八门湾红树林土壤小单孢菌的分离及其多样性

采用平板稀释法从海南八门湾红树林潮间带、木果榄和海莲红树根际土壤样品中分离和筛选小单孢菌科放线菌,对其分离方法进行了评价和比较,并通过16S rRNA基因测序探索了八门湾红树林小单孢菌科放线菌的多样性。采用4种预处理方法和5种分离培养基,经过排除重复菌株后共得到115株放线菌。16S rRNA基因测序结果显示,这些放线菌分布在5个科、9个属。其中小单孢菌科的菌株约占全部菌株的90%(105株),主要分布于3个属:Micromonospora(85%),Jishengella(9.5%)和Verrucosispora(5.5%),与其亲缘关系最近的菌株的相似性分布于98.5%~100%之间。     

一种观察小单孢菌的制片方法

一种观察小单孢菌的制片方法薛景珍,沈音（沈阳农业大学微生物教研室,沈阳１１０１６１）小单孢菌在放线菌中是菌丝纤细、大部分无气生菌丝,菌落湿润的一群。用一般印片法制片,往往印不上或印上很少的孢子和菌丝片断;用涂抹法,虽然可以涂上较多量的孢子和菌丝,但菌...     

1株新抑锈病素产生菌FIM03-1149的分离鉴别

在寻找新型抗真菌抗生素的过程中,从海洋放线菌FIM03-1149发酵液中分离到抗真菌抗生素新抑锈病素(Neorustmicin)。菌株FIM03-1149在多数培养基上生长良好,淡黄-橙黄色,无气生菌丝,不产生可溶性色素。形态特征、化学分类特征和生理生化特性等研究表明菌株FIM03-1149属于小单孢菌属。16SrRNA基因序列分析也表明菌株FIM03-1149属于小单孢菌属,但与最接近已知种Micromonospora siamensisTT2-4T处于不同的进化分支,2个菌株在某些生理生化特性上也有不同。基于上述数据,菌株FIM03-1149可能是小单孢菌属的1个新种。     

一株来源于海洋的抗肿瘤放线菌的分离鉴定

从福建东海海滩土样品中分离到一株海洋放线菌FIM02-523, 该菌株的发酵产物具有抗肿瘤活性。菌株FIM02-523在多数培养基上生长良好, 橙色-暗棕色, 无气生菌丝, 不产生可溶性色素。系统发育、化学分类特征、形态特征、生理生化特性等分析表明菌株FIM02-523是小单孢菌属(Micromonospora), 可能是模式菌种青铜小单孢菌(Micromonospora chalcea)的一个菌株。     

红树林放线菌分离鉴定及活性代谢产物研究

以采集自四个红树林地点的16份混合土壤为研究材料,选用7种选择性培养基,共分离获得330株放线菌。其中217株菌经16SrRNA基因序列分析,发现近75%菌株属于小单孢菌属(Micromonospora),其他还包括多形态孢菌属(Polymorphospora),疣孢菌属(Verrucosispora)等小单孢菌科的2个属和非小单孢菌科的9个属。采用美蓝酶标仪法对所分离到的放线菌进行抗菌活性检测,共50株菌表现出对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 51650)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli ATCC 25922)和白色念珠菌(Candida albicans ATCC 10231)有不同程度抗性。然后利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和液质联用技术(LC-MS)对有生物活性的菌株进行化学筛选,最后确定了5株可能产新颖化合物的小单孢菌。     

拉鲁湿地自然保护区放线菌组成分析及生物活性测定

探究拉鲁湿地自然保护区的放线菌组成及其抑菌和酶活性,为放线菌新药物先导化合物和高活性酶的筛选提供资源。从拉鲁湿地自然保护区不同土壤类型、不同优势植被采集25份土样。用分散差速离心法分离了拉鲁湿地中温放线菌和低温放线菌。从中温放线菌中选择15株代表菌株进行了初步分类鉴定。采用打孔法检测了其对2株细菌和4株病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明：（1）拉鲁湿地放线菌数量从水生环境向陆地生态系统递增,中温放线菌数量显著多于低温放线菌;（2）拉鲁湿地土壤中分离到链霉菌属、小单孢菌属、诺卡氏菌属、马杜拉菌属、小链孢菌属5个放线菌属。其中以链霉菌属和小单孢菌属为优势属。链霉菌属以金色类群、白孢类群和粉红孢类群为主,小单孢菌分离到黄橙类群和黑褐类群;（3）供试菌株分解纤维素能力较强,分解蛋白质活性较低,具有抗菌活性的菌株很少,且抗菌活性较弱;（4）供试菌株耐毒性物质的能力较强。这些菌可用于毒害有机物污染物的处理。     

炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1基因打靶载体的构建

小单孢菌属放线菌是许多生物活性物质的重要来源,但自然条件下小单孢菌的活性产物产率普遍偏低,基因编辑与改造对提高小单孢菌属放线菌活性产物的产率具有重要意义。然而,有效的遗传转化体系成为小单孢菌属放线菌基因编辑改造的瓶颈。炭样小单孢菌JXUN-1是实验室从南昌瑶湖农田土壤样品中分离到的一株具有广谱抗菌活性的放线菌,其基因组具有GC含量高的特点。本研究以敲除炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1中抗生素合成相关基因P450为例,以温敏型质粒pKC1139为模板,构建了炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1 P450基因打靶载体p FD306,然后通过电转化将pFD306导入炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1新鲜菌丝体内,通过双交换获得基因缺失株炭样小单孢菌JXNU-ΔP450,最后通过PCR验证了菌株P450基因的缺失,表明炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1基因打靶载体pFD306构建成功。本研究确证了质粒pKC1139可以用于炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1基因组的编辑,为炭样小单孢菌JXNU-1抗生素合成相关基因的筛选及其功能研究提供有效帮助。     

小单孢菌属的分类及应用研究*

小单孢菌在自然界分布广泛,但由于分离、分类方法所限,绝大多数还没有被人们所认识。在小单孢菌的分类学研究中,最初主要依据的是形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征等表观分类学指征,随着“多相分类”的广泛应用,分子分类在小单孢菌的分类学研究中起到了越来越重要的作用。小单孢菌是寻找新的生物活性物质的重要菌源,某些种能产生抗生素,如庆大霉素、利福霉素、新霉素等;某些种能降解天然橡胶和纤维素。近年来的研究表明,小单孢菌能产生具有独特化学结构的生物活性物质,对肿瘤细胞有靶向和识别作用,并能有效地杀死肿瘤细胞。     

小单孢菌属的分类及应用研究

小单孢菌在自然界分布广泛,但由于分离、分类方法所限,绝大多数还没有被人们所认识。在小单孢菌的分类学研究中,最初主要依据的是形态特征、培养特征及生理生化特征等表观分类学指征,随着“多相分类”的广泛应用,分子分类在小单孢菌的分类学研究中起到了越来越重要的作用。小单孢菌是寻找新的生物活性物质的重要菌源,某些种能产生抗生素,如庆大霉素、利福霉素、新霉素等;某些种能降解天然橡胶和纤维素。近年来的研究表明,小单孢菌能产生具有独特化学结构的生物活性物质,对肿瘤细胞有靶向和识别作用,并能有效地杀死肿瘤细胞。     

放线菌气生菌丝插片培养方法

放线菌大多为多核单细胞丝状多分枝,菌丝相互交错在一起构成菌丝体。在固体平板培养基表面,有些放线菌(如链霉菌科、高温放线菌科、小多孢菌科和游动放线菌科)可分化出气生菌丝和基内菌丝(营养菌丝)。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.