仙人掌的嫁接

繁殖仙人掌类植物,一般采用扦插和嫁接方法,但对缺少叶绿素的类型,由于本身不能进行光合作用,必须用嫁接法繁殖,依靠砧木提供充足养分,才能正常生长发育。嫁接时：对于球形和圆筒形品种,采用平接;茎节扁平类型则用劈接。为了提高观赏价值,也可在一株较大的山影、有叶仙人掌（木股群）的各分枝顶端,接上若干个体型不一、色泽各异的品种、类型,植物则更加绚丽多姿。如（图,封三左）山影上接了14个（12个类型）球体;（图,封三右）木映群上接了11个（10个类型）仙人掌。仙人掌的嫁接@米玉芹$河北省廊坊师范学校!102800…     

蟹爪兰、仙人掌——“嫁接”教学演示的好材料

九年义务教育初中三年制生物教材第一册（上）在“营养繁殖”一节中介绍了植物营养繁殖的３种常用方法：扦插、压条和嫁接。在进行有关“嫁接”内容的教学时,我们选用盆栽蟹爪兰和仙人掌进行嫁接演示实验,取得了较好的教学效果。１制作砧木选长势较好的盆栽仙人掌一棵,...     

仙人掌类播种育苗技术

本文报道仙人掌类花卉播种育苗技术。初步探明,仙人掌类花卉成苗率的高低除了种子品质外,还与水、肥、光、热以及种子消毒、基质配方、病虫防治等关系密切。     

仙人掌类播种育苗技术

本文报道仙人掌类花卉播种育苗技术。初步探明,仙人掌类花卉成苗率的高低除了种子品质外,还与不、肥、光、热以及种子消毒、基质配方、病虫防治等关系密切。     

漫话仙人掌

全世界肉质植物中的仙人掌类,有2000余种,其中墨西哥就有100O多种,真是名副其实的“仙人掌之国”。仙人掌是墨西哥的象征,被定为“国花”,此外,墨西哥的国旗、国徽和货币上的图案都有仙人掌。仙人掌大多分布在热带、亚热带的沙漠地区,那里缺乏水分和有机质,土壤常盐渍化,因此演变成了耐旱的生理结构：叶退化成刺以减少水分的蒸腾;茎肥厚多计,贮藏了大量的水分,并代替叶行使光合作用;气孔少而下陷,白天关闭。他人掌类植物中的仙人掌扁平如掌,仙人球浑圆象球,仙人鞭细长似鞭,仙人山叠垒成山。此外还有仙人柱、仙人棒等等。…     

胭脂虫寄生前后梨果仙人掌挥发性物质的变化

为了研究胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa寄生前后梨果仙人掌(Opuntia ficus-indica Mill)挥发性物质的变化,以动态顶空密闭循环吸附捕集法捕集胭脂虫寄生前后梨果仙人掌的挥发物,并运用全自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱(ATD-GC/MS)联用技术进行分析检测,用峰面积归一化法测定其相对含量。结果表明,无虫梨果仙人掌的挥发物中共检测到8种化合物,有虫的梨果仙人掌中共检测到9种化合物,化合物的种类和含量都有一定的变化;萜烯类是植食昆虫诱导的植物挥发性次生物质中的主要成分,本试验中,萜烯类在胭脂虫寄生前后的含量由23.12%降为6.98%。在无虫仙人掌的挥发物中检测出苯甲醛,含量约占1.73%,有虫的仙人掌中则未检测到;同样在有虫仙人掌挥发物中检出的其他物质如酯类(21.15%)、醇类(1.79%)和卤代芳烃类(1.51%)物质在无虫仙人掌植株中都未检测出。     

Volatile changes of Opuntia ficus-indica Mill before and after parasitizing by Dactylopius coccus Costa

为了研究胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa寄生前后梨果仙人掌(Opuntia ficus-indica Mill)挥发性物质的变化,以动态顶空密闭循环吸附捕集法捕集胭脂虫寄生前后梨果仙人掌的挥发物,并运用全自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱(ATD-GC/MS)联用技术进行分析检测,用峰面积归一化法测定其相对含量.结果表明,无虫梨果仙人掌的挥发物中共检测到8种化合物,有虫的梨果仙人掌中共检测到9种化合物,化合物的种类和含量都有一定的变化;萜烯类是植食昆虫诱导的植物挥发性次生物质中的主要成分,本试验中,萜烯类在胭脂虫寄生前后的含量由23.12％降为6.98％.在无虫仙人掌的挥发物中检测出苯甲醛,含量约占1.73％,有虫的仙人掌中则未检测到;同样在有虫仙人掌挥发物中检出的其他物质如酯类(21.15％)、醇类(1.79％)和卤代芳烃类(1.51％)物质在无虫仙人掌植株中都未检测出.     

仙人掌茎有效成份分析

我国民间有食用、药用仙人掌的传统,但对其有效成分等尚未进行系统的分析报道。本文对仙人掌茎甲醇提取液、石油醚提取液和氯仿提取液进行了生物碱、甾体、强心甙、皂甙和匝类等有效成分的系统分析。结果表明,仙人掌的甲醇提取液、石油醚提取液和氯仿提取液中含有生物碱、黄酮甙、强心甙、皂甙以及三萜和甾体等,而未检出香豆精甙。     

仙人掌在美容化妆品行业中的应用及开发

简要介绍了仙人掌在美容化妆品行业的应用方向,仙人掌原料的制备工艺以及仙人掌化妆品的设计理念,以期为仙人掌在美容化妆品领域的应用开发提供一些建议.     

中国仙人掌科一新归化种——匍地仙人掌

在进行多肉植物资源调查时,在我国山东省发现一仙人掌科仙人掌属新记录种——匍地仙人掌 [Opuntia humifusa(Raf.)Raf.]。该种具有独特的匍匐生长习性,叶状茎深绿色,无白霜,无针状刺,花黄色,与国内分布的仙人掌属其他物种区别明显。匍地仙人掌原产于北美洲,是仙人掌科为数不多的耐寒种类之一,现归化于中国山东省日照市五莲县,系目前发现的在我国野外分布最北的仙人掌科植物。该种可能于20世纪50年代在国家推广中药材时期引入种植,人类活动致使其种群逐渐扩散。同时,对匍地仙人掌与江苏报道的二色仙人掌之间的分类学问题进行了论述,并对将来匍地仙人掌在我国暖温带地区合理的开发利用进行了展望。     

Isoenzyme Changes during Seed Germination of Saguaro Cactus (Carnegiea gigantea)

Esterases, acid phosphatases, leucine aminopeptidases, peroxidases and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminases from extracts made from seeds of Saguaro cactus at different stages of germination were studied using starch gelelectrophoretic techniques. In general, four of the five enzyme systems showed significant increase in the number of isoenzymes and their activity after 72 hours of germination. It is suggested that Saguaro cactus seeds reach their enzymatically most active state between 48 to 72 hours after being placed at optimum moisture conditions at 30°C in continuous light.     

Bacteria associated with Copestylum (Diptera, Syrphidae) larvae and their cactus host Isolatocereus dumortieri

We describe the gut bacterial diversity inhabiting two saprophagous syrphids and their breeding substrate (decayed tissues of the columnar cactus Isolatocereus dumortieri). We analyzed the gut microbiota of Copestylum latum (scooping larvae that feed on decayed cactus tissues) and Copestylum limbipenne (whose larvae can also feed on semiliquid tissues) using molecular techniques. DNA was extracted from larval guts and cactus tissues. The V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA genes was amplified and sequenced. A total of 31,079 sequences were obtained. The main findings are: C. limbipenne is dominated by several Enterobacteriaceae, including putative nitrogen-fixing genera and pectinolitic species and some denitrifying species, whereas in C. latum unclassified Gammaproteobacteria predominate. Decayed tissues have a dominant lactic acid bacterial community. The bacterial communities were more similar between larval species than between each larva and its breeding substrate. The results suggest that the gut bacterial community in these insects is not strongly affected by diet and must be dependent on other factors, such as vertical transmission, evolutionary history and host innate immunity.     

Sexual selection is influenced by both developmental and adult environments

Sexual selection is often assumed to be strong and consistent, yet increasing research shows it can fluctuate over space and time. Few experimental studies have examined changes in sexual selection in response to natural environmental variation. Here, we use a difference in resource quality to test for the influence of past environmental conditions and current environmental conditions on male and female mate choice and resulting selection gradients for leaf‐footed cactus bugs, Narnia femorata. We raised juveniles on natural high‐ and low‐quality diets, cactus pads with and without ripe cactus fruits. New adults were again assigned a cactus pad with or without fruit, paired with a potential mate, and observed for mating behaviors. We found developmental and adult encounter environments affected mating decisions and the resulting patterns of sexual selection for both males and females. Males were not choosy in the low‐quality encounter environment, cactus without fruit, but they avoided mating with small females in the high‐quality encounter environment. Females were choosy in both encounter environments, avoiding mating with small males. However, they were the choosiest when they were in the low‐quality encounter environment. Female mate choice was also context dependent by male developmental environment. Females were more likely to mate with males that had developed on cactus with fruit when they were currently in the cactus with fruit environment. This pattern disappeared when females were in the cactus without fruit environment. Altogether, these results experimentally demonstrate context‐dependent mate choice by both males and females. Furthermore, we demonstrate that simple, seasonal changes in resources can lead to fluctuations in sexual selection.     

The introduction ofMimorista pulchellalis [Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae] into South Africa for the biological control of jointed cactus,Opuntia aurantiaca 1. Biology and mass-rearing techniques

A laboratory investigation was conducted on a pyraustid moth imported from South America for jointed cactus control. It was found that the moths were crepuscular, with females laying an average of 48±3.5 eggs over a period of 4–8 days. Larvae hatched out at night and usually tunnelled into the terminal ends of cactus cladodes at a site where young cactus growth occurred. The lifecycle was completed inside the cactus, pupation typically occurring in the dry husk of the cladode on which the egg was laid. Mass-rearing of the moth was easy if plants with young cactus growth were used.      

米邦塔仙人掌的研究进展与开发应用

米邦塔仙人掌是一种具有较高营养价值的新型保健蔬菜,有很高的应用价值和开发潜力。主要介绍了近年来米邦塔仙人掌引种我国后的栽种技术、营养成分、保健价值及其应用和开发进展等,在此基础上对其产业发展中存在的问题与对策进行了探讨。     

仙人掌提取物对浅Ⅱ度烫伤小鼠VEGF及FGF-2表达的影响

为探讨野生仙人掌和食用仙人掌提取物对浅Ⅱ度烫伤小鼠内源性血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF-2)表达的影响,建立小鼠浅Ⅱ度烫伤模型。野生、食用仙人掌提取物组(浓度均为12.5 mg/mL),药物组(京万红),烫伤组(生理盐水),每天2次涂药并观察创面,分别在3 d和7 d各组取5只小鼠处死,取烫伤组织提取蛋白并检测VEGF、FGF-2的表达状况。仙人掌组中VEGF及FGF-2的表达量均高于烫伤组,且两种仙人掌组VEGF及FGF-2的表达量有差异。即仙人掌提取物能提高VEGF及FGF-2的表达量并能促进创面的修复。     

胭脂虫寄生对仙人掌生长的影响

从印榕仙人掌(Opuntia ficus-indica Mill)植株高度、新增茎片数量和新增茎片面积3个方面研究不同密度胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa寄生对仙人掌生长量的影响。结果表明:1)胭脂虫寄生对寄主仙人掌有明显的抑制作用,未被寄生的仙人掌株高、茎片数量和茎片面积的增加均明显大于被寄生的仙人掌;2)随着胭脂虫寄生密度的增加,仙人掌植株生长量的增加相应减少,生长高峰期的出现也会相应推迟;3)胭脂虫的寄生密度应控制在1000头/株以下,过大会导致仙人掌的死亡。     

Identification and ecology of bacterial communities associated with necroses of three cactus species.

To compare the bacterial communities residing in necrotic tissues of columnar cacti of the Sonoran Desert, isolates from 39 organ pipe, 19 saguaro, and 16 senita cacti were obtained. The isolates were clustered into 28 conspecific groups on the basis of their fatty acid profiles. The distributions of the individual bacterial isolates varied among cactus species. Seven of the 28 species groups were unique to a particular cactus species, whereas 8 species groups were found in all three cacti. The effective number of bacterial species for each cactus species was positively correlated with both the chemical complexity and glucose concentration of the plant tissues. The effective number of bacterial species and bacterial distribution patterns were compared with those known for communities of cactophilic yeasts. The observed bacterial distribution patterns are most likely due to differences in the chemical compositions of the three cactus species.     

Population differences in host plant preference and the importance of yeast and plant substrate to volatile composition

Divergent selection between environments can result in changes to the behavior of an organism. In many insects, volatile compounds are a primary means by which host plants are recognized and shifts in plant availability can result in changes to host preference. Both the plant substrate and microorganisms can influence this behavior, and host plant choice can have an impact on the performance of the organism. In Drosophila mojavensis, four geographically isolated populations each use different cacti as feeding and oviposition substrates and identify those cacti by the composition of the volatile odorants emitted. Behavioral tests revealed D. mojavensis populations vary in their degree of preference for their natural host plant. Females from the Mojave population show a marked preference for their host plant, barrel cactus, relative to other cactus choices. When flies were given a choice between cacti that were not their host plant, the preference for barrel and organ pipe cactus relative to agria and prickly pear cactus was overall lower for all populations. Volatile headspace composition is influenced by the cactus substrate, microbial community, and substrate‐by‐microorganism interactions. Differences in viability, developmental time, thorax length, and dry body weight exist among populations and depend on cactus substrate and population‐by‐cactus interactions. However, no clear association between behavioral preference and performance was observed. This study highlights a complex interplay between the insect, host plant, and microbial community and the factors mediating insect host plant preference behavior.