PEP-1超氧化物歧化酶对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后Bcl-2的影响

目的：观察细胞穿透肽-铜,锌超氧化物歧化酶（PEP-1-SOD1）预处理对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤的改善作用及其脑保护机制。方法：线栓法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血6h后再灌注损伤模型,进行神经行为评分,并通过HE染色在光镜下观察神经细胞损伤变化,免疫组化法检测B细胞淋巴瘤基因-2（B—celllymphoma-2,Bcl-2）蛋白的阳性表达。结果：盐水对照组（缺血再灌注组或模型组）神经障碍显著高于假手术组（P〈0．05）,与模型组相比,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组可降低神经障碍评分（P〈0．05）;光镜下,假手术组神经细胞结构正常,PEP-1-SDO1预处理组和缺血再灌注组均有不同程度的缺血再灌注损伤,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组较缺血再灌注组损伤轻;假手术组Bcl-2蛋白表达极弱,缺血再灌注组和PEP-1-SOD1预处理组在脑缺血再灌注后6h在缺血半暗带周围出现Bcl-2蛋白阳性表达,24h达到高峰,48h表达开始减少。与假手术组相比,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组和缺血再灌注组Bcl-2蛋白阳性细胞数显著增多（P〈0．05）;与缺血再灌注组相比,PEP-1-SOD1预处理组Bcl-2蛋白阳性细胞数显著增多（P〈0．05）。结论：PEP-1-SOD1对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤有保护作用,PEP-1-SOD1可通过上调Bcl-2蛋白的表达发挥脑保护作用。     

缺血后适应对局灶性脑缺血/再灌注大鼠caspase-3表达的影响

目的：探讨缺血后适应对大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤后caspase-3表达的影响。方法：大脑中动脉线拴法复制大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤动物模型。将30只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组（n=10）：假手术组（sham组）、缺血/再灌注（I/R）组和缺血后适应（IP）组。利用原位缺口末端标记法观察神经细胞凋亡的变化。应用Western blot检测大鼠局灶性脑缺血/再灌注损伤后caspase-3蛋白表达水平的变化。结果：大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后凋亡细胞数量和caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著升高,而缺血后适应组凋亡细胞数量和caspase-3蛋白表达水平均显著低于缺血/再灌注组（P〈0.01）。结论：缺血后适应可抑制大鼠脑缺血/再灌注后细胞凋亡的发生,此作用可能与下调caspase-3蛋白表达有关。     

大鼠侧脑室注射δ-阿片受体拮抗剂naltrindole或激动剂TAN-67对急性脑缺血的影响

本文旨在探讨δ-阿片受体(δ-opioid receptor,DOR)在急性脑缺血/再灌注损伤中的作用.除假手术组外,其余各组均用大脑中动脉线栓法(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)制备大鼠右侧局灶性缺血/再灌注模型,缺血1 h再灌注24 h.于缺血前30 min侧脑室分别注射DOR拮抗剂naltrindole(20 nmol,50 nmol,100 nmol)、激动剂TAN-67(30 nmol,60nmol,200 nmol)或人工脑脊液,用Longa 5分制评分标准对大鼠进行神经功能评分,焦油紫(cresyl violet,CV)染色和图像分析处理系统测量梗死灶大小,Western blot检测纹状体DOR蛋白的表达.结果表明,60 nmol TAN-67显著减小梗死体积(P<0.05),提高神经功能缺损评分(P<0.05),约60 kDa的DOR蛋白表达也倾向于上升(P>0.05);100 nmol的naltrindole加重脑缺血损伤,约60 kDa的DOR蛋白表达下降(P<0.05).上述结果提示,激动DOR对急性缺血,再灌注大鼠的脑损伤有保护作用,而阻断DOR则加重其损伤.     

三七总皂苷对大鼠脑缺血再灌注后脑内NGF和bFGF表达的影响

目的:观察三七总皂苷(PNS)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后脑组织神经生长因子(NGF)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)蛋白表达的影响.方法:采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.实验动物随机分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注模型组、模型 PNS治疗组和模型 尼莫地平治疗组.用免疫组织化学方法检测脑内皮质、海马等区域NGF和bFGF蛋白表达.结果:缺血2h再灌注46h后,脑内海马和皮质区的NGF表达降低,PNS能显著上调海马、皮质区及丘脑区域NGF的表达.缺血2h再灌注46h后,bFGF的表达各脑区无明显差异;但PNS能显著上调缺血再灌注损伤后胼胝体区域内bFGF的表达.结论:局灶性脑缺血再灌注后,PNS能上调缺血脑组织内NGF和bFGF表达,尤其是促进了NGF的表达,这可能是PNS对脑缺血后损伤神经元的保护机制之一.     

大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中iNOS在大脑皮层和海马的表达

目的研究局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中iNOS在不同脑区的表达.方法用改良的血管内栓线技术制造大鼠局灶性脑缺血与再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学技术检测脑组织中的iNOS的表达.结果 (1)脑缺血再灌注损伤24h后,缺血组缺血侧大脑皮层、海马CA1区、CA3区神经元iNOS的表达显著增强,与正常对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);(2)脑缺血再灌注损伤24h后,缺血组对照侧大脑皮层、海马CA1区、CA3区神经元iNOS的表达也明显增强,与正常对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05);(3) 与对照侧比较,脑缺血再灌注大鼠缺血侧皮质的iNOS表达显著增强(P<0.05),而海马CA1区、CA3区缺血侧的iNOS表达与对照侧相比无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后,缺血侧皮层和海马iNOS表达显著升高,未缺血脑区(对照侧)iNOS反应性也较对照组者升高.     

促红细胞生成素对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注神经元的保护作用及P53蛋白的表达

目的:探讨促红细胞生成素(Epo)对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注神经细胞的保护作用.方法:60只SD大鼠随机分为缺血再灌注Epo治疗组(又分为高剂量A组、低剂量B组)、缺血再灌注组(C组)及假手术组(D组),采用大脑中动脉线栓法制备大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.参考Longa的5分制法在大鼠麻醉清醒后进行评分,TTC染色法观察线栓侧的梗死体积,并检测脑组织含水量的变化,HE染色法观察脑缺血再灌注后脑组织的病理变化,TUNEL法观察神经细胞凋亡情况,western blot法观察p53蛋白的表达变化.结果:对照组比较,大鼠脑缺血再灌注后出现不同程度的脑梗死,24h后缺血中心区及周围区均可见到p53蛋白表达.缺血再灌注6h内给予Epo可显著改善大鼠神经功能评分,减少梗死体积及脑组织含水量,减轻病理学变化及神经细胞凋亡.结论:Epo通过调控神经细胞凋亡、改善缺血再灌注损伤而发挥脑保护作用,P53蛋白参与缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡机制.     

参芎注射液对脑缺血再灌注大鼠的神经元保护作用

目的:观察参芎注射液对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡及内质网应激相关因子葡萄糖调节蛋白/免疫球蛋白结合蛋白(GRP78/Bip)表达的影响.方法:100只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组、脑缺血再灌注组、参芎治疗组;后两组根据再灌注时间不同各分为6、12、24、72 h四个亚组;采用大鼠大脑中动脉线栓法制备局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型.TUNEL法观察细胞凋亡情况;免疫组化和RT-PCR法检测各实验组中缺血周围区GRP78/Bip的表达.结果:TUNEL法表明参芎治疗组大鼠大脑神经细胞凋亡程度较缺血再灌注组明显减轻.免疫组化和RT-PCR检测均发现各时间点缺血再灌注组大鼠GRP78/Bip表达高于假手术组及正常组;脑缺血再灌注组及参芎治疗组GRP78/Bip的表达于缺血后12 h最高,72 h恢复至正常水平,且均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;各时间点缺血再灌注组GRP78/Bip表达均高于参芎治疗组.结论:再灌注损伤后12 h内出现GRP78/Bip表达升高.参芎注射液可以下调其表达,从而可能通过减轻内质网应激而减轻缺血再灌注损伤起到神经元保护的作用.     

电针对局灶脑缺血/再灌注模型大鼠大脑缺血皮质区P2X7R与NLRP3炎性小体表达的影响

目的观察电针治疗对局灶脑缺血/再灌注模型大鼠大脑缺血皮质区嘌呤受体配体门控性离子通道7(purinergic2X7 receptor,P2X7R)和Nod样受体蛋白3(NOD-like receptor pyrin 3,NLRP3)炎性小体表达的影响,探讨电针治疗减轻局灶脑缺血/再灌注炎性损伤的可能机制。方法雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、电针组,每组16只。采用改良线栓法制备局灶脑缺血/再灌注模型。以大鼠"百会"、"合谷"和"太冲"为电针穴位。采用Bederson行为学评分评价各组大鼠神经功能缺损程度,Western blot和RT-q PCR检测大脑缺血皮区P2X7R、NLRP3蛋白及m RNA表达情况,ELISA检测脑内IL-1β和IL-18含量,荧光共聚焦显微镜检测脑内Iba-1阳性小胶质细胞数量。结果脑缺血再灌注后24h,电针治疗可明显改善神经功能缺损症状。RT-q PCR和Western blot检测显示,模型组大脑皮质缺血区P2X7R和NLRP3 m RNA和蛋白表达较假手术组明显升高,电针治疗可明显减少脑缺血再灌注后P2X7R和NLRP3 m RNA和蛋白表达的升高。ELISA测定表明,与模型组相比,电针组大脑皮质缺血区IL-1β和IL-18含量明显降低。激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察发现,脑缺血再灌注后24h,电针治疗可明显减少大脑皮质缺血区Iba-1阳性小胶质细胞数量。结论电针可抑制局灶脑缺血/再灌注模型大鼠脑内P2X7R、NLRP3表达的上调,削弱小胶质细胞激活,减轻炎症因子分泌,从而减轻脑缺血/再灌注炎性损伤。     

阻断缝隙连接对脑缺血后海马迟发性神经元凋亡的影响

目的探讨阻断缝隙连接(gap junction)通讯对大鼠局灶性脑缺血后海马迟发性神经元死亡(delayed neuronal death,DND)及Bcl-2蛋白表达的影响。方法术前2h左侧脑室注射缝隙连接阻断剂甘珀酸(carbenoxolone,CBX),对照组左侧脑室注射生理盐水,颈内动脉插线法制备大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型,采用DNA原位末端标记TUNEL技术及免疫荧光技术,观察阻断缝隙连接对大鼠局灶性脑缺血3d后海马迟发性神经元死亡及BCL-2蛋白表达的影响。结果不给予缝隙连接阻断剂,大脑中动脉缺血模型有45%的大鼠在术后3d出现海马迟发性神经元死亡;用甘珀酸阻断缝隙连接后,30%的大鼠出现海马迟发性神经元死亡,其发生率明显减小(P<0.01);与对照组相比,干预组Bcl-2蛋白的表达较高(P<0.01),两组Bcl-2蛋白的表达均高于假手术组(P<0.01)。结论阻断缝隙连接通讯可以减少局灶性脑缺血后海马迟发性神经元死亡的发生率,Bcl-2参与了局灶性脑缺血后海马神经元凋亡的调节。     

预缺血通过NMDA受体抑制海马CA1区Bcl-2磷酸化的研究

目的:研究预缺血以及联合给予预缺血和NMDA(N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸)受体抑制剂MK801后对大鼠海马CA1区Bcl-2的磷酸化以及海马CA1区锥体细胞凋亡的影响。方法:采用SD大鼠四动脉结扎全脑缺血及预缺血模型,给药组大鼠在预缺血前1h给予腹腔注射MK801 3mg/kg。用免疫印迹法分析不同处理下大鼠海马CA1区Bcl-2的蛋白表达及其磷酸化水平,焦油紫染色法分析海马CA1区锥体细胞的凋亡情况。结果:脑缺血再灌注组相对于Sham组Bcl-2的磷酸化水平以及海马CA1区锥体细胞的凋亡水平显著增高,预缺血组相对于缺血再灌注组Bcl-2的磷酸化水平以及海马CA1区锥体细胞的凋亡水平显著降低;而预缺血前给予MK801组相对于预缺血组Bcl-2磷酸化水平以及海马CA1区锥体细胞的凋亡水平显著增高;而Bcl-2的蛋白表达水平在以上不同处理条件下均无明显变化。结论:NMDA受体介导了预缺血抑制脑缺血再灌注诱导增加Bcl-2磷酸化以及海马CA1区锥体细胞凋亡。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.