仙人掌在美容化妆品行业中的应用及开发

简要介绍了仙人掌在美容化妆品行业的应用方向,仙人掌原料的制备工艺以及仙人掌化妆品的设计理念,以期为仙人掌在美容化妆品领域的应用开发提供一些建议.     

保健蔬菜黄秋葵的应用价值与前景

黄秋葵是一种具有较高营养价值的新型保健蔬菜,有很高的应用价值和潜力。主要介绍了黄秋葵近年来的研究概况,包括其分布与生长环境、营养成分与保健价值、贮藏与保鲜技术及其应用和开发进展等,在此基础上展望黄秋葵未来的研究热点。     

仙人掌的天然活性成分研究回顾

该综述参阅了近 2 0年来国内外有关仙人掌的研究报导和有关书刊 ,对各类仙人掌中的天然活性成分 ,如生物碱类尤其是墨斯卡林、黄酮类如黄酮醇、甾醇类如谷甾醇以及其他成分如油脂、蛋白质、多糖类、微量元素等的研究状况进行了全面地综合和归类 ,对仙人掌的开发应用情况及前景做了细致的分析和展望。     

我国海南仙人掌的成分分析及开发前景

本文对我国海南省的野生仙人掌（仙人掌科Haw仙人掌）中的蛋白质、氨基酸、糖类、维生素、黄酮以及矿物质元素和SOD活属于性等进行了测定。对小鼠进行的急性毒性试验表明,仙人掌冻干粉没有任何毒副作用,而抑菌试验表明,仙人掌的水提物和醇提物均有比较明显的抑制细胞的作用。参考目前国际上对仙人掌的开发研究经验,认为应该对海南仙人掌的营养成分、果胶成分、抑菌成分和抗氧化成分（SOD）等,从食品、保健品、药品等不同层次,分近、中、长期进行有计划地开发研究。     

首次截获中国未见分布种仙人掌粉蚧Pseudococcus nakaharai Gimpel & Miller(半翅目:粉蚧科)的鉴定

【目的】提供仙人掌粉蚧Pseudococcus nakaharai Gimpel&Miller的鉴定方法,填补国内尚无该虫研究报道的空白。【方法】显微玻片制作、形态特征分析、测量和二歧法检索。【结果】详细描述了仙人掌粉蚧的形态特征和结构测量值,提出其鉴别特征,构建与近似种的检索表;提供了仙人掌粉蚧寄主和分布情况、田间特征照片、显微特征图片。【结论】仙人掌粉蚧为我国口岸首次检出,研究结果可为进口仙人掌科、天南星科等植物产品或种苗携带该类蚧虫的检疫鉴定提供参考。     

仙人掌的用途及药理作用研究概况

本文对仙人掌的用途及药理作用进行了综述。仙人掌属植物既可以当蔬菜食用也可当茶饮用; 作为药用,临床上用途广泛,既可外用、又能口服。仙人掌能够降血糖、血脂、血压、抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌、增 加免疫力及治疗胃溃疡;同时仙人掌还能用于减肥、美容等。     

首次截获中国未见分布种仙人掌粉蚧Pseudococcus nakaharai Gimpel & Miller(半翅目:粉蚧科)的鉴定

【目的】提供仙人掌粉蚧Pseudococcus nakaharai GimpelMiller的鉴定方法,填补国内尚无该虫研究报道的空白。【方法】显微玻片制作、形态特征分析、测量和二歧法检索。【结果】详细描述了仙人掌粉蚧的形态特征和结构测量值,提出其鉴别特征,构建与近似种的检索表;提供了仙人掌粉蚧寄主和分布情况、田间特征照片、显微特征图片。【结论】仙人掌粉蚧为我国口岸首次检出,研究结果可为进口仙人掌科、天南星科等植物产品或种苗携带该类蚧虫的检疫鉴定提供参考。     

胭脂虫寄生对仙人掌生长的影响

从印榕仙人掌(Opuntia ficus-indica Mill)植株高度、新增茎片数量和新增茎片面积3个方面研究不同密度胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa寄生对仙人掌生长量的影响。结果表明:1)胭脂虫寄生对寄主仙人掌有明显的抑制作用,未被寄生的仙人掌株高、茎片数量和茎片面积的增加均明显大于被寄生的仙人掌;2)随着胭脂虫寄生密度的增加,仙人掌植株生长量的增加相应减少,生长高峰期的出现也会相应推迟;3)胭脂虫的寄生密度应控制在1000头/株以下,过大会导致仙人掌的死亡。     

中国仙人掌科一新归化种——匍地仙人掌

在进行多肉植物资源调查时,在我国山东省发现一仙人掌科仙人掌属新记录种——匍地仙人掌 [Opuntia humifusa(Raf.)Raf.]。该种具有独特的匍匐生长习性,叶状茎深绿色,无白霜,无针状刺,花黄色,与国内分布的仙人掌属其他物种区别明显。匍地仙人掌原产于北美洲,是仙人掌科为数不多的耐寒种类之一,现归化于中国山东省日照市五莲县,系目前发现的在我国野外分布最北的仙人掌科植物。该种可能于20世纪50年代在国家推广中药材时期引入种植,人类活动致使其种群逐渐扩散。同时,对匍地仙人掌与江苏报道的二色仙人掌之间的分类学问题进行了论述,并对将来匍地仙人掌在我国暖温带地区合理的开发利用进行了展望。     

奇趣无穷的仙人掌

仙人掌是仙人掌科的多年生常绿草木,原产于美洲和非洲的沙漠地区。为了适应干旱的生活环境,它改变了自身结构和生活方式,成为长相独特的一种植物。它的茎变得肉质多浆,可以贮藏大量的水分;它的叶片形为尖刺,如象牙琢成一般,金碧辉煌,可以大大减少水分蒸发;它的花千姿百态,绚丽多彩,或艳如杜鹃,或黄似金菊,或紫若浓霞。仙人掌以其独特风姿深得人们喜爱,不少人成了仙人掌迷,有些国家还成立了仙人掌爱好者组织。墨西哥被誉为“仙人掌王国”,世界上共有1000多个仙人掌品种,在墨西哥可以看到600种。墨西哥人对仙     

Knowledge Mapping of Opuntia Milpa Alta Since 1998: A Scientometric Analysis

Opuntia Milpa Alta is a cactus cultivated, domesticated, hybridized and selected from the plant Opuntia ficus-indica by Mexican agricultural experts, which can be used as fruit and vegetable. Opuntia Milpa Alta leaves and fruit are superior to wild varieties and suitable for storage and transportation. In 1998, Opuntia Milpa Alta was introduced to China from Mexico by the Quality Product Development Center of the Ministry of Agriculture of China. Up to now, the Opuntia Milpa Alta has been cultivated on a certain scale in China. This study aims to identify the research progress and development trends of Opuntia Milpa Alta in China. Papers published between 1998 to 2019 from two major Chinese academic databases (CNKI and Wangfang) with a topic search related to Opuntia Milpa Alta were collected. The research progress and development trends were analyzed based on CiteSpace software of text mining and visualization. The analysis found that Opuntia Milpa Alta has gone through three obvious research phases after being introduced to China. In the first phase, the researchers paid attention to its cultivation method. Subsequently, researchers began to use extraction methods to extract some of its components, such as polysaccharides and flavonoids. Finally, these extracted ingredients began to be used in some biomedical research.     

Chemical composition and antidiabetic activity of Opuntia Milpa Alta extracts

Three new compounds, 1 – 3 , and 20 known compounds were isolated from the AcOEt and BuOH extract of edible Opuntia Milpa Alta. The petroleum ether extract was examined by GC and MS. A total of 26 compounds were identified, representing 95.6% of the total extract, phytosterol (36.03%) being the most abundant component, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (18.57%) represented the second largest group, followed by phytol (12.28%), palmitic acid, palmitate (13.54%), vitamin E (4.51%), and other compounds (7.47%). The effects of various extracts from edible Opuntia Milpa Alta (petroleum ether extract, AcOEt extract, BuOH extract, aqueous extract, H₂O parts) and the positive control (received dimethylbiguanide) were tested on streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic mice. The results indicated that all the treatment groups could significantly decrease blood glucose levels in STZ‐induced diabetic mice compared to the model control group (P<0.01), except the aqueous extract group (P<0.05). Especially, the petroleum ether extract group and the positive control group showed remarkable decrease of blood glucose levels. Taken together, the results indicate that the petroleum ether extract is the major hypoglycemic part in edible Opuntia Milpa Alta, which may be developed to a potential natural hypoglycemic functional ingredient.     

First record of Hesperolabops nigriceps Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae) on Opuntia ficus-indica in Milpa Alta, Mexico City

In recent years a species of Hesperolabops has become a problem as a pest of nopalitos, Opuntia ficus-indica, in Milpa Alta, in the south of Mexico City, which is the most important production region of this vegetable in the country. A survey of Hesperolabops in Milpa Alta has resulted in the first report of Hesperolabops nigriceps Reuter. This occurrence should be monitored and considered in future studies in order to avoid misidentification of Hesperolabops spp. Kirkaldy native populations there, and to avoid the confusion of the damage that may be caused on O. ficus-indica.     

胭脂虫寄生前后梨果仙人掌挥发性物质的变化

为了研究胭脂虫Dactylopius coccus Costa寄生前后梨果仙人掌(Opuntia ficus-indica Mill)挥发性物质的变化,以动态顶空密闭循环吸附捕集法捕集胭脂虫寄生前后梨果仙人掌的挥发物,并运用全自动热脱附-气相色谱/质谱(ATD-GC/MS)联用技术进行分析检测,用峰面积归一化法测定其相对含量。结果表明,无虫梨果仙人掌的挥发物中共检测到8种化合物,有虫的梨果仙人掌中共检测到9种化合物,化合物的种类和含量都有一定的变化;萜烯类是植食昆虫诱导的植物挥发性次生物质中的主要成分,本试验中,萜烯类在胭脂虫寄生前后的含量由23.12%降为6.98%。在无虫仙人掌的挥发物中检测出苯甲醛,含量约占1.73%,有虫的仙人掌中则未检测到;同样在有虫仙人掌挥发物中检出的其他物质如酯类(21.15%)、醇类(1.79%)和卤代芳烃类(1.51%)物质在无虫仙人掌植株中都未检测出。     

功能核酸用于致病菌检测的研究进展

由食源性致病菌引发的疾病对人类健康构成巨大威胁。虽然一些致病菌如金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌等在诊断和预防方面已经取得了重大进展,但开发快速、高效、低成本的检测方法仍然是一项挑战。功能核酸（functional nucleic acids,FNAs）是一类功能超出核酸常规遗传作用的核酸,主要包括天然的核酶（RNAzymes）、核糖开关（riboswitches）以及体外通过指数富集配体系统进化技术（systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,SELEX）筛选的适配体（aptamers）、核酶（RNAzymes）和脱氧核酶（DNAzymes）。适配体和脱氧核酶因具有较高的稳定性、特异性和可设计性,使其成为病原微生物识别的理想工具,近年来在生物传感和医学诊断领域备受关注。综述了功能核酸的筛选原理和流程、适配体及具有RNA裂解活性的脱氧核酶（RNA cleavage deoxyribozymes,RCDs）在致病菌检测中的应用进展和面临的挑战,并对其未来的发展前景进行了展望。     

Reviewing the prospects of Opuntia pears as low cost functional foods

Opuntia (prickly pear) is a genus of xerophytes belonging to the Cactaceae family, growing luxuriantly in the arid parts of the world. Recently, the pears of Opuntia have been discovered to contain a plethora of biologically active compounds. Owing to their high nutritional value, in terms of dietary fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich oil, minerals, protein, and an assortment of other phytochemicals, the pears are gaining popularity as exotic, gourmet diet. Multiple health benefits viz. antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiuretic, hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic, antiproliferation, immunostimulatory and antiulcerogenic activity have emerged. The review summarizes the nutraceutical aspects of the pears and the possible strategies to minimize their postharvest loss. Rich in functional ingredients, these pears are expected to revolutionize the processed foods industry and solve food scarcity in developing countries. However, no significant attempt has yet been made to benefit from this potential nutritive storehouse. This review is prepared with a vision to bolster its status as a viable food and drug supplement.     

四翅滨藜AcDHN基因的克隆及其抗逆功能分析

脱水素（dehydrin,DHN）是一类胚胎发育后期丰富蛋白（LEA）,在植物脱水条件下能保护细胞内蛋白质和膜结构免受破坏。本研究中,从四翅滨藜（Atriplex canescens）cDNA文库克隆得到逆境胁迫相关蛋白基因AcDHN的全长cDNA（登录号：JN974246）,并进行序列分析。将4cD鼢别插入到原核表达载体pET28a和双元表达载体pYES-DEST52中,通过转化大肠杆菌和酿酒酵母进行原核表达分析和真核表达分析。结果表明：AcDHN序列全长为1408bp,完整的开放阅读框长为1017bp,由338个氨基酸残基组成,预测蛋白质分子量为38.3kDa,理论等电点为6．47,AcDHN与仙人掌中DHN蛋白同源性为55％。AcDHN基因在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中诱导表达出分子质量约45．2kDa的融合蛋白。重组酵母菌株能表现出艮好抗逆性,特别是对NaCl、低温、Na2CO3和NaHCO3胁迫的抗逆性,其中抗碱胁迫能力表现最强。     

Purification and neuroprotective effects of polysaccharides from Opuntia Milpa Alta in cultured cortical neurons

Opuntia is a traditional plant from China with medicinal applications. In this experiment, polysaccharides from Opuntia Milpa Alta (MAPs) were analyzed using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) method and result showed that MAPs contained mannose (6.37%), rhamnose (14.94%), xylose (1.99%), arabinose (24.07%), galactose (38.25%), ribose (2.63%) and glucose (11.48%). The neuroprotective effects of MAPs were evaluated at the mechanistic level in vitro models of cerebral ischemic injury. In vitro oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) model, MAPs (0.5 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 50 μg/ml) effectively increased cell viability by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, inhibited cell cytotoxicity by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, reduced neuronal cell death, suppressed the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased of intracellular free Ca²⁺ concentrations ([Ca²⁺]_i), and reduced extracellular glutamate level. Therefore, MAPs might prevent intracellular calcium overload and decreased glutamate excitotoxicity, both of which can cause neuronal injury and death in vitro models of cerebral ischemic injury.     

人工 microRNA 技术研究进展

RNA干扰（RNAi）是由双链RNA触发的在mRNA水平进行的特异靶序列的基因沉默现象,广泛存在于动物、植物和病毒中,主要包括小干扰RNA（siRNA）及微小RNA（miRNA）两种作用途径。人工miRNA（amiRNA）是将天然miRNA的成熟序列替换成人工设计的靶向其他感兴趣基因的反义序列,通过天然miRNA的生成和作用途径达到RNAi的效果,具有干扰效果明显、作用迅速、毒性低等优点,拥有广阔的应用前景。我们对基于amiRNA的基因沉默技术进行了较为系统的介绍和总结,梳理了该技术的优缺点和适用范围,并展望了其进一步发展的方向和应用前景。