肿瘤SDH基因突变的研究进展

线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase,SDH)是三羧酸循环和有氧电子传递呼吸链中的关键酶之一,包含A、B、C、D 4个亚基.4个亚基分别由4个基因编码,即SDHA、SDHB、SDHC和SDHD,4个基因突变可以诱发癌症,包括副神经节瘤(paraganglioma,PGL)、嗜铬细胞瘤(pheochromocytoma,PHEO)、肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)、胃肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumors,GIST)、Leigh综合症等.近年来,突变的SDH已经被证实是一种重要的诊断与预后的生物标志物和治疗分子标靶.本文就SDH存在的各种突变以及在肿瘤发生、发展与转移的作用机理研究的进展进行全面的论述.     

抑制线粒体复合体II诱导线粒体自噬影响细胞增殖的研究

线粒体复合体II,也被称为琥珀酸脱氢酶,参与线粒体呼吸作用及代谢重编程的调控过程。复合体II由四个亚基构成,其突变与肿瘤的发生密切相关。本论文探讨了复合体II与线粒体自噬调控及细胞增殖之间的关系。本实验采用复合体II的特异性抑制剂TTFA或敲除复合体II的B亚基SDHB使其功能缺失。结果发现,复合体II功能的缺失显著引起线粒体形态的片段化进而发生线粒体自噬,导致线粒体蛋白水平减少,抑制ATP生成,由于线粒体功能受到抑制,细胞葡萄糖消耗及乳酸产生水平增加,并显著抑制细胞的细胞的增殖。综上所述,复合体II功能缺失可能通过调控线粒体自噬而影响细胞增殖,从而在肿瘤发生中起重要作用。     

Bax通道在斑蝥素诱导草地贪夜蛾Sf9细胞凋亡中的作用

【目的】为明确Bax通道在斑蝥素诱导鳞翅目昆虫细胞凋亡过程中的作用。【方法】本文利用Bax通道抑制法测定了斑蝥素诱导鳞翅目昆虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)细胞系Sf9细胞凋亡过程中线粒体膜电位、线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶活性及细胞形态等方面的影响。【结果】Bax通道被抑制后,斑蝥素诱导造成的Sf9细胞线粒体膜电位的降低时间延迟,细胞形变率下降,但琥珀酸脱氢酶活性的下降未受影响。【结论】Bax通道参与了斑蝥素引起的Sf9细胞线粒体膜电位改变和细胞形态变化,而与抑制线粒体有关能量代谢的酶无直接关系。     

nHAP对大鼠肝线粒体的生物活性作用

为了探讨羟基磷灰石纳米粒子(nHAP)对大鼠肝线粒体生物活性的影响,将nHAP直接作用于线粒体,在不同浓度和时间下测定线粒体标志酶琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)比活性,并与对照组进行比较。结果显示,当nHAP中水含量在10%以下时,线粒体生物活性未发现改变;当nHAP浓度递增时,在等时间段内,对线粒体SDH比活性呈逐步抑制作用;在不等时间段内,nHAP对线粒体SDH比活性的抑制作用与对照组相比较差异有显著性(p<0.05)。因此,nHAP对线粒体SDH比活性的抑制有浓度和时间的依赖性。     

密点麻蜥几种组织SDH和LDH活性对温度的适应

研究了密点麻蜥肝脏、骨骼肌、大脑组织中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性对温度的依赖关系.结果表明:密点麻蜥3种组织中SDH在5～35℃范围内随温度的升高而升高,在35℃时达到峰值后随着温度的升高而下降,35℃可能为SDH的最适温度;3种组织的LDH活性随温度的升高而升高;大脑中的SDH和LDH活性最高.这表明SDH和LDH的活性与动物组织的能量代谢相适应.     

迷迭香酸对羟自由基所致小鼠肝线粒体损伤的保护作用

探索迷迭香酸对羟自由基致小鼠肝脏线粒体氧化损伤的保护作用。采用羟自由基(.OH),诱导小鼠肝线粒体损伤后,通过测定线粒体肿胀度、膜流动性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性等指标以确定迷迭香酸对小鼠肝线粒体羟自由基损伤的保护作用。结果迷迭香酸剂量依赖地抑制线粒体肿胀,提高膜流动性,降低MDA的生成,增强SDH活性,差异显著。本实验证明迷迭香酸可以抑制.OH所致的线粒体损伤。     

不同香烟烟雾暴露强度对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体功能的影响

目的:探讨不同烟熏暴露强度对大鼠外周骨骼肌线粒体功能的影响。方法:将SD大鼠随机分成4个组,分别接受正常空气或3个周期烟熏暴露(分别是4周、8周、12周)。采用western blot检测大鼠外周骨骼肌与线粒体生成有关的过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1(PGC-1α)以及涉及氧化磷酸化的细胞色素c氧化酶(COX)4的蛋白表达,RT-PCR检测与线粒体氧化代谢有关的Sdhb、线粒体转录因子A(TFAM)的基因表达以及比色法检测琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性,电镜检测线粒体形态结构的改变。结果:香烟烟雾暴露能够下调大鼠伸趾长肌(EDL)PGC-1α和COX4的蛋白表达,PGC-1α的表达下调呈明显的暴露强度依赖性。香烟烟雾暴露能够诱发大鼠比目鱼肌Sdhb、TFAM基因水平的下调,降低大鼠比目鱼肌SDH活性并呈明显的暴露强度依赖性。电镜显示香烟烟雾暴露诱发伸趾长肌线粒体发生空泡样变性。结论:香烟烟雾暴露诱发大鼠骨骼肌线粒体功能障碍,但该作用与骨骼肌的纤维类型组成无明显相关性。     

与衰老相关的线粒体功能严重缺陷的胞质杂合细胞的分子特征

该研究组先前建立了含有不同年龄组小鼠神经细胞线粒体的胞质杂合细胞株(其细胞核基因组背景相同),发现老年组较年轻组的胞质杂合细胞线粒体总体功能显著降低。为了研究与衰老相关的线粒体功能严重缺陷的胞质杂合细胞的分子特征,该研究采用3个线粒体总体功能极其低下的老年组胞质杂合细胞株(1个正常功能年轻组胞质杂合细胞株作为对照)作为研究对象。首先,证实氧耗水平和ATP合成显著降低(P0.05或P0.01)。然后,对线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mt DNA)进行了高通量测序,特别是检出突变型比例低的mt DNA异质性突变,并进一步对呼吸链复合体依赖性氧耗进行了检测。测序结果显示,在老年组胞质杂合细胞中mt DNA点突变明显积累。这些突变包括非编码区的3个变异,据DNA保守性分析结果,其中2个(异质性m.15849GT、m.16289AT)可能为有害的;编码区的4个变异,据DNA和氨基酸保守性分析及蛋白质功能预测结果,其中2个(ND5基因的同质性m.12496TC、Cyt b基因的异质性m.15199AT)可能为有害的。进一步研究结果显示,同时具有复合体I亚基ND5(或复合体III亚基Cyt b)突变和2个调控区突变的胞质杂合细胞,其复合体I(或复合体III)依赖性呼吸显著降低(P0.05或P0.01)。综上,发生于老年组胞质杂合细胞的线粒体总体功能异常,其原因可能为,mt DNA调控区和编码区的异质性和同质性突变,以及多重mt DNA突变的累加引起线粒体呼吸链复合体功能的缺陷,进而导致线粒体总体功能异常,从而促进衰老。     

重症急性胰腺炎大鼠血浆NO、ET、TNF-α含量与亚细胞器某些指标的变化

目的：探讨一氧化氮(NO)、内毒素(ET)、TNF-α在重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)中的作用机制。方法：采用1.5％去氧胆酸钠逆行胆胰管内注射建立SAP模型,观察血中NO、ET、TNF-α水平以及线粒体琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性、溶酶体酸性磷酸酶(ACP)释放率、微粒体细胞色素P450的变化,并进行相关分析。结果：与对照组比较,模型组NO、ET、TNF-α和ACP释放率明显升高,SDH活性和细胞色素P450则显著降低;相关分析显示NO、ET、TNF-α与ACP释放率、SDH、细胞色素P450具有相关性。结论：NO、ET、TNF-α可直接破坏胰腺细胞亚细胞器结构,引起胰腺损伤。     

人类线粒体DNA突变与癌症

细胞中的线粒体在细胞的能量代谢等功能中发挥了重要的作用。 人类的肿瘤形成与线粒体DNA (mtDNA)存在着复杂的关联, 在多种癌细胞中均检测到mtDNA的突变。文章综述了癌细胞中的mtDNA突变与癌症发 生的相关性, 并讨论了部分突变产生的原因及在癌症中进行mtDNA突变检测的应用前景。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).