玉米赤霉烯酮浸种对玉米幼苗抗旱性的影响(简报)

玉米赤霉烯酮浸种（２４ｈ）可提高玉米幼苗的抗旱性。在干旱条件下,经玉米赤霉烯酮浸种的玉米幼苗叶片中含水量下降缓慢,相对电导率较低,超氧化物歧化酶活性较高,游离脯氯酸含量升高。０．１ｍｇ·Ｌ－１玉米赤霉烯酮浸种的抗逆效果优于０．０１ ｍｇ·Ｌ－１。     

玉米赤霉烯酮浸种对玉米幼苗抗旱性的影响

玉米赤霉烯酮浸种（２４ｈ）可提高玉米幼苗的抗旱性,在干旱条件下,经玉米赤霉烯酮浸种的玉米幼苗叶片中含水量下降缓慢,相对电导率较低,超氧化物歧化酶活性较高,游离脯氨酸含量升高。０．１ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１玉米赤霉烯酮浸种的抗逆效果优于０．０１ｍｇ·Ｌ＾－１。     

γ-氨基丁酸浸种对番茄种子及幼苗耐盐性调节的生理机制

以番茄‘金棚一号’为材料,研究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)浸种处理对NaCl胁迫下种子萌发及幼苗生长和生理代谢的影响。结果显示:(1)NaCl胁迫显著抑制了番茄种子的萌发和胚根生长,同时导致番茄幼苗体内活性氧(O2.-、H2O2)大量积累,膜脂过氧化程度加重,幼苗叶片光合系统Ⅱ活性显著降低,幼苗的生长受到严重抑制。(2)外源GABA浸种能够显著提高盐胁迫下番茄种子的萌发和胚根的生长,并以10.00mmol.L-1 GABA浸种处理效果最好。(3)外源GABA浸种处理显著提高了NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗根系和叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性,降低了活性氧(O2.-、H2O2)的产生和膜脂过氧化程度,通过维持较高的光合系统Ⅱ活性,促进了幼苗的生长及生物量积累,但GABA的缓解效应存在较大的浓度差异,其中以10.00mmol.L-1 GABA处理效果较好。研究表明,10.00mmol.L-1 GABA浸种处理能够通过促进番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长来缓解盐胁迫的伤害。     

黄腐酸浸种对PEG模拟干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)为研究对象,采用不同PEG模拟干旱处理(CK、10%PEG、0.03%FA+10%PEG和0.05%FA+10%PEG)方法,探讨黄腐酸(FA)浸种对紫花苜蓿种子萌发、幼苗生长及抗逆性生理生化指标的影响。结果显示:(1)在PEG模拟干旱胁迫下,紫花苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、以及幼苗叶绿素含量、膜稳定指数(MSI)和根系活力较对照均呈下降趋势,株高和生物量的增长速率均显著低于对照;而幼苗叶片丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量均随处理时间呈上升趋势,过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性则呈下降-升高-下降的趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及超氧阴离子(O-·2)产生速率则均呈先升高后降低的趋势。(2)经黄腐酸浸种处理后,模拟干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗株高、生物量、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均显著升高,并显著减小了模拟干旱胁迫引起的叶绿素含量、根系活力和MSI下降的幅度,相对提高了SOD、POD、CAT、GR活性,降低了MDA、H2O2含量和活性氧水平。研究表明,10%PEG模拟的干旱胁迫使紫花苜蓿的种子萌发及幼苗生长发育受到显著抑制,而黄腐酸浸种处理可通过提高渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性来有效缓解干旱胁迫对紫花苜蓿幼苗造成的氧化伤害,增强植株的整体抗旱性,维持其正常生长发育,并以0.05%黄腐酸浸种对干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长的保护效应较为显著。     

多裂骆驼蓬提取物对玉米幼苗生长和细胞保护酶系的影响

以不同浓度的多裂骆驼蓬提取液浸种处理玉米,研究对幼苗生长和细胞保护酶系的影响。结果表明,多裂骆驼蓬提取液浸种处理种子的萌发和种子中α-淀粉酶活性受到明显抑制,抑制作用随处理浓度提高而增强,随培养时间延长而减弱。随着培养时间的延长,浸种处理可显著提高幼苗根系活力和叶片硝酸还原酶活性,促进植株生长,根和茎叶生长量增加,根冠比增大。多裂骆驼蓬提取液浸种后显著降低叶片过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(ACO)活性,提高过氧化物酶(POD)活性,促进根系和叶片过氧化物同工酶谱的数量表达。     

多裂骆驼蓬中生物碱类物质对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

室内培养和盆栽试验结果表明,多裂骆驼蓬生物碱提取液浸种的小麦萌发种子呼吸速率、淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性受抑,种子萌发率下降并随处理浓度提高而降低。幼苗根系活性和叶绿素含量提高,叶片硝酸还原酶（NR）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性增强,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性下降;幼苗根体积,株高、根系和地上部干重增加。多裂骆驼蓬生物碱提取液浸种对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长作用的大小顺序为：总生物碱〉水溶性生物碱〉脂溶性生物碱。     

过氧化氢对镉胁迫下水稻种子萌发的缓解效应

为了探讨外源H_2O_2对镉胁迫下水稻种子萌发受抑的缓解作用,以水稻品种‘中优169’为材料,通过培养皿滤纸发芽法,研究不同浓度H_2O_2对200μmol·L~(-1)镉胁迫下水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长及相关生理指标的影响。结果表明,在200μmol·L~(-1)镉胁迫下,水稻种子的萌发和幼苗生长表现出明显的抑制现象,发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗的根长、芽长和可溶性蛋白含量均显著降低,MDA含量显著增加,POD活性上升,SOD、APX及CAT的活性显著受到抑制。较低浓度(≤10μmol·L~(-1))H_2O_2处理能不同程度地增加幼苗的根长、芽长、根鲜重和芽鲜重,提高镉胁迫下水稻种子的发芽指数和活力指数,增强SOD、POD和APX活性并降低MDA含量,从而缓解镉的毒害效应。其中5μmol·L~(-1) H_2O_2浸种处理对镉胁迫下水稻种子萌发和幼苗生长的缓解作用最好。高H_2O_2浓度对镉胁迫的缓解作用逐渐减弱,当H_2O_2浓度达到50μmol·L~(-1)时,会加重镉胁迫的毒性。表明适宜浓度的H_2O_2可以提高水稻幼苗抗氧化能力,缓解镉胁迫伤害。     

多裂骆驼蓬提取物对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

通过室内培养和盆栽土培试验研究了多裂骆驼蓬提取物对黄瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,多裂骆驼蓬总生物碱提取液、水溶性生物碱提取液和脂溶性生物碱提取液浸种均抑制黄瓜种子萌发过程中淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性,种子活力和萌发速率降低,呼吸速率减慢;幼苗生长过程中根系活力、硝酸还原酶活性升高,叶绿素含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性提高。说明用多裂骆驼蓬提取液浸种能够促进黄瓜幼苗生长,有利于培育壮苗。     

骆驼蓬提取物对玉米种子α-淀粉酶和根系活力的影响

用开花期多裂骆驼蓬地上部分的乙醇提取物水溶液对玉米种子浸种20h后,在室内常规培养,并在不同时间测定种子萌发率及其α-淀粉酶活性、幼苗根系活力及幼苗培养14d时根系和茎叶的干重。结果表明,浸种处理对种子萌发及种子α-淀粉酶活性有抑制作用,且提取物水溶液浓度越高,萌发率和酶活性越低;浸种能增加幼苗根系活力,显著提高幼苗生物产量,其作用随提取物水溶液浓度的提高开始增加,然后下降。     

外源葡萄糖、果糖和NO供体(SNP)对盐胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

单独采用一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)供体硝普钠(sodiumnitroprusside,SNP)、葡萄糖和果糖浸种均不同程度地提高盐胁迫下水稻种子早期发芽率和发芽指数,SNP预处理可以不同程度地提高果糖和葡萄糖的含量;进一步采用葡萄糖和果糖分别与SNP混合后浸种,发现葡萄糖与SNP处理对盐胁迫下水稻种子的萌发有正协同效应,而果糖和SNP的组合处理对盐胁迫下水稻种子的萌发可能受到SNP一定程度的负调控.此外,SNP对盐胁迫下幼苗生长的促进效应可以被葡萄糖和果糖处理所加强,其中葡萄糖的效应更明显.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。