TNF-α 在肿瘤中的作用

肿瘤坏死因子是一个特别的,并具有多重功能的细胞因子,它在免疫调节,炎症反应,机体防御当中起着关键的作用。根据不同的细胞微环境,肿瘤坏死因子可以诱导多种反应,例如凋亡,坏死,血管生成,免疫细胞激活,细胞分化,细胞迁移。TNF在肿瘤当中是一把双刃剑。一方面,TNF是一个内源性的肿瘤促进因素,因为TNF可以刺激肿瘤细胞生长,增殖,侵袭,转移,血管生成。另一方面,TNF具有杀肿瘤细胞的作用。因此,如果可以调控肿瘤坏死因子的功能,将为癌症的治疗提供可能。     

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）及抗肿瘤作用

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体（TRAIL）是肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）超家族成员之一,能选择性的诱导肿瘤细胞、转化细胞凋亡,而对正常组织无毒性,有望成为肿瘤治疗的新方法,备受人们的关注。本文从TRAIL的结构、受体、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡机制及在肿瘤治疗中的应用等方面作了介绍,以期为TRAIL临床应用提供参考。     

应用酵母双杂交系统筛选hTNFα特异性结合肽

肿瘤坏死因子（TNFα）是一种多功能细胞因子,目前已知许多病理性反应与之有关,如类风湿性关节炎、脓毒性休克、慢性心衰等。TNF的生物学功能是通过结合到细胞表面相应的受体（TNFR）来实现的,因此在炎症区引入可溶性TNF受体或TNF抗体,与膜上受体竞争性结合TNF,可以抑制TNF介导的生物学活性。在临床上,Enbrel、Infliximab和eralizumab等TNF拮抗剂,     

整合素与肿瘤的转移与血管生成

整合素是一类介导细胞与细胞外基质及细胞与细胞间黏附的细胞黏附分子受体,肿瘤细胞与胞外基质的相互作用对肿瘤的生成及转移有着重要的影响,整合素在肿瘤的生成、侵袭、转移以及肿瘤血管的生成过程中起着重要的作用。本文对整合素的结构、功能,以及它在肿瘤的血管生成过程中的作用,它与细胞外基质间的相互关系做了介绍。     

结缔组织生成和肿瘤

肿瘤的发生并不只是由肿瘤细胞本身恶化引起的,肿瘤基质也发挥了非常重要的作用,肿瘤发生是肿瘤细胞和围绕它的肿瘤基质相互作用的产物。肿瘤细胞可以通过各种途径激活与其相邻的间质,促进成纤维细胞的增生、细胞外基质的沉积、免疫细胞浸润和血管生成,这种现象被称为结缔组织生成。结缔组织生成形成了一个支持肿瘤发展的微环境,通过多种途径促进了肿瘤的发生、发展和转移。针对结缔组织生成进行肿瘤治疗可以为肿瘤的临床治疗提供新的思路。     

结缔组织生成和肿瘤

肿瘤的发生并不只是由肿瘤细胞本身恶化引起的,肿瘤基质也发挥了非常重要的作用,肿瘤发生是肿瘤细胞和围绕它的肿瘤基质相互作用的产物。肿瘤细胞可以通过各种途径激活与其相邻的间质,促进成纤维细胞的增生、细胞外基质的沉积、免疫细胞浸润和血管生成,这种现象被称为结缔组织生成。结缔组织生成形成了一个支持肿瘤发展的微环境,通过多种途径促进了肿瘤的发生、发展和转移。针对结缔组织生成进行肿瘤治疗可以为肿瘤的临床治疗提供新的思路。     

白细胞介素-8与肿瘤免疫逃逸

IL-8是趋化因子CXC家族的一员,是一种多细胞来源的细胞因子,在细胞的多种炎症反应中起调节作用,并且在自身免疫性疾病中也发挥重要作用。IL-8通过与细胞膜上的CXC趋化因子受体CXCR1和CXCR2相互作用,激活偶联的G蛋白,由G蛋白进一步激活PLC、AC、PLD、PI3K、JAK2及Ras等信号分子,从而调控基因表达、细胞增殖和分化、细胞代谢、细胞运动及血管生成等多种细胞生命过程。IL-8在多种恶性肿瘤细胞中表达量升高,其高表达与肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭、血管生成及上皮间充质转化有密切联系。肿瘤免疫逃逸是肿瘤细胞产生和转移过程中的主要特征之一,肿瘤细胞可以通过多种机制使得人体免疫系统无法对其进行正常的识别和攻击,从而导致肿瘤细胞在体内存活,并且不断增殖和转移,而肿瘤细胞、免疫细胞以及肿瘤微环境中其他相关组分均可以促进肿瘤免疫逃逸。IL-8作为一种炎性趋化因子,已被证明在肿瘤免疫逃逸中具有重要作用,其可通过诱导肿瘤细胞PD-L1表达、抑制肿瘤细胞凋亡、促进肿瘤细胞EMT进程、促进肿瘤微环境血管生成、招募免疫抑制性细胞等五个方面介导肿瘤免疫逃逸。IL-8中和抗体和CXCR1/2拮抗剂在抗肿瘤治疗方面已经显示出较好的治疗效果。     

神经节苷脂GD3与肿瘤的血管生成作用(英文)

 血管生成作用 (angiogenesis)是实体瘤 (solidtumor)生长和扩散的必要条件 .实体瘤的微血管密度与肿瘤的恶性程度成正相关 ,而且也与病人的预后密切相关 .因此 ,对抗血管生成作用是一种很有吸引力的肿瘤疗法 .神经节苷脂GD3在多种类型的肿瘤中超常表达 .一般认为 ,神经节苷脂GD3有增强肿瘤本身及邻近组织中的血管生成作用 ,从而促进肿瘤的演进和转移 .最近的研究工作为这一假设提供了有力的实验证据 .应用GD3合酶的反意DNA转染肿瘤细胞从而抑制细胞中的GD3合酶的表达 ,极大地降低了细胞的内源GD3含量 .进一步的研究证明 ,抑制肿瘤细胞的GD3合成明显地降低了该肿瘤细胞的血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF)的水平 ,并使血管生成作用降至最小限度 .这些实验说明GD3在肿瘤的血管生成中具有重要的作用 .此外 ,GD3作为肿瘤的一种相关抗原 ,它与血管生成因子的协同效应将在未来的联合基因疗法中起到重要的作用     

采用定位基因缺失突变技术在大肠杆菌中高效表达肿瘤坏死因子

肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF)为157个氨基酸组成的细胞因子,在克隆的全良cDNA的5’端有480bp的非编码区包括76个氨基酸信号肽编码区。本文采用寡核苷酸指导下的定位基因缺失突变方法,删除了这一非编码区及信号肽序列,并在成熟TNF分子第一个氨基酸密码前插入一个翻译起始密码(ATG),形成一个限制酶NcoI的识别位点ccATGG。然后取出含有成熟TNF全基因的Nc0I—Pst I片段,插入到原核表达载体pBv220中,获得了肿瘤坏死因子的高效表达菌株。活性检测结果表明,肿瘤坏死因子的表达量可达3．42×10。Μ／L菌液。sDs－PAGE电泳凝胶扫描结果显示,肿瘤坏死因子在大肠杆菌的表达量可占细菌可溶性总蛋白量的22．8％。抗呻瘤坏死因子单克隆抗体可以中和大肠杆菌表达的肿瘤坏死因子对L929细胞的细胞毒性。sD和ATG间插入31个核苷酸可使TNF表达量降低约10倍。     

肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族成员在免疫系统和疾病中的研究

肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, TNFRSF) 是细胞因子受体的一个蛋白质超家族，其显著特征是通过细胞外富含半胱氨酸结构域结合肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor，TNF)。肿瘤坏死因子受体(tumor necrosis factor receptors，TNFRs)是古老的细胞因子，TNFRs同源基因最早可追溯到节肢动物果蝇中。TNFRs在炎症反应、细胞凋亡、淋巴细胞稳态和组织发育中发挥重要的作用，TNFRs最主要的功能是与免疫系统相关。鉴于其在免疫系统中发挥重要的作用，肿瘤坏死因子受体家族成员已成为治疗糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、骨质疏松、自身免疫性疾病、移植排斥反应和癌症等人类疾病的靶点。随着科学技术发展，关于TNFRs的功能有了新的进展，在无脊椎动物和低等脊椎动物中已经有大量报道。在本篇综述中，主要总结了在高等哺乳动物中发现的29种TNFR成员的相关报道，包括8种死亡受体和21种非死亡受体，主要涉及在免疫系统以及与疾病相关领域的研究。大多数研究处于基础实验阶段，少数走向临床研究的案例取得的临床效果并不理想，靶向设计针对自身免疫性疾病、炎症和肿瘤疾病的治疗方案需要更深入的理解TNFRs功能。本文旨在对TNFRs成员发挥的功能有进一步的认识。     

Tumor necrosis factor as a pharmacological target

As indicated by its name, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), cloned in 1985, was originally described as a macrophage-derived endogenous mediator that can induce hemorrhagic necrosis of solid tumors and kill some tumor cell lines in vitro. Unfortunately, its promising use as an anticancer agent was biased by its toxicity, which was clear soon from the first clinical trials with TNF in cancer. Almost at the same time TNF was being developed as an anticancer drug, it became clear that TNF was identical to a mediator responsible for cachexia associated with sepsis, which was termed cachectin. This research led to the finding that TNF is, in fact, the main lethal mediator of sepsis and to the publication of a huge number of articles showing that TNF inhibits the toxic effects of bacterial endotoxins, which are now described as systemic inflammatory response. Although the clinical trials with anti-TNF in sepsis have not been successful thus far, undoubtedly as a result of the complexity of this clinical setting, these studies ultimately led to the identification of TNF as a key inflammatory mediator and to the development of anti-TNF molecules (soluble receptors and antibodies) for important diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease. On the other side, the mechanisms by which TNF and related molecules induce cell death have been studied in depth, and their knowledge might, in the future, suggest means of improve the therapeutic index of TNF in cancer.     

The inhibition of TNF-alpha anti-tumoral properties by blocking antibodies promotes tumor growth in a rat model

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists represent a milestone in the therapy of autoimmune conditions. Anti-TNF antibodies have been approved for clinical use and during the last eight years thousands of patients have been treated. However, the long-term sequelae of anti-TNF agents in promoting carcinogenesis remain unclear. This study sought to define the role of intra-tumor TNF-alpha production on cancer cell progression and to determine whether TNF-alpha antibodies can suppress anti-tumoral immunity. Using an experimental animal tumor model we demonstrate that anti-TNF-alpha antibodies hinder anti-tumor immune responses and promote growth of immunogenic rat colon tumors (REG) that are always rejected by immunocompetent untreated rats. The major role of TNF-alpha in the anti-tumoral immune response was confirmed by transfecting progressive and tolerogenic rat colon tumor cells (PRO) with the TNF-alpha gene. PRO tumor cells secreting TNF-alpha induce tumor-infiltrating dendritic cell (DC) activation. This triggers a potent immune response leading to tumor rejection and long-lasting immunity. Therefore, the prominent role of TNF-alpha in anti-tumoral immune responses underscores the need for caution and close surveillance following the administration of TNF inhibitors.     

Chemokines in cancer

Chemokines participate, by regulating cell trafficking and controlling angiogenesis, in the host response during infection and inflammation. Most of these mechanisms are also operating in cancer. The stimulation of angiogenesis and tumor growth--directly or indirectly through the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages--are typical situations where chemokines promote tumor development. On the other hand, chemokines could be used to the benefit of cancer patients as they act in the recruitment of dendritic cells (DC) or/and effector cells or for their angiostatic properties. However, chemokine-mediated recruitment of immature DC within tumors, due to factors produced by the tumor milieu, could lead to the induction of immune tolerance and, therefore, novel strategies to eradicate tumors based on chemokines should attempt to avoid this risk.     

Tumor necrosis factor inhibits the proliferation of cultured capillary endothelial cells

We have examined the effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on the proliferation of capillary endothelial cells derived from brain or adrenal cortex. In both cell types, TNF inhibits basal as well as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-stimulated cell proliferation. TNF induces an additional cytotoxic effect in bFGF-stimulated, but not in unstimulated, capillary endothelial cells. These results suggest that TNF could act as a negative regulator of angiogenesis in vivo and further, that TNF might induce selective cytotoxicity of capillary endothelial cells stimulated by tumor-derived bFGF. These results could explain why TNF induces hemorrhagic necrosis of certain, solid tumors.     

Interleukin 18: Friend or foe in cancer

In the last few years, the field of tumor immunology has significantly expanded and its boundaries, never particularly clear, have become less distinct. Although the immune system plays an important role in controlling tumor growth, it has also become clear that tumor growth can be promoted by inflammatory immune responses. A good example that exemplifies the ambiguous role of the immune system in cancer progression is represented by interleukin 18 (IL-18) that was first identified as an interferon-γ-inducing factor (IGIF) involved in T helper type-1 (Th1) immune response. The expression and secretion of IL-18 have been observed in various cell types from immune cells to circulating cancer cells. In this review we highlighted the multiple roles played by IL-18 in immune regulation, cancer progression and angiogenesis and the clinical potential that may result from such understanding.     

EMT——联系免疫炎症反应与肿瘤发生发展的桥梁

恶性肿瘤严重威胁着人们的健康,肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移是恶性肿瘤患者死亡的重要原因。研究表明,肿瘤恶性转化的过程需要适宜的微环境,即肿瘤微环境,肿瘤细胞在肿瘤微环境中受到细胞因子、蛋白酶等多种因素的影响,发生免疫炎性反应、上皮间质转化（EMT）、刺激肿瘤血管形成等一系列病理生理改变,从而促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移。本文概述了机体免疫炎性反应、EMT和肿瘤微环境在肿瘤中的相互联系及其作用,以期为深入研究肿瘤发生发展的分子机制提供新的思路,并为肿瘤的分子靶向治疗提供理论依据。     

肿瘤坏死因子相关的凋亡诱导配体及其与肿瘤治疗前景

肿瘤坏因子相关的凋亡诱导配体（ＴＮＦ－related apoptosis inducing ligand,TRALL)属于肿瘤坏死因子家族,可激活肿瘤细胞的凋亡。本文介绍了ＴＲＡＩＬ的结构与功能,凋亡诱导途径及其肿瘤治疗应用前景。     

几种免疫增强剂对睡眠的影响及其机制

本文研究了几种免疫增强剂对动物睡眠的影响,并分析了免疫系统影响睡眠的物质基础。异丙肌苷、转移因子、胞壁酰二肽（ＭＤＰ）在增强动物免疫功能的同时,均能延长动物的慢波睡眠时间。以ＭＤＰ为代表观察了肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ）在免疫系统影响睡眠过程中的中介作用。结果表明,ＴＮＦ可促进家兔睡眠;ＭＤＰ可通过促进星形胶持细胞中ＴＮＦ－αｍＲＮＡ的表达,增加ＴＮＦ的合成与释放,从而提高脑内ＴＮＦ水平;ＴＮＦ单克隆抗     

The Role of Respiratory Microbiota in Lung Cancer

Recently, the impact of microorganisms on tumor growth and metastasis has attracted great attention. The pathogenesis and progression of lung cancer are related to an increase in respiratory bacterial load as well as changes in the bacterial community because the microbiota affects tumors in many ways, including canceration, metastasis, angiogenesis, and treatment. The microbiota may increase tumor susceptibility by altering metabolism and immune responses, promoting inflammation, and increasing toxic effects. The microbiota can regulate tumor metastasis by altering multiple cell signaling pathways and participate in tumor angiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), endothelial cells (ECs), inflammatory factors and inflammatory cells. Tumor angiogenesis not only maintains tumor growth at the primary site but also promotes tumor metastasis and invasion. Therefore, angiogenesis is an important mediator of the interaction between microorganisms and tumors. The microbiota also plays a part in antitumor therapy. Alteration of the microbiota caused by antibiotics can regulate tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, the microbiota also influences the efficacy and toxicity of tumor immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Finally, the effects of air pollution, a risk factor for lung cancer, on microorganisms and the possible role of respiratory microorganisms in the effects of air pollution on lung cancer are discussed.