雷公藤多甙诱发人外周血Go期淋巴细胞微核及核损伤的观察

本实验应用不同剂量的雷公藤多甙处理人外周血Ｇｏ期淋巴细胞,放置１８小时后,直接观察微核率及核损伤的变化。结果显示,雷公藤多甙对人外周血Ｇｏ期淋巴细胞微核率,核变形率和核碎裂率均无明显的影响,亦无明显的剂量依赖性增加。因此,作者认为,雷公藤多甙是一种对人类无潜在遗传毒性的药物,临床上可以安全作用,另一方面,本实验方法比传统的微核测试法更为直接,简便,敏感,有望成为一种简便实用检测化学诱变剂的诱变作用     

微核形成与细胞周期关系的初步研究 Ⅲ.丝裂霉素c诱发人淋巴细胞染色体畸变与不同周期阶段的微核形成

为了研究染色体畸变与微核形成的关系,本实验用不同浓度的丝裂霉素C(MMC,0.025—0.4μg/ml),处理人外周血淋巴细胞,观察中期染色体畸变与不同细胞周期形成的微核间的关系。获得如下主要结果:(1)MMC诱发的染色体畸变细胞率(ACF),未经培养的G_0期淋巴细胞的微核细胞率(NC-MNCF)以及培养的淋巴细胞的微核细胞率(C-MNCF),在一定剂量范围内均呈剂量依赖性增加,并可用幂回归方程描述;(2)微核形成与染色体畸变全然无关的NC-MNCF,和C-MNCF一样,与ACF呈良好的正相关;(3)用胞质分裂阻滞(CB)法,检测MMC诱发的CB-MNCF,较C-MNCF无显著提高,MNCF/ACF的比值较小,并随着MMC剂量增加从0.15左右降到0.03。所有上述结果表明,不能简单理解微核形成与染色体畸变间的关系,在分裂的细胞群体中,中期染色体畸变可能仅是微核形成的一种来源。     

人体外周血淋巴细胞核损伤指标的比较研究

核异常作为组织特异性的遗传毒理体内短期检测法,现已日益受到重视。它比微核测试更敏感和合理。核异常包括多种形式的核损伤,而它们与致癌因子的损伤有着不同程度的相关性。本文以r-射线作为致癌与诱变因子,在人体外周血淋巴细胞中系统地比较研究了常用核损伤指标:微核、核变形、核碎裂和核固缩等的剂量(0-5Grag)一反应关系,并作线形回归分析。作者认为,作为人体淋巴细胞核异常测试法,应包括微核,核变形及核碎裂3个核损伤指标。     

应用大鼠G_0期淋巴细胞核异常测试法评价铬的诱变效应

本文应用大鼠外周血G0期淋巴细胞核异常测试法对铬的诱变效应进行了研究．实验结果表明,不同价太铬具有不同的诱变性。与常用的短期致突变测试法的实验结果相一致,本方法作为环境诱变剂的短期初筛试验有推广应用的价值。     

应用大鼠Go期淋巴细胞核异常测试法评价铬的诱变效应

本文应用大鼠外周血G_o期淋巴细胞核异常测试法对铬的诱变效应进行了研究．实验结果表明,不同价态铬具有不同的诱变性．与常用的短期致突变测试法的实验结果相一致,本方法作为环境诱变剂的短期初筛试验有推广应用的价值．     

微核形成与细胞周期关系的初步研究——Ⅳ.化学诱变剂诱发人淋巴细胞间期各阶段的微核形成

本实验应用具有诱变作用的抗癌药:噻地哌、长春新碱,乙双吗啉等,体内或体外处理诱发人体外周血淋巴细胞微核,通过控制细胞培养时间,放射性自显影及中期细胞阻滞等方法,定量地分析了细胞间期各阶段的微核率(MNF)。本组实验结果表明,间期各阶段均可有不同程度的微核形成,其中最多的是G_1期,其次是G_2期和G_0期。S期细胞的MNF较G_1期有极显著的下降,这提示大部分G_1期的微核细胞不能进入S期,使细胞增殖中止,这可能是抗癌药物杀伤肿瘤细胞的机制之一。     

高能电子束超剂量照射与效应关系的探讨——人周血淋巴细胞核损伤指标的比较观察

为了探讨在大剂量辐射条件下建立生物量计的可能,本实验研究了在10MeV电子束照射后,人体外周血淋巴细胞各种核损伤指标的改变与剂量(0—40Gy)间的关系,结果表明,随着照射剂量的增大,复合核损伤指标——核异常率、微核率、核固缩率和核裂解率亦随之上升,在0—20Gy范围内,与剂量呈线性关系,相关系数显著性检验P<0.01的核损伤指标是:核异常率、微核率。P<0.05的是核变形率;在0—40Gy范围内,与之呈线性关系,P<0.01的仅有核固缩率。和染色体畸变分析相比,核异常检测方法简便,可反映超剂鞋(如>10Gy)辐射的损伤,值得引起研究者的注意。     

微核形成与细胞周期关系的初步研究Ⅰ.人体全血辐射处理后不同放置和培养时间对微核率的影响

本报告应用γ-射线诱发微核、放射性自显影等技术分析细胞周期,研究淋巴细胞微核形成与细胞周期间的定量关系。主要结果如下:(1)经400rad照射的静脉血,在室温下放置1.5小时,或在37℃下放置5小时,此时淋巴细胞属G_0期。和照射前相比,两组微核率均显著增加(P<0.01)。(2)照射静脉血经pHA刺激培养23—24小时收获细胞,此时转化淋巴细胞应属G_1期,分别计数转化和未转化(G_0期)淋巴细胞微核,与照射前未培养淋巴细胞相比有显著增加(P<0.01)。(3)400rad照射静脉血培养72小时后,淋巴细胞微核较培养前增加14.5倍。根据放射性自显影等细胞周期分析结果表明,微核在细胞周期各阶段均可形成。     

健康人及超量电子束照射病员淋巴细胞核异常的检测

本文报告了213例健康人不同年龄组的各种淋巴细胞损伤指标： 核变形、微核、核裂解、核固缩与核空泡等的自然发生率,并检测了21例受超量电子束照射的病人的核异常改变。作者认为,与常用的微核测试法相比,核异常检测在不增加工作量的情况下,可更敏感地反映遗传毒理因子对人体细胞不同程度的损伤,可用于受辐射污染人群的监察及体外评价其遗传毒理效应。     

微核形成与细胞周期关系的初步研究Ⅱ.微核形成的放射性自显影和显微形态学研究

本报告应用γ-射线处理、PHA刺激,放射性自显影等方法研究了微核在人淋巴细胞各周期阶段形成的形态学证据。结果表明,经体外照射的人体外周血,在其间期淋巴细胞各阶段:G_0、G_1、S和G_2期,均可有微核形成,并观察到微核形成的中间过程,核变形,核物质膨出并延伸,中间连丝断裂或在细胞质中消失,与主核完全脱离后微核形成。在有丝分裂中,后期细胞也观察到无着丝点染色体断片和落后染色体,它们有可能形成微核。这样看来,细胞周期各阶段均可能形成微核。作者还观察到胞外微核的形成,并认为它的增多可能是一种病理现象。     

The micronucleus test with mouse peripheral blood on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and mitomycin C.

The micronucleus test using mouse peripheral blood was conducted with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitro-soguanidine (MNNG) and mitomycin C (MMC) as part of the 5th collaborative study supported by the Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan (CSGMT/MMS.JEMS). Male CD-1 mice were intraperitoneally injected once with 12.5-100 mg/kg of MMC. Peripheral blood was drawn at different intervals after treatment, placed on slides previously coated with acridine orange and the numbers of reticulocytes with micronuclei (MNRETs) were scored. The experiments indicated that the maximum effect of both MNNG and MMC was found about 48 h after treatment, and that the micronucleus test using peripheral blood is useful for the screening of chemicals throughout the experimental period in a single animal.     

The micronucleus test with mouse peripheral blood on N-methyl-N&#x27;-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and mitomycin C

The micronucleus test using mouse peripheral blood was conducted with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitro-soguanidine (MNNG) and mitomycin C (MMC) as part of the 5th collaborative study supported by the Environmental Mutagen Society of Japan (CSGMT/MMS · JEMS).Male CD-1 mice were intraperitoneally injected once with 12.5–100 mg/kg of MMC. Peripheral blood was drawn at different intervals after treatment, placed on slides previously coated with acridine orange and the numbers of reticulocytes with micronuclei (MNRETs) were scored.The experiments indicated that the maximum effect of both MNNG and MMC was found about 48 h after treatment, and that the micronucleus test using peripheral blood is useful for the screening of chemicals throughout the experimental period in a single animal.     

In vivo micronucleus test with flow cytometry after acute and chronic exposures of rats to chemicals

The use of flow cytometry with rat peripheral blood erythrocytes is expected to increase the sensitivity of the in vivo micronucleus test and allows assessment of the genotoxic effects at doses that may be equal or close to those relevant to human exposure. However, there was a limitation to the use of rat peripheral blood erythrocytes since the spleen selectively removes micronucleated erythrocytes from circulation. In the present study, the selective analysis by flow cytometry of young MN-PCEs (micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes or reticulocytes) by use of anti-CD71 antibodies was intended to compensate for the splenic clearance of micronucleated erythrocytes. The young polychromatic erythrocytes have on their surface a specific marker (CD71 antigen) that decreases in density during the maturation process. To investigate the usefulness of the flow cytometric micronucleus analysis combined with anti-CD71 staining of reticulocytes several compounds were tested in acute or sub-chronic treatment regimens. Furthermore, an evaluation was conducted in comparison with the standard rat bone-marrow micronucleus test with additional compounds. The results of acute studies with intraperitoneal application of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and mitomycin C (MMC) (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg), were comparable to data published in the literature. Sub-chronic experiments were performed with cyclophosphamide (CP) (1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/(kg day)), colchicine (6, 8 mg/(kg day)) and mitomycin C (0.1 mg/(kg day)) and showed dose- and time-dependent accumulation of MN-PCEs. Parallel analysis of micronucleus induction in peripheral blood and bone marrow performed with Novartis compounds up to the highest tested dose (5 mg/kg of compound A, 200 mg/kg of compound B and 1250 mg/kg of compound C) showed concordant results. Furthermore, we performed kinetic studies of micronucleus induction in peripheral blood samples obtained at various times after a single treatment with 10 mg/kg CP and with 6 or 8 mg/kg of colchicine. Such experiments gave important supplementary information about the time course of micronucleus induction. Our data suggest that the peripheral blood flow-cytometry micronucleus test can be used for the assessment of micronucleus induction after acute and chronic exposures of rats to chemicals.     

In vitro genotoxicity of rocuronium bromide in human peripheral lymphocytes

Rocuronium bromide (RB), an aminosteroid type neuromuscular blocking agent, acts by reducing or inhibiting the depolarising effect of acetylcholine on the terminal disc of the muscle cell. To our knowledge, there is no adequate information on the genotoxic effects of RB, up to now. In the present study, possible genotoxic effects of RB have been determined by means of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosome aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) analyses in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The human peripheral blood lymphocytes were exposed to three different concentrations of RB (60, 80 and 100 μg/mL) for 24- and 48-h. In this study, RB increased the frequency of CAs, however, did not increase the frequency of SCEs. RB did not decrease the proliferation index (PI) and mitotic index (MI). Accordingly, RB increased the frequency of micronucleus (MN) but did not decrease the nuclear division index (NDI). Findings from this study suggest that rocuronium bromide is clastogenic but not cytotoxic to cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes.     

A cytogenetic study of nuclear power plant workers using the micronucleus-centromere assay.

A cytogenetic study was performed in 215 nuclear power plant workers occupationally exposed to radiation using the micronucleus-centromere assay for peripheral blood lymphocytes. As control population served administrative staff with yearly doses below 1 mSv. The increase of the micronucleus frequency with age, observed in the non-smoking control population, is mainly due to an enhanced number of centromere-positive micronuclei, pointing to an increased chromosome loss. No differences in the number of micronuclei, centromere-positive and centromere-negative micronuclei between smokers and non-smokers are observed. An analysis of the micronucleus data vs. the dose accumulated over the 10 years preceding the venepuncture shows no significant clastogenic or aneuploidogenic effects of the exposure in the studied population which is representative for workers in the nuclear industry at present. According to the linear fits to our data an increase of the micronucleus frequency pro rata 0.5 per 1000 binucleated cells per year, related to the centromere-negative micronuclei, may be expected for workers with the maximal tolerable dose of 20 mSv/year.     

A case of pure red cell aplasia with a high incidence of spontaneous chromosome breakage: A possible X-ray sensitive syndrome

Summary A patient with a pure red cell aplasia (Blackfan-Diamond Anemia), and with many congenital abnormalities and growth retardation, has been found to have a chromosome breakage syndrome. In this patient, the frequencies of spontaneous chromosome aberrations and micronuclei in PHA stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes are elevated when compared to those in normal individuals. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges is within normal range. The response to mitomycin C (MMC) in the micronucleus test, using lymphocytes, shows a similar increase in the patient's lymphocytes to that in normal individuals, indicating no increased sensitivity to MMC.The frequencies of X-ray induced dicentric chromosomes and micronuclei in the peripheral blood lymphocytes are elevated in the patient. But as the patient clinically does not have any signs of ataxia telangiectasia, this combination of clinical and laboratory findings of this case does not correspond with any of the other known chromosome breakage syndromes.     

Micronucleus evaluation in peripheral blood reticulocytes of mice treated with procarbazine hydrochloride or mitomycin C.

The usefulness of the acridine orange (AO) supravital staining technique for the mouse peripheral blood reticulocyte micronucleus test was investigated independently by three laboratories using the known clastogens procarbazine hydrochloride (PCZ) and mitomycin C (MMC). In all three laboratories the highest frequencies of micronucleated peripheral blood reticulocytes were observed 48 h after treatment of mice with a single dose of either MMC or PCZ. The animals responded to both chemicals in a dose-dependent manner. Although similar qualitative results were observed, mean micronucleus frequencies induced by a particular dose of a given test chemical did vary quantitatively among the three laboratories. This was most probably due to the use of slightly different scoring criteria by each examiner. This aspect needs special attention. To minimize inter-laboratory variability, therefore, we recommend establishing unequivocal criteria to distinguish the subclass of reticulocytes. These should then be used consistently by all investigators using this method. The most striking advantages of the AO supravital staining technique were the ease of slide preparation, the ease with which reticulocytes and mature erythrocytes could be distinguished by the examiners, and the occurrence of numerous scorable reticulocytes in each microscopic field, which greatly speeded up the manual counting process. The disadvantages of the staining technique were the limited scoring time due to the rapid fading of the fluorescence stain, the degradation of the cells with time, and the frequent need to search for adequate scoring areas within a microscopic field. Based on the data of this study the authors conclude that the AO supravital staining technique is highly suitable for the micronucleus assay in erythrocytic cells of mouse peripheral blood. In addition, we consider the mouse peripheral blood reticulocyte micronucleus test to be a useful tool with which to investigate the clastogenic potential of chemicals in vivo. As pretreatment of mice with Aroclor 1254 markedly increased the effect of PCZ on micronucleus induction, we suggest that the inclusion of inducers of drug metabolizing enzymes in the micronucleus test would be useful for the detection of the clastogenic potential of promutagenic chemicals.     

Micronucleus frequency is increased in peripheral blood lymphocytes of nuclear power plant workers

Nuclear power plant workers are exposed to ionizing radiation at relatively low doses and for prolonged periods of time. To investigate the extent of genetic damage in these workers, a group of 133 nuclear power plant workers and 39 healthy controls were compared using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. The frequency of micronuclei was significantly increased in peripheral lymphocytes of nuclear power plant workers (20.5 +/- 9.7% compared to 13.7 +/- 5.9%). A significant dose-response relationship was observed between micronucleus (MN) frequency and both the accumulated dose and the duration of employment (P < 0.01 for both variables after adjusting for age, gender and cigarette smoking) with an evident leveling off for exposures over 200 mSv. Accumulated dose and duration of employment were significantly correlated but exerted independent effects on MN frequency. For non-occupational parameters, age was significantly associated with the frequency of micronuclei, while gender was not. Smoking habit showed no overall effect, whereas increased chromosome damage was evident in smokers of more than 20 cigarettes per day. In conclusion, a dose-related association between MN frequency and exposure to ionizing radiation was evident in nuclear power plant workers, encouraging the application of the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in biomonitoring studies of human populations with prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation.