透明颤菌血红蛋白基因表达对金色链霉菌生长代谢的影响

利用四环素抗性基因启动子在金色链霉菌中表达透明颤菌血红蛋白基因。在1m3发酵罐中研究了工程菌株的生长代谢特性。在溶解氧充足的条件下,透明颤菌血红蛋白表达,对金色链霉菌生长代谢未产生明显影响,工程菌株与参比菌株的生长代谢特性基本一致,工程菌株和参比菌株金霉素最终浓度分别为22905u/mL、22896u/mL。在低溶解氧条件下,透明颤菌血红蛋白的表达,可促进金色链霉菌菌体生长、菌丝活力保持和金霉素的合成：工程菌菌体浓度比参比菌株高5％～10％,产物合成提高11.4％。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因的研究与应用

总结了近 15年来透明颤菌血红蛋白的研究结果 ,包括它的分布、结构、功能、合成等分子生物学以及在基因工程中的应用。透明颤菌的血红蛋白是 2 0世纪 70年代被发现的 ,由于它具有结合氧的特性 ,可使透明颤菌这一专性好氧的革兰氏阴性菌在贫氧环境中生长。透明颤菌血红蛋白是同型二聚体形式的可溶性血红蛋白分子 ,每分子透明颤菌血红蛋白由两个分子量为 15 775的亚基和两个b型血红素组成。透明颤菌血红蛋白的功能是为透明颤菌强大的呼吸膜增加氧的流量。完整的有功能的血红蛋白由血红蛋白亚基和血红素组成 ,血红蛋白亚基由基因vgb编码 ,血红素由生化代谢合成。透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在野生透明颤菌中是以单拷贝的方式随染色体一起复制表达的。透明颤菌血红蛋白基因已经被克隆和测序。同时也讨论了将透明颤菌血红蛋白基因整合到异源宿主菌中增加重组蛋白产量和发酵产量方面的研究。最后 ,概述了当透明颤菌血红蛋白在植物中表达时 ,转基因植物表现出生长增加以及代谢物产量发生变化的情况。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在地衣芽孢杆菌ATCC9945a中的表达及作用

目的:研究透明颤菌血红蛋白基因(vgb)在产聚γ-谷氨酸(γ- PGA)的地衣芽孢杆菌ATCC9945a中的表达及对其生物量和产量的影响.方法:以大肠杆菌-枯草芽孢杆菌的穿梭表达载体pUBC19为骨架,构建含有枯草芽孢杆菌的组成型启动子P43和透明颤菌血红蛋白结构基因的穿梭表达载体pUBC19 - PV,并通过电击转化得到重组的产γ-PGA的地衣芽孢杆菌(B.licheniformis).一氧化碳差光谱验证重组B.licheniformis 中是否表达了有活性的血红蛋白.摇瓶发酵试验研究重组菌株和对照菌株生物量和发酵产物产量的变化.结果表明,重组菌株的生长明显比对照菌株快,但是γ - PGA的产量却比原始菌株低:在正常供氧时,其产量12.8g/L,比亲株产量21.7g/L下降了41%,贫氧环境下产量8.8g/L,比亲株产量12.8g/L降低了31%.结论:vgb 在重组菌株中表达了有活性的的透明颤菌血红蛋白,并可以促进细胞的生长,但聚谷氨酸的产量却有所下降.文章针对聚γ-谷氨酸产量的下降原因进行了讨论,并对下一步的工作提出了建议.     

破坏细胞壁蛋白CWP2基因提高重组酿酒酵母β-葡萄糖苷酶胞外酶活

【背景】重组酿酒酵母广泛应用于生产工业酶和药用蛋白,但是目前仍旧存在异源蛋白产量低、分泌效率差的问题,限制了生产应用。【目的】提高重组酿酒酵母异源分泌蛋白的能力,构建高效的异源蛋白生产细胞工厂。【方法】采用基于CRISPR/Cas9的基因组编辑技术,以生产β-葡萄糖苷酶的重组酿酒酵母Y294-BGL为出发菌株,构建细胞壁蛋白基因CWP2破坏菌株。【结果】与出发菌株相比,破坏CWP2的破坏菌株在发酵96 h时胞外β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活可提高53%,胞内酶活提高了208%。此外,破坏菌生长未受到影响,对弱酸等环境胁迫的耐性没有下降,未造成过多内质网胁迫。进一步检测发现,破坏菌株胞内活性氧水平下降,同时蛋白胞内运输和分泌途径相关的关键基因表达转录及多个细胞壁生物合成相关基因表达下降。【结论】破坏细胞壁蛋白基因CWP2能够提高异源蛋白β-葡萄糖苷酶的胞外酶活,可作为促进酿酒酵母生产异源蛋白的靶点基因。     

扣囊复膜孢酵母b-葡萄糖苷酶基因在工业酿酒酵母中的表达

本文以工业酿酒酵母菌株( Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y )为研究对象,针对其复杂的生理生化遗传特性,建立了相对应的转化体系。以pRS41H质粒为基础载体,构建了含有工业酿酒酵母自身的gpd2启动子、终止子和扣囊复膜孢酵母的b-葡萄糖苷酶基因bgl的重组质粒pRS-gb。电击转化进入工业酿酒酵母细胞,潮霉素抗性筛选,获得重组菌。该重组菌可以在以纤维二糖为唯一碳源的培养基中生长,培养36 h,b-葡萄糖苷酶酶活达到0.967 u/ml。以纤维二糖为唯一碳源的酒精发酵中,酒精度可以达到0.92 g/l。这对工业生产中利用纤维素为原料发酵生产酒精具有重要意义。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因在金色链霉菌中的克隆与表达

分别用质粒pJJ699与pUC19(vhb),pIJ702与pBR322(vhb),构建大肠杆菌链霉菌穿梭质粒,将透明颤菌血红蛋白基因转入金色链霉菌。在低溶解氧浓度下,透明颤菌血红蛋白的表达,可提高金色链霉菌氧的利用效率,产物合成比原始菌株提高40%～60%。在局部低氧的环境中,采用四环素抗性基因启动子带动血红蛋白基因表达,可有效发挥透明颤菌血红蛋白的氧传递效率,优于透明颤菌血红蛋白基因受溶解氧调控的天然启动子。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白基因vgb和腈水解酶基因bxn在毕赤酵母中的表达研究

为获得高效表达外源蛋白的Pichia pastoris菌株而设计了重组质粒pPIC9K—vgbbxn,其中透明颤菌血红蛋白基因vgb胞内表达以提高菌体的发酵密度,腈水解酶基因bxn分泌表达。转化GS115菌株后,通过PCR、SDS-PAGE检测证实两基因已经整合进酵母基因组且能高效表达,以及用准确的蛋白活性测定方法成功地检测到二所表达的产物均具有正常的活性。摇瓶发酵实验证明,血红蛋白在贫氧条件下可明显促进酵母菌体生长和bxn基因分泌表达。     

透明颤菌血红蛋白的应用进展

透明颤菌血红蛋白（VHb）具有在限氧条件下促进异源宿主细胞生长和增加产物产量的作用,已在发酵、环保、转基因动植物、重组蛋白表达等方面得到了广泛应用。将VHb与酶或蛋白融合表达可提高酶的活性、稳定性或蛋白的分离效率。对VHb进行改造有助于获得性能更良好的"新"蛋白。     

yhcZ基因在苏云金芽胞杆菌生长中的功能研究

在枯草芽胞杆菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌中,yhcZ基因和yhcY基因组成双组分系统调控细菌生长,但yhcZ基因在苏云金芽胞杆菌中发挥的生物学功能尚未明确。本研究通过基因功能注释、上下游基因排列分析和氨基酸序列比对,证实苏云金芽胞杆菌库斯塔克亚种HD73中HD73_5824基因为yhcZ基因,推测其与HD73_5825基因(yhcY基因)共同组成双组份系统调控细菌生长。利用同源重组技术敲除HD73菌株中的yhcZ基因获得缺失突变体HD (ΔyhcZ),其在LB和SSM培养基中生长均慢于野生型HD73,而互补菌株HD(ΔyhcZ::yhcZ)菌株则能够部分恢复生长,表明yhcZ基因的缺失影响了该菌株细胞的生长。在以0.4%葡萄糖为唯一碳源的M9培养基中,HD (ΔyhcZ)生长速度快于HD73,表明yhcZ基因在该菌株吸收利用葡萄糖的过程中发挥重要作用。Biolog实验显示HD (ΔyhcZ)的单孔颜色变化率低于HD73,且对D/L-丝氨酸、甲酸、D-葡糖酸、L-组胺,D-乳酸甲酯以及柠檬酸等的吸收利用能力低于HD73,表明yhcZ基因能显著影响HD73菌株对碳源的利用。同时,HD(ΔyhcZ)对8% NaCl的耐受能力弱于HD73,表明该基因可能参与细菌细胞应力响应相关基因的表达与调控。以上结果表明yhcZ基因在HD73菌株生长过程中对葡萄糖及其他碳源的利用具有重要的促进作用。本研究结果为解析yhcZ基因调控葡萄糖及碳源利用的分子机制奠定基础,且为进一步研究细菌生长及发酵提供参考。     

混合糖发酵重组酿酒酵母的菌株构建和菊芋秸秆同步糖化发酵研究

【目的】构建可用于纤维素乙醇高效生产的混合糖发酵重组酿酒酵母菌株,并利用菊芋秸秆为原料进行乙醇发酵。【方法】筛选在木糖中生长较好的酿酒酵母YB-2625作为宿主菌,构建木糖共代谢菌株YB-2625 CCX。进一步通过r DNA位点多拷贝整合的方式,以YB-2625 CCX为出发菌株构建木糖脱氢酶过表达菌株,并筛选得到优势菌株YB-73。采用同步糖化发酵策略研究YB-73的菊芋秸秆发酵性能。【结果】YB-73菌株以90 g/L葡萄糖和30 g/L木糖为碳源进行混合糖发酵,乙醇产量比出发菌株YB-2625 CCX提高了13.9%,副产物木糖醇产率由0.89 g/g降低至0.31 g/g,下降了64.6%。利用重组菌YB-73对菊芋秸秆进行同步糖化发酵,48 h最高乙醇浓度达到6.10%(体积比)。【结论】通过转入木糖代谢途径以及r DNA位点多拷贝整合过表达木糖脱氢酶基因可有效提高菌株木糖发酵性能,并用于菊芋秸秆的纤维素乙醇生产。这是首次报道利用重组酿酒酵母进行菊芋秸秆原料的纤维素乙醇发酵。     

Expression of Azotobacter vinelandii soluble transhydrogenase perturbs xylose reductase-mediated conversion of xylose to xylitol by recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase is a metabolic enzyme transferring the reducing equivalent between two nucleotide acceptors such as NAD⁺ and NADP⁺ for balancing the intracellular redox potential. Soluble transhydrogenase (STH) of Azotobacter vinelandii was expressed in a recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain harboring the Pichia stipitis xylose reductase (XR) gene to study effects of redox potential change on cell growth and sugar metabolism including xylitol and ethanol formation. Remarkable changes were not observed by expression of the STH gene in batch cultures. However, expression of STH accelerated the formation of ethanol in glucose-limited fed-batch cultures, but reduced xylitol productivity to 71% compared with its counterpart strain expressing xylose reductase gene alone. The experimental results suggested that A. vinelandii STH directed the reaction toward the formation of NADH and NADP⁺ from NAD⁺ and NADPH, which concomitantly reduced the availability of NADPH for xylose conversion to xylitol catalyzed by NADPH-preferable xylose reductase in the recombinant S. cerevisiae.     

Pilot scale vinification process using immobilized Candida stellata cells and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sequential grape juice fermentation first with immobilized Candida stellata and then with an inoculum of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was carried out at pilot scale and under non-sterile conditions in order to evaluate the dynamics of yeast microflora and their influence on the analytical profile of wine. Non-Saccharomyces yeast were adequately controlled while S. cerevisiae wild strains were consistently present after 3 days of fermentation and could compete with the inoculated S. cerevisiae strain. However, the metabolism of immobilized C. stellata cells strongly influenced the analytical profile of wines with a consistent increase in glycerol (70%) and succinic acid content in comparison with values for a S. cerevisiae fermentation control.     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

Spermine is not essential for growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: identification of the SPE4 gene (spermine synthase) and characterization of a spe4 deletion mutant

Spermine, ubiquitously present in most organisms, is the final product of the biosynthetic pathway for polyamines and is synthesized from spermidine. In order to investigate the physiological roles of spermine, we identified the SPE4 gene, which codes for spermine synthase, on the right arm of chromosome XII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and prepared a deletion mutant in this gene. This mutant has neither spermine nor spermine synthase activity. Using the spe4 deletion mutant, we show that S. cerevisiae does not require spermine for growth, even though spermine is normally present in the wild-type organism. This is in striking contrast to the absolute requirement of S. cerevisiae for spermidine for growth, which we had previously reported using a mutant lacking the SPE3 gene (spermidine synthase) [Hamasaki-Katagiri, N., Tabor, C.W., Tabor, H., 1997. Spermidine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Polyamine requirement of a null mutant of the SPE3 gene (spermidine synthase). Gene 187, 35–43].     

Yield improvement of heterologous peptides expressed in yps1-disrupted Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains

Heterologous protein expression levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentations are highly dependent on the susceptibility to endogenous yeast proteases. Small peptides, such as glucagon and glucagon-like-peptides (GLP-1 and GLP-2), featuring an open structure are particularly accessible for proteolytic degradation during fermentation. Therefore, homogeneous products cannot be obtained. The most sensitive residues are found at basic amino acid residues in the peptide sequence. These heterologous peptides are degraded mainly by the YPS1-encoded aspartic protease, yapsin1, when produced in the yeast. In this article, distinct degradation products were analyzed by HPLC and mass spectrometry, and high yield of the heterologous peptide production has been achieved by the disruption of the YPS1 gene (previously called YAP3). By this technique, high yield continuous fermentation of glucagon in S. cerevisiae is now possible.     

酿酒酵母发酵与自然发酵过程中霍山石斛酵素的代谢物及抗氧化变化*

为实现霍山石斛的全质利用和高值化利用,以接种酿酒酵母发酵与自然发酵两种工艺制备霍山石斛酵素,研究不同工艺发酵过程中代谢物(有机酸、总酚、总糖等)和抗氧化活性(OH·清除率、ABTS·清除率、还原力)的变化趋势,并结合多元统计分析,建立综合评价指标。结果表明,酿酒酵母发酵组的酵母菌数量高于自然发酵组;自然发酵组检测到的4种有机酸的含量均高于酿酒酵母发酵组,其中乳酸和乙酸含量均呈上升趋势;酿酒酵母发酵组的草酸含量明显下降,而自然发酵组的草酸含量没有明显变化。酿酒酵母发酵组与自然发酵组的总酚含量分别下降了24.02%、24.98%;总糖含量分别下降了64.21%、22.89%;pH值分别下降了0.12和0.24,总酸含量分别增加了62.98%、70.98%;糖酸比分别降低了80.13%、59.47%,酿酒酵母生产的酵素口感以酸甜为主,自然发酵的酵素口感以甜为主。在抗氧化方面,酿酒酵母发酵组显著高于自然发酵组,OH·清除能力分别提高了42.57%和40.67%;ABTS·清除能力分别提高了55.36%和30.06%;还原力无显著变化。相关性分析和主成分分析结果表明乳酸、乙酸等有机酸具有一定的抗氧化性。酵母菌发酵第 14 d的综合评价指标达到阶段高点,酵母菌生长数量在14 d后趋于稳定,进入生长稳定期,可作为最佳发酵节点。综上结果表明酿酒酵母发酵相较于自然发酵霍山石斛提高了抗氧化活性,丰富了酵素口感,缩短了发酵时间,酵素品质较好。     

Role of thioredoxin peroxidase in aging of stationary cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A soluble protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae acts as a peroxidase but requires a NADPH-dependent thioredoxin system and was named thioredoxin peroxidase (TPx). The role of TPx in aging of stationary cultures of S. cerevisiae was investigated in a wild-type strain and a mutant yeast strain in which the tsa gene that encodes TPx was disrupted by homologous recombination. The occurrence of oxidative stress during aging of stationary cultures of the yeast has been proposed. Comparison of 5-day-old (young) stationary cultures of S. cerevisiae and of cultures aged for 3 months (old) revealed decreased viability, increased generation of reactive oxygen species, modulation of cellular redox status, and increased cellular oxidative damage reflected by increased protein carbonyl content and lipid peroxidation. The magnitude of this stress was augmented in yeast mutant lacking TPx. These results suggest that TPx may play a direct role in cellular defense against aging of stationary cultures presumably, functioning as an antioxidant enzyme.     

Asparaginase production by a recombinant Pichia pastoris strain harbouring Saccharomyces cerevisiae ASP3 gene

The therapeutic enzyme asparaginase, which is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, is industrially produced by the bacteria Escherichia coli or Erwinia crysanthemi. In spite of its effectiveness as a therapeutic agent, the drug causes severe immunological reactions. As asparaginase is also produced by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this microorganism could be considered for the production of the enzyme, providing an alternative antitumoral agent. In this study the ASP3 gene, that codes for the periplasmic, nitrogen regulated, asparaginase II from S. cerevisiae, was cloned and expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, under the control of the AOX1 gene promoter. Similarly to S. cerevisiae the heterologous enzyme was addressed to the P. pastoris cell periplasmic space. Enzyme yield per dry cell mass reached 800 U g⁻¹, which was seven fold higher than that obtained using a nitrogen de-repressed ure2 dal80 S. cerevisiae strain. High cell density cultures performed with P. pastoris harbouring the ASP3 gene using a 2 l instrumented bioreactor, where biomass concentration reached 107 g l⁻¹, resulted in a dramatic increase in volumetric yield (85,600 U l⁻¹) and global volumetric productivity (1083 U l⁻¹ h⁻¹).     

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue of ribosomal protein S26

The nucleotide sequence of RPS26, the gene encoding a homologue of ribosomal protein small subunit S26 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was determined. The deduced amino-acid sequence showed significant identity with its counter- parts from Neurospora crassa, human, rat and Arabidopsis thaliana. Disruption of RPS26 resulted in the formation of micro-colonies, suggesting that it is important for the normal cell growth of S. cerevisiae.     

Characterization of two-substrate fermentation processes for xylitol production using recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing xylose reductase gene

Fermentation characteristics of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing a xylose reductase gene from Pichia stipitis were investigated in an attempt to convert xylose to xylitol, a natural five-carbon sugar alcohol used as a sweetener. Xylitol was produced with a maximum yield of 0.95 g g⁻¹ xylitol xylose consumed in the presence of glucose used as a co-substrate for co-factor regeneration. Addition of glucose caused inhibition of xylose transport and accumulation of ethanol. Such problems were solved by adopting glucose-limited fed-batch fermentations where a high ratio of xylose to glucose was maintained during the bioconversion phase. The optimized two-substrate fed-batch fermentation carried out with S. cerevisiae EH13.15:pY2XR at 30°C resulted in 105.2 g l⁻¹ xylitol concentration with 1.69 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹ productivity.