微型浮游生物生态学研究概述

最近一二十年来,原绿藻和微食物网的重大发现已使人们充分认识到微型浮游生物在水域生态系统的养分循环和能量流动中的重要意义,也为微型浮游生物的研究提出了新的方向。对微型浮游生物的主要类群,即微型浮游植物、异养细菌和微型浮游动物的生态学研究进展作了概述,在此基础上讨论了类群间的生态关系和微食物网的研究动向。最后对微型游生物生态学的继续研究提出了几点看法。     

海洋微型和微微型浮游生物的区域分布与影响因素

微型和微微型浮游生物几乎存在于所有的海洋生态系统中,其群落遍布世界各大洋。在大部分海域,微型浮游生物的优势类群为鞭毛藻;原绿球藻是贫营养海域的优势类群,而聚球藻、微微型真核生物和异养细菌主要在营养盐丰富的海域出现,在热带、亚热带和温带的富营养区域占优势。温度、盐度、光照、营养盐可得性、水体稳定性和摄食压力是影响微型和微微型浮游生物的主要因素,各海域主要调控因子的不同造成了微型和微微型浮游生物类群和丰度分布的差异。本文主要综述海洋微型和微微型浮游生物类群检测方法、区域分布特点及其受环境影响的研究概况,并提出了今后的重点研究内容和发展方向。     

大亚湾夏季和冬季超微型浮游生物的时空分布及环境调控

通过流式细胞法, 于2015 年夏季(7 月)和冬季(12 月)对大亚湾超微型浮游生物(聚球藻、超微型真核藻类和异养细菌)的时空变化及环境调控进行了比较研究。结果表明, 夏季聚球藻、超微型真核藻类和异养细菌的丰度分别为(44.56±46.26)×103 cells·mL^–1、(3.00±4.50)×103 cells·mL^–1 和(12.31±7.54)×105 cells·mL^–1, 冬季的丰度分别为(12.48±3.96)×103 cells·mL^–1、(0.78±0.71)×103 cells·mL^–1和(3.83±1.39)×105 cells·mL^–1。超微型浮游生物的丰度呈现为夏季高于冬季, 受到温度、溶解无机氮组成和透明度的影响。夏季表层丰度明显高于底层, 但冬季表底层无明显差异。在水平分布上, 夏季湾内高营养盐基本对应高丰度, 但石化区附近(S3 站)营养盐高丰度却较低, 范和港(S1 站)低营养盐丰度却较高; 湾口和湾外区主要受到外海水的影响, 超微型浮游生物的3 个类群丰度均较低。在沿岸流、海水垂直混合、外源营养盐输入等多个因素共同影响下, 冬季湾中部和大鹏澳附近的聚球藻丰度较高, 超微型真核藻类在湾口和范和港丰度较高, 异养细菌在湾内和湾西部丰度较高。两个季节超微型真核藻类和异养细菌呈显著正相关。     

湖北黄石典型水域超微型真核浮游生物多样性研究

为探讨湖北省黄石市典型水域中超微型真核浮游生物多样性, 采用18S rDNA 扩增片段限制性酶切技术, 结合优势类群测序及相关统计学分析, 对2015年夏季湖北黄石境内营养程度不同的典型水域(长江, 磁湖, 青山湖, 青港湖)中超微型真核浮游生物的群落组成及遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明, 4个水域的超微型真核浮游生物多样性有明显差异, 多样性随水域营养化程度的增高而降低。优势克隆的测序结果显示, 优势类群藻类包括隐藻、绿藻、甲藻, 真菌包括隐真菌和壶菌, 此外还有纤毛虫及未分类的浮游生物, 隐藻在4个水域中都占优势。不同水域的优势类群差别较大。优势类群的种类随水域营养化程度的增加而减少。群落的多样性与总磷呈极显著的负相关。     

异养同化降解氯代烃的研究现状、微生物代谢特性及展望

氯代烃(Chlorinated hydrocarbons,CAHs)污染遍布全球,其三致效应和遗传毒性对人类健康和生态环境构成重大威胁。CAHs异养同化具有降解彻底、无二次污染和降解效率高的特点,全面认识CAHs异养同化过程,对于强化和应用异养同化降解,扩大CAHs的修复途径具有重要的推动作用。文中首先分析了微生物细胞异养同化降解CAHs主要方式,阐述了异养同化的两大优势;针对CAHs异养同化的研究现状进行了系统性的总结,明确了可发生异养同化作用的CAHs种类及特征;基于氯代烷烃、氯代烯烃和氯代芳烃分类,概述了异养同化微生物的主要菌属及代谢特征;针对典型氯代烃,系统分析了参与代谢过程关键酶及特征基因,归纳了异养同化代谢途径;最后,根据当前研究现状对异养同化研究存在的问题进行了综述并对未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

流式细胞术在富营养淡水湖泊微型浮游植物细胞中的应用

应用流式细胞术(FCM)对一个富营养化淡水湖泊表、底层微型浮游植物细胞进行了初步研究。研究结果表明：流式细胞术可快速、多参数区分3种不同类群微型浮游植物。微型浮游植物细胞在表、底层占50μm以下微型颗粒物数量比例分别为21．08％、17．87％,在不同水层,微型浮游植物的优势类群及数量也不同。流式细胞术大大提高了淡水微型浮游生物研究监测水平。     

海洋微型生物储碳过程与机制概论

在全球气候环境演变的背景下,认识海洋微型生物对碳循环的贡献,需要了解其过程和机制.最近提出的“微型生物碳泵”理论阐释了海洋储碳的一个新机制:微型生物活动把溶解有机碳从活性向惰性转化,从而构成了海洋储碳.这个过程当中,自养与异养细菌、病毒、原生动物等具有不同生理特性微型生物类群扮演着不同的生态角色,本文将围绕微型生物碳泵主线分别论述之.     

异养硝化作用酶学研究进展

对异养硝化作用作了简单的概述,着重从异养硝化作用和好氧反硝化作用的偶联机理、其中涉及的关键酶和相关基因几方面综述了异养硝化作用的研究进展,最后还提出了研究展望。     

长江口外海域微型和小型底栖生物群落结构和时空变化

利用DAPI荧光计数法和Ludox-QPS方法并结合环境因子的分析,研究了2010年和2011年夏季(7月)及秋季(11月)长江口至济州岛沿线的CJ断面沉积物中的微型及小型底栖生物的组成、丰度和生物量及分布特点。结果表明,表层5 cm沉积物中,细菌(108个/cm3)、蓝细菌(106个/cm3)、自养(106个/cm3)和异养微型鞭毛虫(105—106个/cm3)的丰度较其他类群高3个数量级以上;细菌(19—24μg C/cm3)、自养(13—31μg C/cm3)和异养(5—44μg C/cm3)微型鞭毛虫的生物量明显较蓝细菌(1—2μg C/cm3)、小型底栖生物(0.9—1μg C/cm3)、纤毛虫(0.04—0.2μg C/cm3)、异养小鞭毛虫(0.02—0.08μg C/cm3)及硅藻(0.001—0.008μg C/cm3)高。除细菌和蓝细菌外,2011年微型底栖生物和小型底栖生物各类群的丰度和生物量大多高于2010年,且大多为秋季高于夏季。发现的166种纤毛虫中,肉食性纤毛虫所占现存量的比例最大,菌食性次之,藻食性和杂食性最小;肉食性纤毛虫在秋季所占比例高于夏季,而菌食性则相反。统计分析表明,微型底栖生物丰度和生物量年度间具有极显著差异,基于物种-丰度的纤毛虫群落结构年度间呈极显著差异,而小型底栖生物则未见显著差异。微型和小型底栖生物各类群夏季和秋季的分布受多因子而非单一环境因子的影响,长江冲淡水对该断面的微型和小型底栖生物的影响不显著。对微型底栖生物各类群及水体中相应类群的比较分析表明,该海域的微型底栖生物具有明显的数量和功能重要性。     

异养硝化机理的研究进展

硝化作用是自然界氮素循环的一个重要环节。除了传统上的自养硝化细菌以外,至今为止已发现许多异养微生物可以进行硝化作用。异养硝化已成为环境领域的热点问题。简要的介绍了自然界中的异养硝化微生物的分布以及针对其生物多样性而建立的探测和分离方法。着重从异养硝化的关键酶,相关基因,电子传递及代谢途径这几个方面综述了异养硝化机理的研究进展。最后总结了目前在研究异养硝化机理过程中存在的问题,并对其今后进一步的研究方向做出了展望。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.