笼养状态下棕噪鹛华南亚种鸣声的初步研究

2005年10月至2006年6月对从四川省洪雅县野外捕获的10只(4♀,6♂)棕噪鹛华南亚种(Garrulax poecilorhynchus berthemy)的鸣声进行了记录并对主要鸣声进行了声谱分析。其鸣声复杂多变,可分为单声鸣叫、双声鸣叫、鸣唱和效鸣4类。研究中获得了6种单声鸣叫、3种双声鸣叫、7种鸣唱和1种效鸣的语谱图及其频谱特征。棕噪鹛雌、雄个体的鸣唱声有明显的差异,雄鸟的5种鸣唱中有3种是繁殖期所特有的。文中还对棕噪鹛鸣声的生物学意义进行了讨论。     

笼养条件下灰头斑翅鹛的鸣声研究

2005年10月～2006年9月录制了灰头斑翅鹛繁殖期和非繁殖期的16种鸣声,其中雄鸟鸣声有14种,包括: 3种休息时鸣声,3种跳跃、飞行时鸣声,1 种报警鸣声,1种求救鸣声,1 种营救鸣声,1种恫吓鸣声及4种鸣唱.雌鸟鸣声有10种,包括: 3种休息时鸣声,3种跳跃、飞行时鸣声,1 种报警鸣声,1种求救鸣声,1 种营救鸣声,1种恫吓鸣声.灰头斑翅鹛的鸣声简单,其鸣叫为单音节或者单音节的重复,鸣唱均为单音节的重复.用北京阳宸公司的VS-99语音工作站对录制的鸣声进行了声谱分析并绘制出鸣声的语谱图.研究发现灰头斑翅鹛对录音回放有应答反应.     

杭州鹊鸲的声行为

1996年8月至2002年7月,在杭州对鹊鸲的声行为进行了观察和记录,并以鸣声回放验证某些鸣声的功能。对求偶鸣唱、领域鸣唱、抗议鸣叫、嬉闹鸣叫、联络呼唤声和惊叫声等6种鸣声进行了分析,各具不同的声学特征。该鸟的鸣声结构非常复杂,由一系列不同类型的短语所组成,每个短语又有3～10个音素所构成。并将杭州与印度哈里瓦地区鹊鸲的领域鸣唱进行了比较,两地鹊鸲的鸣声特征很不相同。     

云南柳莺鸣声特点及地理差异的初步分析

1997、2002和2005年5～7月,在陕西省、四川省和甘肃省内共7个地区采集云南柳莺(Phylloscopus yunnanensis)的鸣声样本,并分析采自不同地区的共40只个体的鸣声.发现云南柳莺的鸣唱(song)和鸣叫(calls)在同一地区存在一定的差异.比较99段云南柳莺的鸣唱声,发现持续时间与间隔时间之间存在显著的负相关Pearson,r=-0.276,P=0.006,t=99).单因素方差分析表明,不同地区云南柳莺鸣唱的最高频率、最低频率和持续时间没有显著差异,而音节的间隔时间及音素数量均存在显著差异(P=0.006;P=0.000).结果表明,不同海拔、地区之间个体鸣唱音节间隔时间与海拔成正相关(Pearson,r=0.425,P=0.03,n=26).     

笼养朱鹮繁殖期的鸣声特征

于2005年4月采集到笼养朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)4种行为状态的鸣叫声,对其繁殖期求偶鸣叫、交尾鸣叫、假交尾鸣叫和惊叫的鸣声特征进行了分析,探讨了不同行为状态的鸣声差异。求偶鸣叫振幅小,主要频率范围在156±13.2 Hz-1 568±120.3 Hz之间(n=30),声谱谐波丰富,频带呈直线型和拱型。交尾鸣叫由7-21声连续、急促的鸣叫和一声长鸣组成,声音宏亮有力,频域特征表现为主频呈现双峰,主要频率范围在346±16.7 Hz-2 396±138.2 Hz之间(n=14),音节高度重复并多有谐波。假交尾叫声有三种声模式,模式1包含2-10声短促鸣叫声和一声长鸣;模式2仅发出多声短促鸣叫声;模式3仅一声长鸣,频域特征在三种声模式下表现不同,模式1主频呈现双峰,模式2和模式3仅有一个峰值,主要频率范围在328±18.2 Hz-2 067±189.1 Hz之间(n=38),声谱多谐波,频带形状呈下滑状或直线状。遇险惊叫声信号振幅最大,每一声信号中包含多个脉冲组,惊叫声主频较高,主要频率范围在375-2 300 Hz之间,声谱多谐波,低频频带呈直线型,高频频带呈半拱形,声音末尾有明显的降调。     

白头鹎繁殖期鸣声行为的研究

利用计算机鸣声分析技术对白头鹎繁殖期的求偶炫耀鸣唱、晨鸣、遇险告警惊叫等鸣声的特征进行分析，以探讨鸣声特征与行为的关系。白头鹎繁殖前期待有的求偶炫耀鸣唱婉转多变，频率一般变化在１．９－３．５ｋＨｚ之间，另一类出现在繁殖前、中期的炫耀鸣唱急促而响亮，音节变化快且频率高（变化范围约３．４－４．４ｋＨｚ）；最鸣和繁殖期特有的其它鸣声，音节清晰，响度较大，能量主要集中在２－３ｋＨｚ之间，可能具有宣告领域的     

杂色山雀指名亚种繁殖期的鸣声行为

2012年3～7月,对辽宁仙人洞自然保护区9巢18只杂色山雀(Parus varius varius)个体及其雏鸟的鸣声进行了录音,共获取了9种类型鸣叫(呼唤、警戒、报警、恫吓、驱逐、惊叫、喂食、雏鸟乞食、集群)和5种类型鸣唱.通过语图分析得出音节类型18种,频率范围为800 ～18 900 Hz.对杂色山雀不同个体鸣声特征参数的比较发现,鸣声的句子和音节时长在不同个体之间存在显著性差异,而最高频率、最低频率在不同个体间均无显著性差异.本研究实现了对杂色山雀繁殖期鸣声参数的量化,有助于进一步研究其繁殖行为.     

沼水蛙繁殖期鸣声特征及鸣叫节律

鸣叫对无尾两栖类动物的生存与繁殖起重要作用。蛙类的鸣叫行为受到环境因素影响表现出一定的节律性。2016年8和9月,采用录音机和指向性话筒,在野外录制了57只沼水蛙（Hylarana guentheri）的鸣声并对其鸣声特征进行分析;通过悬挂录音笔和自动温湿度记录仪研究了沼水蛙鸣叫节律（17 d）及其与环境温度、相对湿度的关系。结果显示,沼水蛙的鸣声由1 ~ 4个音节组成,不同类型鸣声间的音节主频、音节时长存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。该物种全天具有鸣叫行为,13:00 ~ 14:00时为鸣叫高峰期。白天单音节鸣声、双音节鸣声、三音节鸣声、总鸣声和总音节的数量较夜晚显著增加（P < 0.01）。鸣声数量和音节数量均与环境温度呈正相关（P < 0.01）。结果表明,沼水蛙通过改变音节数量、音节主频和音节时长改变鸣叫策略。沼水蛙的鸣叫行为具有昼夜节律性且受环境温度的影响。     

青藏高原白腰雪雀鸣声结构的复杂性

本文以SAS Lab鸟类声谱分析软件对采自青藏高原黑马河、玛多与花石峡、沱沱河的白腰雪雀不同地方种群的鸣叫与鸣唱的复杂性进行了分析 ,发现白腰雪雀的鸣叫相对变化率随着采样量的增加由 0 5 2 2迅速降低到 0 1 2 7和 0 1 1 9,表明其鸣叫声组成中音节类型较少。同时发现其声谱图结构比较简单 ,表现出高度的音节重复并多有谐波的现象。鸣唱结构相对复杂 ,不同鸣唱音节数随鸣唱曲目的增加 ,开始有明显的增加 ,当鸣唱曲目增加到一定值时 ,不同音节数的增加趋于平缓 ,几乎保持稳定 ;野外未发现任何相同的鸣唱型 ,但在不同鸣唱型之间具有不同程度的音节共享现象。依据雷富民等 (2 0 0 3)对鸟类鸣唱多样性和复杂性的评述 ,白腰雪雀鸣唱的结构模式符合“多音节序列不稳定变化型” ,其鸣唱曲目中音节的转换形式为“序列鸣唱”。然而 ,鸣唱模式中音节类型的有限性和鸣唱型的高度多样化表明 :白腰雪雀鸣唱的复杂性不仅体现在鸣唱型内较丰富的音节组成 ,而且更重要的还在于不同鸣唱型间具有多变的音节序列组合形式     

灰眉岩鹀种群内鸣声的空间格局

对灰眉岩鹀(Emberiza godlewskii)种群内鸣声的空间格局进行了研究.共获得24只个体的录音,平均每个个体录音34句.每个句子有多个音素构成,依据音素的形态,将其划分为7种类型,计算每种类型的音素在个体鸣唱中出现的比率.依据个体使用不同类型音素比率的差异,计算个体间的鸣声相异性指数.结果表明:邻居间鸣声的相异性指数(0.224±0.076)与非邻居间(0.245±0.050)无显著差异(T检验,P=0.095);鸣声相异性指数与空间距离无线性相关性(Mantel检验,P=0.227).本研究区内灰眉岩鹀鸣声空间格局缺乏规律性,可能是生境受人为干扰严重,种群年际间个体变动大所致.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.