Sos恢复系统--一种新型的酵母双杂交系统

Sos恢复系统是一种新型的不依赖转录激活机制的酵母双杂交系统,原理是通过蛋白质的相互作用将Sos富集在细胞膜上激活Ras信号通路,使得酵母温度敏感缺陷株可以在限制温度下生长。与传统的酵母双杂交系统相比,Sos恢复系统的主要优点在于被研究的蛋白质的相互作用发生在胞质而不是核中;而且,它更适合研究转录因子以及在胞质中行使生理功能的蛋白质。Sos恢复系统克服了传统的酵母双杂交系统的一些限制,大大拓展了酵母双杂交技术的应用范围。     

酵母双杂交衍生系统

酵母双杂交系统是在酵母体内分析蛋白质蛋白质相互作用的基因系统,由Fields等人于1989年首次建立并得到广泛地应用。十余年来,随着酵母双杂交迅速推广,不断涌现出一些衍生系统,其中包括酵母双杂交的二元诱饵系统,逆向双杂交系统,非转录读出特点的双杂交系统(如Sos蛋白招募系统、PI3K介导的靶蛋白识别系统和断裂泛素为基础的双杂交系统)以及转录激活因子与其相关蛋白之间的相互作用的双杂交系统(如以polⅢ为基础的杂交系统和RTA系统)等。它们的建立在很大程度上克服了传统酵母双杂交系统的局限性,扩大了被研究的蛋白质的范围,提高了系统的灵敏度。     

酵母单杂交系统在植物抗渗透胁迫转录因子研究中的应用

酵母单杂交系统是由酵母双杂交系统衍生来的研究DNA与蛋白质之间相互作用的新型系统。该论文系统阐述了单杂交系统的基本原理和技术路线,详细综述了其在植物抗渗透胁迫转录因子各个研究领域的应用进展,即克隆抗渗透胁迫类转录因子基因,确定已知DNA-蛋白质的相互作用,定位已证实的具有相互作用的DNA结合结构域以及验证转录激活作用;并分析了当前该系统在植物抗渗透胁迫转录因子研究中存在的问题,进而结合自己的研究对解决问题的途径进行了探讨。     

双杂交和质谱技术在蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用研究中的应用

基因的功能是由蛋白质来执行的,而蛋白质要通过与其他生物分子相互作用来完成其各种生物功能。因此,如果能够快速做出蛋白质在不同时间、空间和不同环境中的相互作用图谱,就会帮助我们了解这些蛋白质的功能,进而了解许多生命活动的机制。目前,用于大规模研究蛋白质间相互作用的方法主要有酵母双杂交系统及其衍生系统、亲和纯化与质谱分析联用技术,前者用于研究蛋白分子间的两两相互作用,后者用于研究蛋白质复合物间的相互作用。本文主要阐述了酵母双杂交、细菌双杂交、哺乳动物细胞双杂交、亲和纯化与质谱联用技术在大规模蛋白质相互作用研究中的应用。     

茶树花发育MADS-box转录因子CsGLO1、CsGLO2与CsAG之间的互作关系研究

利用酵母双杂交方法和双分子荧光互补技术（BiFC）研究了茶树（Camellia sinensis（L.）O.Kuntze）花发育MADS-box的B类转录因子CsGLO1、CsGLO2与C类转录因子CsAG间的互作关系及其可能发生互作的亚细胞定位。通过构建5个酵母表达载体,利用酵母单杂交实验检测了3个蛋白的转录激活活性,并通过酵母双杂交实验分析了蛋白间的互作关系。结果显示,3个蛋白均无转录激活活性,且两两之间可发生相互作用。进一步构建6个BiFC表达载体,采用压力注射法瞬时浸染烟草（Nicotiana benthamiana L.）叶表皮细胞,并利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察荧光信号,结果表明茶树B类CsGLO与C类CsAG蛋白可在植物活细胞内形成同源和异源二聚体,并具有在细胞质中发生互作的特定模式。本研究可为利用分子生物学技术抑制茶树“花果同现”现象提供理论依据。     

利用酵母双杂交系统研究植物与病毒蛋白相互作用的进展

在长期进化中,植物形成了抵御病毒等病原微生物侵染的精细防御系统。在病毒侵染、复制和传播过程中,其编码的一些蛋白,如外壳蛋白、运动蛋白、复制酶类等能够与植物基因编码的蛋白发生相互作用。酵母双杂交系统是体外研究蛋白质间相互作用的有利工具,不但可以用于研究已知蛋白质的互作,还可以发现新蛋白,揭示特定蛋白互作网络与作用机制,在植物蛋白与病毒蛋白互作研究中已得到广泛的利用。本文主要综述利用酵母双杂交系统研究植物与病毒蛋白相互作用的国内外进展。     

酵母双杂交系统筛选GATA-1相互作用蛋白质及功能验证

目的 利用酵母双杂交技术从人脑cDNA文库中筛选与人GATA-1相互作用的蛋白质.方法 从人K562细胞中扩增出全长GATA1基因,设计引物将其3段截断体亚克隆入酵母表达载体pDBLeu中,转化至AH109感受态酵母中,利用酵母双杂交技术筛选人脑cDNA文库中与其相互作用的蛋白质,阳性克隆通过回转及免疫共沉淀试验进行验证,利用3xGATA荧光素酶报告基因对相互作用蛋白质进行功能验证.结果 成功构建出酵母诱饵蛋白表达质粒pDBLeu-GATA1（1）,pDBLeu-GATA1（2）,pDBLeu-GATA1（3）,筛到34个阳性克隆,用生物信息学分析及回转验证得到5个与GATA-1相互作用的候选蛋白,通过免疫共沉淀试验进一步验证,获得3个蛋白质能与GATA-1相互作用,分别是ECSIT,EFEMP1和GPS2.荧光素酶试验表明这3个蛋白质均能对GATA1的转录活性产生影响,证实它们之间的相互作用具有影响GATA1转录的功能.结论 应用酵母双杂交技术及免疫共沉淀试验,从人脑cDNA文库中成功获得3个与GATA-1相互作用并对其转录活性具有调节作用的蛋白质,为研究GATA1蛋白质的功能提供了新的线索.     

酵母双杂交系统研究进展

20世纪90年代新兴起的酵母双杂交系统,应用有效的酵母遗传学方法,快速、直接分析已知蛋白之间的相互作用,并能寻找、分离新的与已知蛋白相互作用的配体,发现新基因。在此基础上,相继出现了反向双杂交系统、三杂交系统等多种新技术,为探索蛋白质－蛋白质、蛋白质－核酸作用的奥秘开拓了更为广阔的天地。     

利用酵母双杂交系统在人脑cDNA文库中筛选与禽流感病毒核蛋白相互作用的蛋白质

禽流感病毒核蛋白 (NP) 在病毒的转录、复制以及决定病毒的宿主特异性方面都具有重要作用。通过酵母双杂交系统筛选与核蛋白相互作用的蛋白,为进一步了解NP蛋白与细胞内蛋白质的相互关系以及流感病毒与宿主的相互关系奠定基础。应用酵母双杂交系统,构建NP诱饵质粒,进而筛选人脑cDNA文库,寻找可能与禽流感病毒NP相互作用的蛋白质。经过酵母双杂交共验证,得到7个与NP相互作用的阳性克隆。该结果为深入了解病毒复制的分子机理及其在蛋白质水平上与宿主蛋白的相互作用关系提供了线索。     

支架蛋白GIT2通过与Smad3相互作用调节其转录活性

G蛋白偶联受体激酶相互作用蛋白2(G protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting proteins 2,GIT2)是一种信号支架蛋白,可募集多种信号通路的关键分子,参与肌动蛋白细胞骨架组装、整合素介导的细胞粘附、G蛋白偶联受体的内化及胞内信号传递等生物学过程. 采用酵母双杂交实验证明,TGF-β1信号通路的转录因子Smad3是GIT2的相互作用蛋白质,内、外源免疫共沉淀实验均证实,GIT2与Smad3存在蛋白质相互作用. 报告基因实验及免疫印迹结果表明,GIT2增加Smad3的转录活性并增强TGF-β1诱导的Smad3的磷酸化.研究还发现,Git2-/-小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSC)的Smad3磷酸化受到抑制,其骨形成相关靶基因的表达水平也低于Git2+/+小鼠. 本研究表明,GIT2通过与Smad3的相互作用调节其转录活性并活化TGF-β1信号通路,可能参与调节骨髓间充质干细胞的分化.     

The application of yeast hybrid systems in protein interaction analysis

Yeast hybrid systems have been widely used due to their convenience and low cost. Based on these systems, many methods have been developed to analyze protein–protein, protein–DNA and protein–RNA interactions. In this paper, we are reviewing these different yeast hybrid systems. According to the number of hybrid proteins, yeast hybrid systems can be divided into three categories, yeast one-hybrid, yeast two-hybrid and yeast three-hybrid systems. Alternatively, yeast hybrid systems can be categorized according to the subcellular localization of the protein interaction process in the cell into nuclear protein–protein interactions, cytosol protein–protein interactions and membrane protein–protein interactions. Throughout the review, we focus on the progress and limitations of each yeast hybrid system over the recent years.     

A combined yeast/bacteria two-hybrid system: development and evaluation

Two-hybrid screening is a standard method used to identify and characterize protein-protein interactions and has become an integral component of many proteomic investigations. The two-hybrid system was initially developed using yeast as a host organism. However, bacterial two-hybrid systems have also become common laboratory tools and are preferred in some circumstances, although yeast and bacterial two-hybrid systems have never been directly compared. We describe here the development of a unified yeast and bacterial two-hybrid system in which a single bait expression plasmid is used in both organismal milieus. We use a series of leucine zipper fusion proteins of known affinities to compare interaction detection using both systems. Although both two-hybrid systems detected interactions within a comparable range of interaction affinities, each demonstrated unique advantages. The yeast system produced quantitative readout over a greater dynamic range than that observed with bacteria. However, the phenomenon of "autoactivation" by baits was less of a problem in the bacterial system than in the yeast. Both systems identified physiological interactors for a library screen with a cI-Ras test bait; however, non-identical interactors were obtained in yeast and bacterial screens. The ability to rapidly shift between yeast and bacterial systems provided by these new reagents should provide a marked advantage for two-hybrid investigations. In addition, the modified expression vectors we describe in this report should be useful for any application requiring facile expression of a protein of interest in both yeast and bacteria.     

Genetic approaches to the identification of interactions between membrane proteins in yeast

The recent sequencing of entire eukaryotic genomes has renewed the interest in identifying and characterizing all gene products that are expressed in a given organism. The characterization of unknown gene products is facilitated by the knowledge of its binding partners. Thus, a novel protein may be classified by identifying previously characterized proteins that interact with it. If such an approach is carried out on a large scale, it may allow the rapid characterization of the thousands of predicted open reading frames identified by recent sequencing projects. Currently, the yeast two-hybrid system is the most widely used genetic assay for the detection of protein-protein interactions. The yeast two-hybrid system has become popular because it requires little individual optimization and because, as compared to conventional biochemical methods, the identification and characterization of protein-protein interactions can be completed in a relatively short time span. In this review, we briefly discuss the yeast two-hybrid system and its application to large scale screening studies that aim at deciphering all protein-protein interactions taking place in a given cell type or organism. We then focus on a class of proteins that is unsuitable for conventional yeast two-hybrid systems, namely integral membrane proteins and membrane-associated proteins, and describe several novel genetic systems that combine the advantages of the yeast two-hybrid system with the potential to identify interaction partners of membrane-associated proteins in their natural setting.     

Protein recruitment systems for the analysis of protein +/- protein interactions

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae serves as an excellent genetic tool for the analysis of protein +/- protein interactions. The most common system, used to date, is the two-hybrid system. Although proven very powerful, the two-hybrid system exhibits several inherent problems and limitations. Recently, two alternative systems have been described that take advantage of the fact that localization of signal transduction effectors to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane is absolutely necessary for yeast viability. These effectors can either be the Ras guanyl nucleotide exchange factor or Ras itself. The yeast strain used in both systems is a temperature-sensitive mutant in the yeast Ras guanyl nucleotide exchange factor, CDC25. Membrane localization of these effectors is achieved via protein +/- protein interaction. Each system can be used to test interaction between known protein pairs, as well as for isolation of novel protein interactions. Described here are the scientific and technical steps to be considered for both protein recruitment systems.     

酵母双杂交筛选类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白的相互作用蛋白质

目的:利用酵母双杂交技术筛选人肝cDNA文库中与类固醇激素合成急性调节蛋白(STAR)相互作用的蛋白质。方法:将全长STAR基因克隆到酵母表达载体pDBLeu中,形成诱饵;将构建好的诱饵质粒转化至AH109酵母感受态中,利用酵母双杂交技术筛选人肝cDNA文库中与其相互作用的蛋白质,并进行相互作用的回转验证。结果:构建了酵母诱饵蛋白表达质粒pDBLeu-STAR,并筛选到6个猎物,其中有5对相互作用回转验证阳性。结论:为进一步研究STAR的功能和作用机制提供了新的线索。     

GENETIC APPROACHES TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN MEMBRANE PROTEINS IN YEAST

ABSTRACT

The recent sequencing of entire eukaryotic genomes has renewed the interest in identifying and characterizing all gene products that are expressed in a given organism. The characterization of unknown gene products is facilitated by the knowledge of its binding partners. Thus, a novel protein may be classified by identifying previously characterized proteins that interact with it. If such an approach is carried out on a large scale, it may allow the rapid characterization of the thousands of predicted open reading frames identified by recent sequencing projects. Currently, the yeast two-hybrid system is the most widely used genetic assay for the detection of protein–protein interactions. The yeast two-hybrid system has become popular because it requires little individual optimization and because, as compared to conventional biochemical methods, the identification and characterization of protein–protein interactions can be completed in a relatively short time span. In this review, we briefly discuss the yeast two-hybrid system and its application to large scale screening studies that aim at deciphering all protein–protein interactions taking place in a given cell type or organism. We then focus on a class of proteins that is unsuitable for conventional yeast two-hybrid systems, namely integral membrane proteins and membrane-associated proteins, and describe several novel genetic systems that combine the advantages of the yeast two-hybrid system with the potential to identify interaction partners of membrane-associated proteins in their natural setting.