草果精油提取工艺优化与成分分析CSCD

为探究水蒸气蒸馏法和超声有机溶剂法提取草果精油的最佳提取工艺,本文在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法(response surface methodology, RSM)与反向传播人工神经网络法(back-propagation artificial neural network, BP-ANN)优化了水蒸气蒸馏法与超声有机溶剂法提取草果(Amomum tsao-ko)中精油类成分的工艺,并利用气相色谱-质谱联用(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)分析两种提取法获得的精油成分,并进行模型对比。结果表明,水蒸气蒸馏法的最佳工艺参数为浸泡时间53.00 min、蒸馏时间72.00 min、液固比11.00 mL/g,在此条件下草果精油的提取率为1.59%,共鉴定出34种成分;超声有机溶剂法的最佳工艺条件为超声功率150.00 W、超声时间27.00 min、液固比6.30 mL/g,在此条件下草果精油的提取率为3.70%,共鉴定出43种成分。尽管使用超声有机溶剂法获得草果精油的提取率高于水蒸气蒸馏法,但得到的精油品质差、颜色深、杂质多,不利于后续的应用。模型对比结果表明,BP-ANN模型比RSM模型在预测提取率方面误差指数更低,拟合度更高,具有更高的精度和预测优势。本研究将为草果精油的高效提取提供可靠的工艺参数,也进一步促进药食同源植物草果的开发利用。     

响应面法优化金刷把多糖提取工艺

利用响应面法优化金刷把多糖的提取工艺。在单因素试验的基础上,选择提取温度、提取时间、料液比为自变量,以多糖提取率为响应值,进行Box-Benhnken中心组合实验设计,应用响应曲面分析方法优化提取条件,得到金刷把多糖最佳提取工艺条件如下:提取温度95℃,提取时间2.5 h,料液比1∶20 g/m L,此时金刷把多糖提取率的理论预测值为4.62%,最优条件下多糖得率的实验值为4.42%,与理论值的相对误差为4.3%。经过响应面法优化提取工艺,提高了提取率,适用于金刷把粗多糖的提取。     

响应面法优化超声波法提取红枣多糖工艺

以新郑红枣为原料,利用响应面法优化超声波提取红枣多糖工艺。以红枣多糖的提取率为参考指标,研究料液比、提取次数、提取时间3个因素对红枣多糖提取率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上,利用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计及响应面分析,对料液比、提取次数和提取时间进行优化组合,考察3个因素对红枣多糖提取率的影响。结果表明:提取红枣多糖的最佳工艺条件为液料比16∶1(m L/g)、提取次数2次、提取时间38 min,在此最佳条件下,红枣多糖的实际提取率为7.25%;证明此工艺可应用于红枣多糖的大规模提取。     

响应面法优化桑葚多糖的超声波辅助提取工艺条件

本研究利用响应面法优化桑葚多糖的超声波辅助提取工艺条件;选定提取温度、时间及水料比作为影响因素,以桑葚多糖提取率为评价指标,在单因素实验的基础上,通过3因素3水平Box-Behnken中心组合试验建立多糖提取率的二次多项式回归方程,研究超声提取时间、温度、水料比对桑葚多糖提取率的影响;结果显示最佳提取工艺条件为提取温度72℃、超声时间23.5 min、水料比27∶1(v∶m,mL/g),在该条件下多糖提取率预测值为17.80%,验证值为17.78±0.85%(n=3);此方法与传统水提取法相比具有省时、高效的优点,为桑葚多糖的后续研发提供实验基础。     

Box-Behnken法优化苦参多糖的超声提取工艺

目的:采用响应曲面法对影响苦参多糖提取率的主要影响因素超声时间、超声功率和水料比进行优化。方法:采用超声法提取苦参多糖,以Box-Behnke响应面法优化苦参多糖的超声提取工艺条件,并进行预测分析。结果:Design Expert软件分析表明:苦参多糖提取在超声功率617.19W、超声时间22.45min、水料比27.25:1(m L:g)的最佳工艺条件下,提取率达到8.92%,实测结果与响应面拟和所得方程的预测值符合良好。结论:Box-Behnken响应面法应用于优化苦参多糖超声提取工艺是可行的,建立的数学模型和实验观察数据相符。     

超声波法提取大枣多糖工艺的优化

为了进一步提高大枣多糖的提取效率,本文通过正交试验优化了超声波法提取大枣多糖的工艺条件。考察的因素包括料液比、超声功率、超声时间和浸提温度。结果显示超声波法提取大枣多糖的最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1∶30、超声功率80W、超声时间10min,浸提温度80℃。在此工艺条件下大枣多糖的提取率达到6.97%。该工艺条件下提取率较高,因此适合于提取大枣中的多糖类化合物。     

桂花精油提取工艺及其抗氧化性的研究

本文以新鲜的金桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour)为实验材料,采用微波-蒸馏萃取法提取桂花中的精油。通过改变微波-蒸馏萃取法中的各种工艺参数(匀浆时间、料液比、微波时间),得到相应工艺参数下的桂花精油提取率。采用单因素试验和正交试验,分析提取工艺过程中的参数和提取率得到最优化的桂花精油提取工艺条件,即匀浆时间4min、料液比1∶5、微波时间60s,同时桂花精油提取率为0.85%。根据对桂花精油的理化性质分析可知,实验所得桂花精油样品香气较为纯正,液体呈橘黄色,酸值大约为7.50,酯值大约为18.03,达到精油的国标标准且质量较好。对桂花精油采用磷钼络合物法进行抗氧化性的研究,表明桂花精油的抗氧化活性较强,同时桂花精油的浓度与抗氧化性成正比关系。     

响应面优化超声辅助提取刺梨多糖工艺研究

探讨超声波作用下刺梨多糖提取的最佳工艺条件。在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法对刺梨多糖提取工艺参数进行优化研究。响应面试验表明提取温度、超声功率、超声时间、液料比对响应值刺梨多糖提取率均有显著影响,优化得到超声辅助提取刺梨多糖最佳工艺条件为:超声时间30 min,超声功率120 W,液料比40m L/g,提取温度80℃,提取3次。在此条件下的刺梨多糖提取率可达2.18%,与模型预测值非常接近。     

响应面法优化白及多糖的提取和醇沉工艺

白及多糖的生物活性近来引起了人们的高度关注,本研究旨在对白及多糖的水提醇沉工艺进行系统的优化,为白及多糖的深入研究提供理论基础。在单因素试验的基础上,本实验采用基于BBD (Box-Benhnken Design)的响应面法,分别对回流提取工艺和醇沉工艺进行优化。对回流提取工艺的优化以回流提取率为评价指标,得到最优回流提取工艺为提取时间3 h,提取温度100℃,料液比例为1:34 (g:mL);对醇沉工艺的优化以醇沉分离率为评价指标,得到最优醇沉工艺为:乙醇浓度85%,醇胶比例8:1 (g:g),醇沉时间6 h;在此条件下,提取率达到26.44%。     

响应面优化绿穗苋多糖的提取工艺

本研究旨在对热水工艺提取绿穗苋多糖的条件进行优化。在单因素实验基础上,筛选得到三个主要对绿穗苋多糖提取率相关的因素,其分别为:提取料液比、提取时间和提取温度。采用响应面试验设计软件,以提取料液比、提取时间和提取温度3因素作为试验的自变量,绿穗苋多糖提取率作为因变量,运用Box-Behnken实验设计和响应面分析法,得到了热水提取绿穗苋多糖工艺的最佳条件:料液比1:42.08(g/mL),提取温度92.30℃,提取时间219.01 min有最大多糖提取率。提取率为16.68%,与试验模型预测提取率为16.81%相近。本研究对绿穗苋多糖提取优化的研究为进一步探讨绿穗苋多糖生物活性的的研究提供了材料基础。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

颧骨颧弓骨折的分类及诊治

颧骨颧弓骨折是最常见的面中部骨折之一,迄今为止,在其分类及诊治的选择上仍然存在一定争议,本文对目前颧骨颧弓骨折的分类及诊治的现状和进展作一综述,以期对临床工作提供参考。     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.