不同贮藏条件对马铃薯微型种薯活力及生理特性的影响

以‘大西洋’、‘夏波蒂’2个品种的脱毒微型种薯为试验材料,分别在冷藏(4~6℃)、窖藏(8~12℃)和常温(18~22℃)条件下贮藏110 d,研究不同贮藏条件和温度对马铃薯微型种薯活力及生理特性的影响。结果表明:(1)低温冷藏能显著提高微型种薯的活力,2个品种的活力指数分别比窖藏和常温贮藏高20.44%、20.28%和33.51%、35.46%。(2)冷藏与窖藏和常温贮藏相比,CAT活性高35.37%~48.25%、91.68%~125.23%,SOD活性高5.79%~6.60%、10.53%~12.81%,而MDA含量却降低30.47%~47.79%、85.54%~87.09%。(3)随着微型种薯的重量增加其活力指数显著提高,CAT和SOD活性也增加,而MDA含量逐渐降低。(4)经不同条件贮藏后,微型种薯的含水量呈下降趋势,以冷藏条件的含水量降低最少;可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,冷藏比窖藏和常温贮藏分别高14.63%~24.67%和25.5%~35.04%;淀粉含量表现为不同程度降低,以窖藏降低最少;可溶性糖含量虽有明显降低,但其含量变化无显著差异。说明低温贮藏可以使马铃薯微型种薯保持较高的活力,适合贮藏条件的顺序依次为:冷藏>窖藏>常温贮藏。     

不同红小豆品种幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

为筛选红小豆（Phaseolus angularis Linn.）幼苗抗旱性鉴定指标,采用盆栽控水方法,对红小豆3个品种‘保红947’、‘东北大红袍’、‘晋小豆5号’进行了苗期形态特征及根系生理生化特性的研究。结果表明：干旱胁迫抑制了红小豆3个品种植株的生长;重度干旱胁迫下,3个品种光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）的潜在活性（可变荧光/初始荧光,Fv/Fo）、最大光化学效率（可变荧光/最大荧光产量,Fv/Fm）、株高、叶面积、茎粗、根鲜重、根系活力、可溶性蛋白质含量等指标均随干旱胁迫强度的增加呈明显下降趋势,根冠比、根系脯氨酸（Pro）含量、可溶性糖含量、SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量等指标随着干旱胁迫强度的增加呈明显上升趋势。综合各项生理指标,‘东北大红袍’在干旱胁迫下能保持相对较优的生理状态,抗旱性最强。通过主成分分析表明,株高、叶面积、茎粗、主根长、根鲜重、最大光化学效率、根系活力、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD活性、MDA含量等生理生化特性可作为鉴定红小豆苗期抗旱性的指标。     

硝基苯酚胁迫下外源褪黑素对水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

采用液体培养实验方法,研究硝基苯酚胁迫对水稻(Oryza sativa L.)幼苗生长、抗氧化特性、光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光合特性的影响,以及添加外源褪黑素对缓解硝基苯酚胁迫的作用。结果显示,随着硝基苯酚胁迫浓度的升高,水稻幼苗株高、根长、地下部干重、地上部干重、全株干重和叶片PSⅡ实际光化学效率[Y(Ⅱ)]、光化学淬灭系数(q P)、PSⅡ电子传递速率(ETR)、叶绿素含量均有所下降,而叶片非光化学淬灭系数(qN、NPQ)上升;同时,根系活性氧[过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和超氧阴离子(O·-2)]积累量、抗氧化酶[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)]活性,以及渗透调节物质(可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖)含量呈先升高后降低的趋势。在非硝基苯酚胁迫下,与对照组相比,添加外源褪黑素显著提高了幼苗地下部干重、根系可溶性糖含量和SOD活性、叶片PSⅡ光化学效率和叶绿素含量。与单独添加硝基苯酚处理相比,硝基苯酚+褪黑素复合处理显著缓解了硝基苯酚胁迫对幼苗生长、叶片PSⅡ光化学效率和叶绿素合成的抑制作用;降低了根系活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量。研究结果表明添加外源褪黑素能够显著缓解硝基苯酚胁迫对水稻幼苗生长、根系活性氧水平、抗氧化酶活性、叶片PSⅡ光化学效率及叶绿素合成的不良影响,提高水稻幼苗对硝基苯酚胁迫的适应性。     

增强UV-B辐射对柚树苗生长和生理特性效应研究

增强的UV-B辐射明显降低柚树苗的株高,叶面积,比叶面积,增加叶片厚度和叶肉密度.柚树苗叶片叶绿素,可溶性蛋白含量和硝酸还原酶活性降低,可溶性糖含量上升.不同品种柚苗对UV-B辐射反应存在差异,酸柚抗性较强.经UV-B增强处理后,叶片Pn值下降,Rd先上升后恢复原有水平.Fv/Fm,ΦPSⅡ,qP均有不同程度的降低,而qN和KD升高,表明增强UV-B导致PSⅡ失活,PSⅡ原初光化学效率、开放PSⅡ中心数目和非环式电子传递效率下降.部分激发能通过非光化学荧光猝灭形式耗散.UV-B辐射使叶片膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量大幅度上升.SOD和APX活性在处理初期提高,随后下降,初步推测:增强UV-B辐射诱导膜脂过氧化作用,攻击光合作用中心靶点并导致PSⅡ失活,进而降低植物光合能力和物质代谢强度,最终导致柚树苗生长受到抑制.     

Ca—GA合剂浸种对水稻萌发及幼苗期抗旱性的影响

研究在模拟干旱胁迫下,钙赤合剂（Ca-GA）浸种后对水稻种子萌发及幼苗抗旱性的影响。结果表明：经Ca-GA处理后的水稻种子萌发时α-淀粉酶活性显著升高,发芽势、发芽率均高于对照。幼苗的根冠比增大,可溶性糖、Pro含量升高。叶片中SOD、CAT保持较高活性,膜透性较低,MDA、O2^-积累较少,叶片保持较高的PSⅡ光化学活性和光合速率。表明Ca-GA合剂浸种能促进水稻种子的萌发和提高幼苗的抗旱性。     

3个玉兰材料对水涝胁迫的响应与耐涝性评价

为评价星花玉兰及其实生选育品种‘菊花’以及其与柳叶玉兰的杂交品种‘皮鲁埃特’的耐涝性强弱,并为后续星花玉兰耐涝品种选育提供理论依据。通过14 d的水涝胁迫,研究3种玉兰叶片生理、内源激素和光合特性等相关的14个指标变化。利用主成分分析法,比较超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性蛋白、脱落酸(ABA)和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)这5个作为评价耐涝性指标的重要性以及评价耐涝性,同时利用隶属函数分析法对5个指标进行耐涝性评价。结果表明:(1)3种玉兰在水涝胁迫后叶片的净光合速率(P n)、气孔导度(G_(s))、蒸腾速率(T_(r))、叶绿素含量、初始荧光(F_(o))、最大荧光(F_(m))、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(F_(v)/F_(m))、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(Yield)和可溶性蛋白含量均显著降低,MDA、ABA含量和SOD活性均有不同的增加幅度。‘菊花’和星花玉兰处理组的C_(i)、ACC显著增加,而‘皮鲁埃特’的显著降低。(2)评价3种玉兰耐涝性的生理及内源激素指标重要性依次为ACC、SOD、ABA、可溶性蛋白和MDA。(3)通过主成分分析法和隶属函数分析法对3种玉兰进行综合评价,耐涝性强弱依次为‘皮鲁埃特’、星花玉兰和‘菊花’。     

甜樱桃对高温胁迫的生理响应

为探讨甜樱桃对高温胁迫的响应机制,以1年生的甜樱桃嫁接盆栽苗为试材,研究了自然高温处理及胁迫后恢复对其叶片生理和超显微结构的影响。结果表明：经连续3d日最高气温均值达57.7℃胁迫后,甜樱桃叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、超氧阴离子(O₂^·-)产生速率、非光化学淬灭系数(qN)显著增加,渗透调节物质可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖及脯氨酸含量显著提高,谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性、叶绿素含量、PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和电子传递速率(ETR)显著下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性及光化学淬灭系数(qP)变化不显著。同时对叶片显超微结构观察发现,胁迫引起叶绿体变性,基质内囊体发生扭曲,部分基粒类囊体片层消失,出现大量巨型淀粉粒及嗜锇颗粒。恢复2d后SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性以及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、叶绿素总含量均显著下降,而GR活性和脯氨酸含量显著升高。以上表明,连续3d自然最高气温达57.7℃对甜樱桃叶片抗氧化系统和光合特性等产生了显著影响,叶绿体超显微结构受到明显破坏,对叶片造成了不可逆...     

欧洲榛子贮藏及萌发生理特性研究

对欧洲榛子(Corylus avellanaL.)在沙藏、萌发、幼苗生长阶段的种仁养分和保护酶活性动态变化特点进行了研究,结果表明:种子萌发后107 d营养耗尽;沙藏过程中种仁的干重、粗脂肪含量略下降,萌发后下降迅速且与时间呈线性负相关;可溶性糖在沙藏至萌发后12 d内下降而后上升,萌发24 d后上升迅速,72 d后进入高峰期;淀粉含量在沙藏过程中下降,萌发后上升并在萌发48 d取得11.12%的峰值后下降;游离氨基酸总量在沙藏期间下降,萌发前12 d开始升高,在萌发36~48 d达155.31 mg/100 g的高峰后降低;可溶性蛋白50.87 mg/g的峰值出现在萌发前12 d;SOD在萌发前12 d至萌发后12 d、CAT由萌发起24 d内、POD在萌发36 d后分别出现活性高峰,对种仁营养按测定时间进行的聚类分析结果与依据幼苗干重划分的幼苗生长阶段相吻合。     

低温胁迫对麻竹叶片和根系抗性生理指标的影响

采用室内人工低温处理,研究了麻竹(Dendrocalamus latiflorus)叶片及根部质膜透性、丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和膜脂脂肪酸组成的变化,寻找与竹类植物耐寒性关系最密切的抗性生理指标。结果表明:低温预处理(8℃)15d后,麻竹叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量、POD活性显著提高,根部可溶性糖含量、POD活性显著升高;低温胁迫处理(-2℃)72h后,经低温预处理的麻竹叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量、SOD、POD活性显著高于未经低温预处理,而质膜透性显著低于未经低温预处理,但膜脂过氧化程度显著高于-2℃处理前;经低温预处理的麻竹根部SOD、POD活性及膜脂不饱和脂肪酸相对含量显著高于未经低温预处理,而质膜透性、膜脂过氧化程度较-2℃处理前无显著差异。说明剧烈降温对麻竹生理特征造成严重影响,叶片通过提高可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量,维持较高的POD活性以减轻低温伤害;根系则通过维持较高的SOD、POD活性以减轻低温下膜脂过氧化水平,并通过提高膜脂不饱和脂肪酸比例降低质膜透性来抵御低温对膜的伤害。     

低温下壳聚糖处理对黄瓜幼苗生理生化特性的影响

50 mg/L的壳聚糖处理减轻了低温对黄瓜幼苗膜的伤害,低温(6℃)处理4 d后,幼苗膜透性和MDA含量明显低于对照,并且显著减缓了低温导致的光合速率、实际光化学效率(ФPS Ⅱ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)和1光系数(F’v /Em’)的下降;同时,处理使抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性提高,可溶性蛋白和脯胺酸含量增加.因此,壳聚糖处理增强了黄瓜幼苗的抗冷性,保护了膜系统,提高了活性氧清除能力,减轻了低温对光合机构的破坏.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Five additional genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi from Europe

Three remarkable new genera of conidial lichen-forming fungi, with pycnidial or acervular conidiomata are described and illustrated.Hastifera tenuispora gen. et spec. nov. from the South-Tyrol, Italy, is characterized by very long and narrow hyaline conidia produced in pycnidial conidiomata immersed in thalline warts.Lichingoldia gyalectiformis gen. et spec. nov. from rocks subject to inundation by freshwater in Norway has long sigmoidly curved conidia which appear to be adapted to dispersal in water.Woessia fusarioides gen. et spec. nov. from aQuercus stump in the Burgenland, Austria, has a finely granular thallus and disc-like conidiomata producing falcate conidia; this species is also of interest in that it hasChlorella as the photobiont. The recently described hyphomyceteCheiromycina flabelliformis B. Sutton is reported from Austria for the first time, and is also lichenized. Recent collections ofNigropuncta rugulosa D. Hawksw. from Austria and Italy also show that this species is lichenized rather than parasymbiotic. In all five cases the fungal hyphae of the conidiogenous structures are continuous with those in intimate contact with cells of the algal partners and the biological relationship appears to be mutualistic giving rise to stable crustose lichen thalli.