HPLC-MS/MS法快速测定人血浆中美利曲辛及生物等效性研究

目的:建立测定人血浆中关利曲辛浓度的高效液相串联质谱法(HPLC-MS/MS),用于氟哌噻吨美利曲辛片的生物等效性研究.方法:以Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18(4.6mm× 150mm,5μm)为色谱柱,流动相为乙腈(含1%甲酸):0.02mo·L-1甲酸铵水溶液(80∶20,V∶),流速:0.8mL·min-1;柱温:40℃,以醋酸乙酯:二氯甲烷(4∶1,V∶V)为提取剂.样品经电喷雾离子源正离子化后,通过三重四级杆串联质谱仪,采用选择反应监测(SRM)对美利曲辛(m/z 292.2→232.2)和阿米替林(m/z 278.1-91.0)进行测定.结果:美利曲辛的高(50μg·L-1)、中(20μg·L-1)、低(0.5μg·L-1)3个浓度的平均回收率分别为97.53%、104.03%和106.87%,日内(n=5)、日间(n=3)RSD均小于15%;分析方法的最低定量限为0.2μg·L-1.线性范围为:0.2～60μg·L-1,回归方程为:F=1.8691ρ+0.0555,r=0.9986(n=9),权重为1/ρ2.结论:该方法灵敏、准确、简单、快速,可用于临床血浓监测和药动学研究.     

氯化铬和吡啶羧酸铬在Caco-2细胞中的摄取和转运

采用一种体外培养的人小肠上皮细胞模型Caco-2研究了时间、浓度、温度对氯化铬和吡啶羧酸铬细胞摄取和跨细胞转运的影响。旨在探讨氯化铬和吡啶羧酸铬在小肠上皮细胞中的摄取和转运特点。结果表明:Caco-2细胞对氯化铬和吡啶羧酸铬的摄取和转运随浓度、时间而成线性增加,当温育温度从37℃降到4℃时,摄取和转运有下降趋势(P>0.05)。氯化铬和吡啶羧酸铬从肠腔侧(AP侧)到基底侧(BL侧)的表观通透系数(Papp)近似于BL侧到AP侧(分别为0.95～1.41倍和0.84～1.07倍)。氯化铬和吡啶羧酸铬的摄取率分别为(0.88±0.08)%和(4.73±0.60)%,转运率分别为(2.11±0.05)%和(9.08±0.25)%。结果提示氯化铬和吡啶羧酸铬是以被动扩散为主要方式被Caco-2细胞摄取和转运。     

气相色谱法测定寨香祛痛凝胶的4 种有效成分的含量

目的:采用气相色谱法,程序升温方式同时测定麝香祛痛凝胶中主要成分麝香酮、樟脑、薄荷脑、冰片的含量。方法:采用玻璃柱3 m×3．2 mm,担体Chro2mosorb W 60-80目,涂布6％聚乙二醇(PEG)-20M,2％苯基(50％)甲基硅酮(OV-17)。从80℃到180℃程序升温;载气:高纯氮,流量:50ml·min-1;FID检测器;进样体积6μL。结果:试验表明,樟脑、薄荷脑、冰片、麝香酮分别在1-8μg,0．6-4．8μg,1-8μg,0．15-1．2μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,回归方程分别为Y=18 062 X-483(r=0．999 9),Y= 9 829 X 61(r=0．999 6),Y=21 006X 562(r=0．999 1),Y=286 986X 406(r=0．999 4)。平均回收率分别为99．78％,100．9％,98．81％,98．68(n=5)。结论:该法可靠简便,结果准确,可作为控制麝香祛痛凝胶质量的方法。     

HPLC法测定麻仁润肠丸大黄素、大黄酚的含量

采用KromacilC18(4 .6mm× 2 5 0mm ,5 μm)色谱柱 ,以甲醇 - 0 .1%磷酸溶液 (85∶15 )为流动相 ,流速为 1mL·min ,柱温为 30℃ ,检测波长为 2 5 4nm ,以外标法测定了麻仁润肠丸中大黄素、大黄酚的含量。大黄素在 8.992× 10 -3 ～ 116 .896× 10 -3 ,大黄酚在 2 1.376× 10 -3 ～ 2 77.85 8× 10 -3 范围内呈线性关系 ,其在制剂中的平均回收率 (n =6 )分别为 10 1.5 6 % (RSD =1.3% )、96 .78% (RSD =1.3% )。     

X-线离体照射人体淋巴细胞诱发的染色体畸变:剂量-效应关系的研究

本文研究了180千伏X-线离体(in vitro)照射人体淋巴细胞诱发染色体畸变的剂量-效应关系。全血样本在离体条件下(恒温37±0.5℃)接受不同剂量(0—465拉特)照射。用微量血培养技术培养48—56小时,观察和分析的中期细胞均为受射后的第一次有丝分裂。按WHO的标准识别各类染色体畸变,用最小二乘方作泊森方差和加权迴归分析,对实验资料配以4个剂量-效应关系模式:Y=a_1 b_1D,Y=a_2 c_2D~2,Y=a_3 b_3D c_3D~2和Y=b_4D~n。结果表明,双着丝点体最适于配二次多项式,a_3=0(迴归线通过原点),Y=(0.52±0.18)·10~(-3)D (4.71±0.67)·10~(-6)D~2;也适于配幂函数,Y=7.10·10~(-5)D~(1.59±0.08)。双着丝点体 着丝点环同样适于配以上二个模式,分别为Y=(0.51±0.21).10~(-3)D (5.02±0.77)·     

用氨基酸分析仪测定棉花幼苗叶片中的还原型谷胱甘肽含量

以3%三氯乙酸提取棉花幼苗叶片中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH),在2.8mm×80mm色谱柱、柱温54℃、缓冲液流速10mL·h-1、茚三酮溶液流速5mL·h-1、波长570nm的条件下,用Beckman 121 MB型氨基酸自动分析仪测定含量为40~500μmol·L-1的GSH,与色谱峰面积呈良好的线性关系,GSH回收率为99.5%~100.4%,检出限为4μmol·L-1,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.51%~1.05%。     

大肠杆菌诱导U937细胞凋亡过程中bcl-2和bax基因的表达

目的研究bcl-2和bax在大肠杆菌诱导U937细胞凋亡中的作用。方法U937细胞的凋亡用AnnexinV-FITC/PI染色流式细胞仪技术测定。Bcl-2和bax基因表达用RT-PCR法测定。结果当细胞与细菌浓度比分别为0,1:5,1:10,1:20,1:50及1:100时作用30min均可诱导U937细胞凋亡,凋亡率分别为3·16%±0·90%,9·46%±0·84%,17·90%±1·41%,35·59%±3·76%,38·35%±7·12%和55·07%±5·82%,呈浓度依赖性。在细胞凋亡过程中bcl-2和bax的表达均呈现趋势变化,bax表达逐渐增强,bcl-2表达逐渐减弱。结论E.coli可诱导U937细胞凋亡;其机制涉及bcl-2表达下调和bax表达上调。     

血清游离精氨酸的快速检测

建立快速、准确的精氨酸定量检测方法。采用 6 30 0黄金系统氨基酸分析仪 ,在锂柱生理体液分析方法基础上 ,建立血清游离精氨酸 (ARG)快速测定方法。血清样本经磺基水杨酸沉淀蛋白后取上清液进行色谱分析 ,色谱柱为Beckman公司阳离子交换柱 (12cm× 4 .0mm) ;流动相为 2 0mmol·L- 1 柠檬酸锂水溶液 ,流速为 2 0ml·h- 1 ;比色波长 5 70nm。该法检测精氨酸浓度的线性范围为 5mg·L- 1 ～ 5 0mg·L- 1 ,相关系数 0 .99834,最低检测限 1mg·L- 1 ,重复性 :日内RSD 0 .4 0 % ,日间RSD 0 .5 5 % ,回收率 97.6 7%～ 10 0 .6 7% (平均值 99.0 7% ) ;整个实验过程耗时 2 8min。该法简便、快速、准确、可靠 ,适用于临床和科研工作。     

壬基酚对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的毒性效应

为评价壬基酚对中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)蝌蚪的急性毒性,将26～28期的中国林蛙蝌蚪暴露于浓度为0.05～0.5 mg·L-1壬基酚(NP)的水体中进行急性毒性试验.结果表明:24、48、72、96h蝌蚪的死亡几率与浓度对数的回归方程分别为y=8.4087χ 10.202、y=9.5104χ 11.745、y=10.284χ 12.498、y=10.619,χ 13.095;半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.24、0.20、0.19、0.17 mg·L-1;安全浓度(SC)为0.017mg·L-1;96h的LC0为0.14 mg·L-1.证明林蛙蝌蚪的死亡几率与一定范围的NP浓度呈线性正相关.为探讨低浓度壬基酚对中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的影响,将26期林蛙蝌蚪分别在100、60、30、10μg·L-1 NP的水体中连续暴露直至完全变态,并以3、0.3 μg·L-1雌二醇(E2)作为阳性对照,分别统计林蛙蝌蚪暴露于NP和E2,中20、40d和完成变态后幼蛙的体质量、全长以及从26期到完全变态所需的时间.结果表明,NP浓度在100 μg·L-1以下,对林蛙蝌蚪不能致死.100、10 μg·L-1NP与3 μg·L-1E2的效应相似,均可滞后蝌蚪变态时间,降低蝌蚪变态后幼蛙的体质量.说明NP浓度在100μg·L-1以下不直接损伤蝌蚪机体,但可以通过干扰内分泌活动影响林蛙幼体的生长发育.     

三氧化二砷对人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡及VCAM-1/ICAM-1 表达的影响

目的:观察三氧化二砷(As2O3)对血管内皮细胞增殖、凋亡及VCAM-1/ICAM-1表达的影响,探讨As2O3对血管内皮细胞增殖生长以及炎症反应的影响。方法:人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVEC)体外培养,以不同As2O3浓度及时间对其进行干预。采用CCK-8测定细胞增殖活性,流式细胞仪AnnexinⅤ/PI双染法检测细胞的凋亡率,实时荧光定量PCR检测VCAM-1mRNA表达,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测细胞间黏附分子(VCAM-1)及血管细胞黏附分子(ICAM-1)的表达情况。结果:当As2O3浓度在3μmol.L-1时HUVEC培养24 h的的凋亡率为(0.134±0.03)%,48 h为(3.305±0.53)%,72 h为(3.748±0.84)%(P<0.05),凋亡率均在一较低水平。当As2O3浓度>3μmol.L-1时HUVEC凋亡率明显增加(P<0.01)。不同浓度As2O3作用HUVEC48 h后检测上清液中ICAM-1与VCAM-1浓度时发现1μmol.L-1时VCAM-1表达即开始增加(123.32±3.78 mmol.L-1,P<0.01),而HUVEC表达ICAM-1含量与对照组相比差异并不明显(38.94±2.59 mmol.L-1,P>0.05),随着As2O3浓度的增加,HUVEC表达ICAM-1/VCAM-1的量均增加但敏感性不同。对照组及(1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0、5.0)μmol.L-1As2O3作用于HUVEC 48 h实时荧光定量PCR法检测VCAM-1mRNA表达量明显增加,与对照组相比实验组的表达量分别为(1.657±0.287,1.858±0.241,2.321±0.280,3.012±0.235,3.508±0.342)(P<0.01)。结论:As2O3可直接降低细胞活性,诱导细胞凋亡,并且呈一定的时间-浓度依赖性。在较低浓度时VCAM-1/ICAM-1的表达在一个相对较低的水平,随着As2O3浓度的逐渐升高,内皮细胞凋亡率增高,VCAM-1/ICAM-1表达增加,并且VCAM-1/ICAM-1对As2O3的敏感性呈现一定的差异性。     

Gamma- 突触核蛋白与肿瘤关系的研究进展

Synucleins家族是一种主要在神经元内表达的高度可溶性的蛋白家族。已知synucleins家族有3个成员α-synuclein(SNCA),β-synuclein(SNCB)和γ-synuclein(SNCG)。其中SNCA与SNCB参与神经递质释放过程,被认为与神经退行性变疾病密切相关,特别是在阿尔茨海默病与帕金森病中常有异常表达。近年来研究表明,SNCG在人类许多肿瘤中过表达,如乳腺癌、结直肠癌、女性生殖系统肿瘤、前列腺癌、膀胱癌等。通过研究表明γ-Synucleins异常表达机制目前包括DNA甲基化、激动蛋白-1激活、对转录因子SP1结合位点、有丝分裂检验点基因、雌激素受体影响。通过以上机制,SNCG促进上述肿瘤细胞的增殖、抑制肿瘤细胞的凋亡以及促进肿瘤细胞的转移。根据文献分析,我们提出SNCG可作为多种肿瘤预后的潜在指标的可能,同时以SNCG为切入点,探讨神经系统是否可以对肿瘤发生、发展的影响作用。     

Tumor-suppressive Function of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase Non-receptor Type 23 in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Is Lost upon Overexpression of miR142–3p microRNA

Protein-tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 23 (PTPN23) is a candidate tumor suppressor involved in the tumorigenesis of various organs. However, its physiological role(s) and detailed expression profile(s) have not yet been elucidated. We investigated the function and regulation of PTPN23 in the formation of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). Expression of PTPN23 in human TGCT cell lines was significantly lower than that in spermatogonial stem cells in mice. Overexpression of PTPN23 in NEC8, a human TGCT cell line, suppressed soft agar colony formation in vitro and tumor formation in nude mice in vivo. These data indicate that PTPN23 functions as a tumor suppressor in TGCTs. Multiple computational algorithms predicted that the 3′ UTR of human PTPN23 is a target for miR-142-3p. A luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-142-3p bound directly to the 3′ UTR of PTPN23. Introduction of pre-miR-142 in the PTPN23 transfectant of NEC8 led to suppressed expression of PTPN23 and increased soft agar colony formation. Quantitative RT-PCR data revealed a significantly higher expression of miR-142-3p in human seminomas compared with normal testes. No difference in mRNA expression between seminoma and non-seminoma samples was detected by in situ hybridization. Both quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that PTPN23 expression was significantly lower in TGCTs than in normal testicular tissues. Finally, a lack of PTPN23 protein expression in human TGCTs correlated with a relatively higher miR-142-3p expression. These data suggest that PTPN23 is a tumor suppressor and that repression of PTPN23 expression by miR-142-3p plays an important role in the pathogenesis of TGCTs.     

胃癌的肿瘤微环境研究进展

肿瘤微环境是决定肿瘤细胞行为的主要影响因素,有别于正常细胞与其周围组织所形成的微环境,组织缺氧和酸中毒、间质高压形成、大量生长因子和蛋白水解酶的产生及免疫炎性反应等构成了肿瘤组织代谢环境的生物学特征,这种特性在肿瘤的发生、进展、转移中扮演重要的角色。胃癌早期症状不典型、转移迅速、死亡率高,是消化系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,目前,关于肿瘤微环境的研究尚处于起步阶段,对胃癌肿瘤微环境的研究有助于我们进一步认识胃癌发生发展的机制,并为临床诊断、治疗胃癌提供依据。因此,本文就近年来在胃癌肿瘤微环境方面的研究进展作一综述。     

Aberrant leukocyte infiltration: a direct trigger for breast tumor invasion and metastasis

Our previous studies revealed that leukocyte infiltration could trigger breast and prostate tumor invasion through physical disruption of tumor capsules. Our current study, involving multiple types of human tumors, further suggests that leukocyte infiltration also triggers metastasis through the following pathways : 1) the physical movement into the epithelium disrupts inter-cellular junctions and surface adhesion molecules, which cause the disassociation of tumor cells from tumor cores, 2) some of these tumor cells subsequently form tight junctions with the plasma membranes of leukocytes creating tumor cell-leukocyte chimeras (TLCs), and 3) the leukocytes of TLCs impart migratory capacity to associated tumor cell partners. Our findings suggest a novel pathway for tumor cell dissemination from primary sites and journey to new sites.     

Effect of cisplatin upon expression of in vivo immune tumor resistance

The major intent of cancer treatment with cytotoxic drugs is direct tumor cell damage, but some of these drugs have been shown to be immunomodulatory. Cisplatin is a widely used cytotoxic drug that has been combined with biological response modifiers in recent clinical trials. To evaluate further whether cisplatin may independently alter the level of host resistance against tumor growth, the drug was tested in the Mc7 sarcoma rat tumor model. The expression of in vivo tumor resistance against Mc7 sarcoma in syngeneic Wistar rats is mediated by circulating non-cytotoxic T lymphocytes. These cells interact specifically with tumor cells to generate cytotoxic effectors locally at the site of a tumor challenge. Activities of these components of expression of tumor resistance were measured in vivo after administration of cisplatin and dose-dependent effects were found. Low-dose cisplatin (0.3 mg/kg) increased the activity of the circulating lymphocytes that mediate tumor resistance, and high-dose cisplatin (9 mg/kg) suppressed both mediator lymphocyte activity and the generation of antitumor effector mechanisms. These studies suggest that low-dose cisplatin may be immunomodulatory and combining it with biological response modifiers might be a useful strategy. However, high-dose cisplatin given with biological response modifiers may negate potential immunomodulatory activities of such agents.     

Biochemical Analysis of Metastasis-Related Ax Actin in B16 Mouse Melanoma Cells After Chemical Reversional Modulation and of Tumor Progression-Related A′ Actin in the Ontogeny of Human Malignant Melanoma

To examine the correlation between tumor metastasis and A^x actin in mouse melanoma and between tumor progression and A′, actin in human melanoma and further to investigate whether or not it is a generally existing principle, we studied the effects of reversion agents, which distinctly decrease metastatic ability of melanoma cells, on the appearance of A^x actin. Will an induced decrease in metasasis of established highly metastatic B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells cause the appearance of A^x actin? We also examined the appearance of A′ actin in eight human benign pigment cell tumors and nine human malignant melanoma tissues or cells in relation to tumor progression. In vitro treatment of B16-F10 cells with each of these agents suppressed metastatic ability of the cells injected intravenously into syngenic mice; however, none of the treated cells represented A^x actin in vitro. These results suggest that the appearance of A^x actin may be a result of long-term tumor cell progression leading to changes in gene level, but because the treatments with these agents were only carried out over a short period, they could not effect changes in gene level; thus, A^x actin appearance remained unchanged. Appearance of A′ actin was detected only in human benign pigment cell tumors such as nevus cell nevi, but not in malignant melanomas, which were also formed in a long period of tumor progression in vivo. These results suggest that A′ actin is a clinically useful marker to determine the prognosis and level of tumor progression of human pigment cell tumors.     

Allogeneic gastric cancer cell-dendritic cell hybrids induce tumor antigen (carcinoembryonic antigen) specific CD8+ T cells

The development of protocols for the ex vivo generation of dendritic cells (DCs) has led to intensive research of their potential use in immunotherapy. Accumulating results show the efficacy of this treatment on melanomas which are highly immunogenic. However, its efficacy remains unclear in other tumors. In this study, allogeneic gastric cancer cell–DC hybrids were used to determine the efficacy of this type of immunotherapy in gastric cancer. Fusion cells of DC and allogeneic gastric cancer cells were generated by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and electrofusion. These hybrids were used to induce tumor associated antigen (TAA) specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The DCs were successfully fused with the allogeneic gastric cancer cells resulting in hybrid cells. These hybrid cells were functional as antigen-presenting cell because they induced allogeneic CD4+ T cells proliferation. CD8+ T cells stimulated by the MKN-45-DC hybrid cells were able to kill MKN-45 when used for immunization. The CTLs killed another gastric cancer cell line, MKN-1, as well as a melanoma cell line, 888mel, suggesting the recognition of a shared tumor antigen. MKN-45 specific CTLs can recognize carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), indicating that the killing is due to tumor antigens as well as alloantigens. This approach suggests the possible use of allogeneic gastric cancer cell–DC hybrids in DC based immunotherapy for gastric cancer treatment.     

Delineating the longitudinal tumor evolution using organoid models

Cancer is an evolutionary process fueled by genetic or epigenetic alterations in the genome. Understanding the evolutionary dynamics that are operative at different stages of tumor progression might inform effective strategies in early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. However, our understanding on the dynamics of tumor evolution through time is very limited since it is usually impossible to sample patient tumors repeatedly. The recent advances in in vitro 3D organoid culture technologies have opened new avenues for the development of more realistic human cancer models that mimic many in vivo biological characteristics in human tumors. Here, we review recent progresses and challenges in cancer genomic evolution studies and advantages of using tumor organoids to study cancer evolution. We propose to establish an experimental evolution model based on continuous passages of patient-derived organoids and longitudinal sampling to study clonal dynamics and evolutionary patterns over time. Development and integration of population genetic theories and computational models into time-course genomic data in tumor organoids will help to pinpoint the key cellular mechanisms underlying cancer evolutionary dynamics, thus providing novel insights on therapeutic strategies for highly dynamic and heterogeneous tumors.     

TNF-a在肿瘤中的作用

肿瘤坏死因子是一个特别的,并具有多重功能的细胞因子,它在免疫调节,炎症反应,机体防御当中起着关键的作用。根据不同的细胞微环境,肿瘤坏死因子可以诱导多种反应,例如凋亡,坏死,血管生成,免疫细胞激活,细胞分化,细胞迁移。TNF在肿瘤当中是一把双刃剑。一方面,TNF是一个内源性的肿瘤促进因素,因为TNF可以刺激肿瘤细胞生长,增殖,侵袭,转移,血管生成。另一方面,TNF具有杀肿瘤细胞的作用。因此,如果可以调控肿瘤坏死因子的功能,将为癌症的治疗提供可能。     

可移植性小鼠组织细胞肉瘤侵袭与转移模型的建立

将小鼠可移植性组织细胞肉瘤ＬⅡ分别接种在近交系６１５小鼠的胁部皮下、后肢肌肉和爪垫皮下组织内,取全肺和各部位淋巴结进行组织学检查,观察肿瘤自发转移率及转移程度。胁部皮下与后肢肌肉移植组待荷瘤小鼠自然死亡,平均存活时间分别为３９．３、２７．９ｄ,淋巴结转移率分别为９５．７％和１００％,肺转移率均为１００％。爪垫皮下移植组在肿瘤接种后１、３、５、１０、２０、３０和４０ｄ处死荷瘤小鼠,早期淋巴结转移出现在肿瘤接种后第１０天,至第３０天时形成肺转移瘤。局部侵袭达Ⅲ～Ⅳ级时才发生肿瘤转移,肺转移出现时间晚于淋巴转移。结果表明,ＬⅡ瘤株具有淋巴道合并血道转移的特性,是研究肿瘤侵袭和转移的理想实验肿瘤模型。