原矛头蝮蛇毒对小鼠器官形态的影响

目的:观察原矛头蝮(P.mucrosquamatus)蛇毒对小鼠脏器形态结构的影响,从组织学角度探讨该蛇毒的致病机理。方法:用原矛头蝮攻击小鼠,待小鼠死亡后,立即进行解剖,观察心脏和大血管内部血栓形成情况。取心脏、血管、周围神经、肾脏、肝脏、脾脏和肺,观察外形,并进行石蜡切片,H.E染色观察。用健康小鼠相同器官为对照,比较二者的差异。结果:被原矛头蝮攻击致死小鼠的心脏、肝脏和肺发生了显著收缩;心腔和血管腔被血栓堵塞;在心脏、肝脏和肾脏组织血管中观察到了血栓;脾脏中白细胞显著增多;肺泡收缩,细支气管严重收缩致管腔堵塞;股动脉血管内膜发生了脱落;在股神经中发生了脱髓鞘现象。结论:急性凝血和窒息是导致小鼠死亡的重要原因;原矛头蝮蛇毒兼具血循毒和神经毒的特征;原矛头蝮蛇毒可导致多种脏器内部结构发生改变。     

肝细胞生长因子对主要器官/组织损伤的修复作用

肝细胞生长因子(HGF)是一种多功能的生长因子,它参与多种细胞的增殖、迁移和形态发生。HGF对多种成熟的器官／组织有营养修复作用,促进肝、肾、肺等损伤器官的再生,同时也是神经系统新的营养因子之一。本综合近年来有关献对HGF在主要器官或组织损伤中的修复作用作一概括性介绍。     

油酸所致急性肺水肿机制的研究

为了探讨呼吸窘迫综合征（Respiratory Distress Syndrome简称RDS）时急性肺水肿的机制,我们应用静脉注射油酸引起RDS模型研究的肺血管及血管内皮细胞的损伤变化。我们的实验发现肺损伤后系数明显升高,证实油酸引起肺损伤早期确实存在急性肺水肿;肺微血管面积密度增大定量反映肺组织中血管扩张,充血;血浆6-酮-PGF1α和TxB2含量变化以及Ｐ／Ｔ比值呈增加趋势提示该变化与血扩张有密切关系;血清ACE活性升高表明血管内皮细胞膜受到损伤;此外形态学观察也发现血内皮细胞有形态及功能改变,提示血管内皮细胞是 引起急性肺水肿更直接的原因。     

日本人发现天然HGF的调控剂injurin

肝细胞生长因子(HGF)是一种细胞素,它能引发损伤肝脏的再生。首次发现已二年多了。它不仅能愈合损伤的组织,对肝细胞癌和其它癌症还有防护作用。目前,一研究小组又鉴定了一种调节HGF基因表达的分子,他们称之为“injurin”。该分子有可能应用于HGF疗法。此发现也使科学家们重新评价HGF在活体内的作用。九州大学(Fukuoka,Japan)的研究者损伤了大鼠的肝脏或肾脏,并将受伤大鼠的血清注入正常的、非损伤大鼠体内,结果正常大鼠产生明显增多的HGF。此外,这种血清还能诱导离体人肺成纤维细     

ALL受体在大鼠重要组织器官的表达

为探讨大鼠体内重要组织器官红桂木凝集素(Artocarpus lingnanensis lectin,ALL)受体的表达情况,本研究利用亲和层析法将红桂木凝集素进行分离纯化,并标记上辣根过氧化物酶,最后将大鼠各重要组织器官的石蜡切片进行凝集素组化分析。结果发现大鼠各重要组织器官都分布有不同程度ALL受体。在肺、心、脾和肾组织,ALL受体阳性率分别为:63%、54%、29%和24%。ALL受体主要分布在肺泡上皮细胞、心肌微血管内皮细胞、脾脏红髓区和肾脏的肾小球内皮细胞。     

草鱼出血病病毒人工感染稀有(鱼句)鲫出血病鱼主要器官组织的超薄切片观察

用电子显微镜观察了稀有(鱼句)鲫出血病(Hemorrhage of Gobiocypris rarus)鱼的病理切片及对照鱼的超薄切片。在对照鱼的鳃、肠道、肾脏、脾脏、肌肉和肝脏中没有见到任何病毒颗粒。在病鱼鳃血管内皮细胞质中观察到聚集的直径70nm左右的GCHV颗粒,说明鳃是GCHV侵袭的主要器官之一,并讨论了鳃对GCHV敏感在GCHV传播中的意义。还在病鱼肠道,肾脏中观察到成片的病毒颗粒,它们也是GCHV侵袭的主要组织。在病鱼脾脏的电子密度低的细胞质中观察到散在的病毒颗粒。很少见到病毒聚集体,脾脏中的病毒可能是脾脏的吞噬细胞吞噬而来。作者认为在病鱼组织中观察到的大小不同的病毒颗粒是处于不同成熟阶段的GCHV。     

肝细胞生长因子基因修饰的间充质干细胞治疗肝损伤的研究进展

减轻肝脏损伤、促进肝脏修复和再生始终是肝脏疾病研究中的重点。间充质干细胞(MSCs)是众多具有组织修复和再生能力细胞中的明星细胞,合成的多种细胞因子经旁分泌途径发挥调控细胞生存,调节炎症反应,促进血管再生和减轻纤维化等多种生物学效应,肝细胞生长因子(HGF)便是重点细胞因子之一。基于HGF的信号调控作用,再结合MSCs的干细胞优势,HGF基因修饰间充质干细胞(HGF-MSCs)作为一种干细胞治疗新策略能够发挥“1+1>2”的效果。本文就HGF-MSCs在减轻和修复肝损伤中的研究进展作综述。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病国内分离株毒组织嗜性的研究

为了研究IBV国内分离株HB和YC毒株对靶器官的组织嗜性,本实验应用间接免疫抗体（AFI）法对感染的气管、肾脏、肺脏、肝脏和脾脏进行了跟踪检测。结果表明,2个毒株HB和YC在感染的第7d在气管、肺脏和肾脏中有特异性的荧光存在,肝脏和脾脏中也存在着病毒,尤以肾脏中的病毒含量最高。在肾脏肾小管间质浸润的淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞胞浆中,均有大量的荧光存在,这与报道的结果不同。在气管的粘膜层、肌层及血管中均存在着荧光,但荧光的亮度不如肾脏的强。此外,在肝脏的枯否氏细胞及脾脏（YC）的巨噬细胞胞浆中也存在着荧光。这表明在感…     

凋亡细胞的清除及组织稳态维持的研究进展

机体在组织器官受到损伤时,细胞凋亡和机体对凋亡细胞的清除在组织再生中有着密不可分的联系,其背后促进受损组织器官再生的机制一直是研究热点所在。近期研究发现,巨噬细胞在清除凋亡细胞,维持机体稳态以及促进组织器官修复再生中起到了重要作用。本文主要从凋亡的信号通路、巨噬细胞的极化特点以及凋亡细胞与巨噬细胞的相互作用这3个方面对近期研究进行综述。     

油酸性肺损伤时纤维细胞生长因子的变化

纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)是分子量为16000—18000的蛋白,对中胚层来源的细胞,如成纤维细胞,血管内皮细胞有促进增殖作用。正常机体,除脑组织外,其他器官组织中FGF含量极低,不易检出。在慢性纤维化疾病和脑损伤时,FGF明显增加。油酸可引起多种动物急性肺损伤,导致反应性细胞增生,肺纤维     

Skeletal muscle injury induces hepatocyte growth factor expression in spleen

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is present in skeletal muscle and facilitates skeletal muscle regeneration by activating quiescent satellite cells and stimulating their proliferation. However, possible involvement of HGF from non-muscle organs during muscle regeneration is still uncovered. Since liver injury induces HGF expression in distal HGF-producing organs such as lung, kidney and spleen, we examined if this is the case in muscle injury in analogy. In rat femoral muscle, HGF protein levels were elevated within 1 h after muscle injury, with a simultaneous proteolytic activation of HGF protein. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed an elevation of HGF mRNA expression after muscle injury in the liver and spleen, and also an increase of HGF protein levels in the spleen, suggesting the presence of endocrine HGF-inducing factor(s) during muscle regeneration. Indeed, the sera from the rat with muscle regeneration were capable of inducing HGF mRNA expression when applied to primary cultured spleen cells from intact rats. These results indicated that skeletal muscle injury induces HGF expression in the non-muscle HGF-producing organs, especially in the spleen, and suggested the possible involvement of non-muscle organ-derived HGF in activation/proliferation of satellite cells during muscle regeneration.     

Marked induction of hepatocyte growth factor mRNA in intact kidney and spleen in response to injury of distant organs.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent mitogen for various epithelial cells, including mature hepatocytes and renal tubular cells. Here, HGF mRNA was found to be markedly increased in non-injured kidney and spleen, when the liver or kidney in rats was injured by 70% partial hepatectomy or unilateral nephrectomy. HGF mRNA increased to 3-4 fold higher level than the normal in the kidney and spleen as well as in the remnant liver after partial hepatectomy. Similarly, HGF mRNA markedly increased in the spleen as well as in the remnant kidney after unilateral nephrectomy. These results suggest that the onset of injury to the liver or kidney may be recognized by distal non-injured organs by the signalling of a humoral factor and that HGF derived from these organs may be involved in the regeneration of liver or kidney, through an endocrine mechanism.     

Differential expression of hepatocyte growth factor in liver, kidney, lung, and spleen following burn in rats

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays a role as an organotropic factor for regeneration of injured organs. HGF is synthesized as an inactive single-chain precursor which is then converted to a biologically active heterodimeric form by proteolytic processing. Burn is the insult that results in hypovolemia which causes systemic organ injury. In this study, we investigated the induction and activation of HGF in various rat organs following burn trauma. Tissue HGF content determined as the total amount of the single-chain and heterodimeric form increased significantly in liver, lung, spleen, and kidney 12 h after burn. Molecular analysis revealed that HGF in these four organs of control rats was the single-chain precursor. In the burned rats, HGF was the single-chain form in the liver and lung, whereas heterodimeric HGF was detected in the spleen and kidney. Tissue protein content, an index of tissue injury, decreased significantly in the spleen and kidney, indicating that tissue damage was severe in these two organs. These results suggest that burn induces the production of HGF in various organs, and that the induced HGF is activated according to the severity of tissue damage caused by burn.     

INDUCTION OF HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR IN THE LIVER, KIDNEY AND LUNG FOLLOWING TOTAL BODY IRRADIATION IN RAT

Hepatocyte factor (HGF) has been shown to have a pleiotropic function to act as a potent organotropic factor in the regeneration of injury in various organs, including the liver, kidney and lung. To examine the involvement of HGF in radiation injury, the authors analysed the changes in HGF mRNA and HGF protein levels in the rat organs (liver, lung, kidney) and plasma following 6 Gy of total body irradiation. Expression of HGF mRNA in the liver and kidney increased 6–48 h after total body irradiation and returned to previous values 1 week later. HGF protein levels in lung and liver showed 1.3-2 fold elevations 1–2 weeks after irradiation (P< 0.05). HGF levels in plasma stayed at undetectable levels up to 1 month after total body irradiation. The labelling index determined 2 weeks and 1 month after total body irradiation indicated no enhancement of regeneration. Thus, total body irradiation induced transient HGF elevation in these organs without enhancement of regeneration     

黑木耳多糖对抗离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的研究

目的:探讨黑木耳多糖(AAP)对离体大鼠心脏缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤的防护作用及其机制。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠灌胃黑木耳多糖(50,100,200mg/(kg.d))4周后,采用离体心脏Langendorff灌流方法,全心停灌30min,复灌120min建立I/R模型。测定左心室动力学指标和再灌注各时间点冠脉流出液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量;实验结束测定心肌组织甲月赞(formazan)、丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化。结果:与单纯I/R组相比,AAP预处理明显提高心肌细胞的formazan含量,降低再灌注期间冠脉流出液中LDH含量,明显增强左室发展压、左心室内压最大上升速率和心率与发展压乘积的恢复,缓解冠脉流量的减少;高剂量AAP改善I/R心肌功能的作用要好于丹参预处理(4ml/(kg.d),gastricperfusion)组。中剂量AAP(100mg/(kg.d))预处理4周后明显抑制I/R心肌MDA的增加和SOD活性的减弱(P0.01),其效果要好于丹参阳性对照组。结论:在大鼠离体心脏灌流模型上,黑木耳多糖预处理具有抗心脏I/R损伤的作用,这种保护作用可能与其增加心肌SOD活性,减少脂质过氧化损伤有关。     

Lung may have an endocrine function producing hepatocyte growth factor in response to injury of distal organs.

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent growth factor for various epithelial cells including mature hepatocytes and renal tubular cells. When 70% of the rat liver was excised, HGF mRNA in the intact lung markedly increased at 6 h later, then decrease to normal levels at 24 h. A similar marked increase of HGF mRNA was found in the lung of rats with hepatitis induced by CCl4. Moreover HGF mRNA in the intact lung also increased to about a 5 times higher level than the normal, within 12 h after unilateral nephrectomy. Isolated alveolar macrophages significantly expressed HGF mRNA, yet the amount remained unchanged after injury of the liver. The marked increase of HGF mRNA in lungs of partially hepatectomized rats remained even after removal of alveolar macrophages. In situ hybridization showed a marked increase of HGF mRNA signal found in endothelial cells in the lung after partial hepatectomy. We postulate that endothelial cells in the lung recognize damage of distal organs through a mediator and that lung-derived HGF may contribute to tissue repair or regeneration of injured organs, through endocrine-related mechanisms.     

Reduction of asymmetric dimethylarginine involved in the cardioprotective effect of losartan in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Previous studies have indicated that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors can induce an increase of blood pressure and exacerbate myocardial injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion, whereas angiotensin II receptor antagonists protect the myocardium against injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Isolated hearts from male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) or male Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) were subjected to 20 min global ischemia and 30 min reperfusion. Heart rate, coronary flow, left ventricular pressure, and its first derivatives (+/-dP/dt(max)) were recorded, and serum concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and NO and the release of creatine kinase in coronary effluent were measured. The level of ADMA was significantly increased and the concentration of NO was decreased in SHR. Ischemia and reperfusion significantly inhibited the recovery of cardiac function and increased the release of creatine kinase, and ischemia and reperfusion-induced myocardial injury in SHR was aggravated compared with WKY. Vasodilation responses to acetylcholine of aortic rings were decreased in SHR. Treatment with losartan (30 mg/kg) for 14 days significantly lowered blood pressure, elevated the plasma level of NO, and decreased the plasma concentration of ADMA in SHR. Treatment with losartan significantly improved endothelium-dependent relaxation and cardiac function during ischemia and reperfusion in SHR. Exogenous ADMA also aggravated myocardial injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion in isolated perfused heart of WKY, as shown by increasing creatine kinase release and decreasing cardiac function. The present results suggest that the protective effect of losartan on myocardial injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion is related to the reduction of ADMA levels.     

Increased ultra weak chemiluminescence emission from rat heart at postischemic reoxygenation: protective role of vitamin E

Aim of this study was to confirm an increased free radical generation rate during ischemia-reoxygenation, by ultra-weak chemiluminescence detection at the surface of perfused rat heart. We observed that reoxygenation following 30 min global ischemia, induces an increase of ultraweak chemiluminescence emission in isolated perfused heart only if partial depletion of vitamin E is induced by dietary manipulation. Moreover, in normal diet fed rats, vitamin E is partially consumed during global ischemia, but not during reoxygenation. Since chemiluminescence increases during post-ischemic reperfusion, when vitamin E myocardial content is lowered, the most probable free radicals involved are the hydroperoxyl radical derivatives of lipids. These radicals, indeed, are known both to produce photoemission by disproportion and to react with vitamin E. On the other hand, the nature of the reaction that consumes vitamin E during ischemia is still obscure. Accordingly, the basal level of vitamin E myocardial content seems to be a key factor for protecting the heart against reoxygenation injury and its consumption during ischemia could be a determinant of myocardial sensitivity to oxidative stress during reperfusion.     

缺血预处理对缺血/再灌注离体心脏的保护作用

目的：探讨连续多次短暂缺血预处理对缺血/再灌注损伤心肌的保护作用及机制。方法：采用大鼠离体心脏Lan-gendorff灌流模型,观察缺血预处理对心肌缺血/再灌注后不同时间点冠脉流出液中AST、CPK、UDH及冠脉流量,心肌组织中SOD、LPO以及再灌注性心律失常的影响。结果：缺血预处理可以减少缺血/再灌注损伤的心肌冠脉流出液中AST、CPK、LDH的含量,提高心肌SOD活性,降低LPO水平,并且抑制再灌注性心律失常的发生,提高再灌注期间的冠脉流量。结论：缺血预处理对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤具有一定保护作用。     

Expressions of receptor gene for hepatocyte growth factor in kidney after unilateral nephrectomy and renal injury.

The renal expressions of the receptor gene (c-met) for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were examined in unilateral nephrectomy (UNX), renal ischemia or folic acid administration. The levels of c-met mRNA were increased rapidly in all rat models at 6h after the operations. On the other hand, the expression of c-met mRNA in a kidney cell line (MDCK cells) was down-regulated for 8 h after HGF addition, indicating that c-met mRNA induction in rat models may be independent of the stimulated production of HGF. The stimulated expression of c-met in these models suggest that HGF may play an important role in renal hypertrophy after UNX and regeneration after ischemic or nephrotoxic injury.