uterine venous blood PG concentrations, each uterine horn of 14 unilaterally pregnant rats at day 21 of pregnancy were compared. In addition, 7 bilaterally pregnant rats were studied. Uterine tissue and uterine venous plasma PGF, PGE, 6-Keto-PGF₁ (6KF) and thromboxane B₂ (TxB₂) and systematic plasma progesterone, estradiol and estrone were determined by radioimmunoassay. Uterine concentrations of PGs (ng/mg DNA) were always greater on the pregnant side of unilaterally pregnant rats (p<.05) although the PGF levels were elevated to a lesser extent than were PGE, TxB₂ or 6KF. However, no differences were detected between uterine tissue from the pregnant side of unilaterally pregnant compared to bilaterally pregnant rats. In addition, no differences were found in uterine venous plasma PGs adjacent or opposite the pregnant uterine horn and in systematic plasma progesterone, estradiol and estrone levels in unilaterally vs bilaterally pregnant rats. These data suggest that the presence of the FPU is associated with an increased capacity of uterine tissue to produce PGE, TxB₂ and 6KF, and to a lesser degree PGF, and thus may contribute to the increase in uterine PGs periparturition.