农杆菌介导香菇菌丝遗传转化体系的研究

香菇Lentinula edodes是世界第二大食药用真菌,随着其全基因组测序的完成,功能基因组学研究也逐渐展开,建立稳定的香菇转化体系是目前的研究热点。本文将探索以农杆菌为介导的遗传转化体系在香菇中进行随机插入突变的转化效率以及稳定性。构建的质粒p YN6982以潮霉素抗性基因hyg作为筛选标记基因,以增强型荧光蛋白基因egfp作为报告基因,以农杆菌EHA105和LBA4404为介导,同时转化了孢子单核体、原生质体单核体和双核体菌株。结果表明采用小米粒培养基进行菌丝培养和转化,经潮霉素抗性筛选,以及5代传代后,对转化子中的hyg和egfp基因进行PCR扩增和测序,验证了转化子的遗传稳定性。经过荧光显微观察表明,EGFP在转化子中可稳定表达。本研究探索出一种采用小米粒培养基培养菌丝并进行转化的新方法,建立了稳定的农杆菌介导的香菇遗传转化体系,为进一步开展香菇的基因功能研究奠定了良好的基础。     

橡胶树胶孢炭疽菌T-DNA插入突变体库构建及其致病缺陷转化子筛选

【目的】进一步研究橡胶树胶孢炭疽菌致病分子机理。【方法】通过含ILV1基因(具氯嘧磺隆抗性)的pSULF.gfp双元载体农杆菌AGL-1介导进行橡胶树胶孢炭疽菌遗传转化,利用氯嘧磺隆抗性标记筛选转化子,对转化子PCR验证及荧光显微观察;采用离体古铜期橡胶树叶无伤接种法进行致病性缺陷转化子筛选,并对转化子进行遗传稳定性检测。【结果】获得含3 721个转化子的T-DNA插入突变体库,转化效率为150 400个转化子/106孢子,从3 721个转化子中筛选得到致病性缺陷转化子25个;随机选取20个转化子进行遗传稳定性测定,在不含氯嘧磺隆PDA平板上继代培养10次后仍保持氯嘧磺隆抗性,且表型稳定,表明插入外源基因能够稳定遗传。【结论】可以利用根癌农杆菌介导橡胶孢炭疽菌转化,构建橡胶树胶孢炭疽菌T-DNA插入突变体库,筛选致病缺陷突变菌,为进一步研究该菌致病相关基因提供材料。     

霉酚酸产生菌原生质体转基因方法的建立

摘要:【目的】建立霉酚酸产生菌短密青霉菌的遗传转化体系。【方法】以腐草霉素抗性为选择标记,利用聚乙二醇介导原生质体融合,进行外源基因转化。【结果】聚乙二醇介导的短密青霉菌原生质体转化效率为每微克DNA 2－3个转化子;转化子的PCR检测结果显示外源基因已经整合到短密青霉菌基因组中,转化子抗性稳定。【结论】霉酚酸产生菌短密青霉菌转基因体系的建立为该菌进行分子生物学研究以及基因工程育种奠定了基础。     

PEG法介导蛹虫草遗传转化体系的建立

由于真菌的遗传转化体系中一般以原生质体作为受体细胞,因而对蛹虫草原生质体制备的各种因素进行比较研究。结果表明,蛹虫草原生质体制备的最佳体系为:液体培养4天的蛹虫草菌球,以0.8 mol/L甘露醇作为稳渗剂,加入含1.5%蜗牛酶+1.5%溶壁酶复合酶,在34℃酶解蛹虫草菌球4 h时,原生质体得率达到1.0×10~7个/ml。潮霉素筛选压实验表明,蛹虫草原生质体在PDA固体培养基上的潮霉素最低筛选浓度为650 mg/L。采用正交试验的方法,设计PEG介导蛹虫草原生质体转化,将质粒p SB130-GFP转化蛹虫草原生质体,在荧光倒置显微镜下观察比较,得到最佳的转化体系为:PEG浓度为25%,冰浴时间为10 min,室温时间为20 min,质粒质量为30μg,原生质体个数为10~7个/ml。最终得到PEG法介导蛹虫草遗传转化的转化频率约为100~200个/μg(抗性转化子/质粒+10~7个原生质体)。转化子在含潮霉素的培养基上经4代以上的继代培养后仍可以表达潮霉素抗性并稳定遗传。为通过基因工程手段定向、快速改良蛹虫草药用品质,利用蛹虫草发酵方法生产一些具有重大经济价值的外源蛋白等奠定基础,并且有助于进一步了解蛹虫草这一大型真菌中基因的表达调控机制。     

以潮霉素B抗性为选择标记的深黄被孢霉原生质体转化

利用亚硝基胍（MNNG）诱变方法筛选了一株深黄被孢霉潮霉素B敏感型菌株M6-22-4。采用PEG介导的方法,将含有E.coli潮霉素B抗性标记的PD4质粒转入敏感株M6-22-4原生质体,并在潮霉素B浓度为400μg/mL的选择培养基上筛选转化子,获得了1.6～2.8个转化子/μg质粒DNA的转化频率。稳定性实验表明,质粒线性化后所获得的转化子在PDA培养基上传代10代以后,转接到选择平板上有31.6%仍具有HmB抗性;随机挑选了3个转化子,通过PCR方法检测到潮霉素抗性基因的存在,Southern杂交发现,潮霉素抗性基因已经以1～2拷贝数整合到深黄被孢霉M6-22-4染色体上,这是深黄被孢霉转化系统的首次报道。     

木酮糖激酶基因整合表达载体构建及在酿酒酵母中的过表达

【目的】以载体p406ADH1为构建骨架,构建一个酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)工业菌株的整合表达载体。【方法】通过酶切连接的方式,将4个元件片段:作为筛选标记的G418抗性基因KanR,用于基因表达的ADH1终止子片段,酿酒酵母W5自身木酮糖激酶基因,18S rDNA介导的同源整合区,插入到骨架质粒p406ADH1中,得到多拷贝整合表达载体pCXS-RKTr。将该载体线性转化酿酒酵母后,对转化子中木酮糖激酶酶活进行测定,检测其表达情况。【结果】重组质粒在酿酒酵母体内实现了木酮糖激酶的高水平稳定表达,其酶活力是初始菌株的2.87倍。【结论】本实验构建了一个酿酒酵母工业菌株整合表达载体,并用此载体过表达了其自身的木酮糖激酶基因。该重组质粒载体的构建可以有效解决酿酒酵母中自身木酮糖激酶酶活较低的情况,这为利用木糖高产乙醇酿酒酵母基因工程菌株的构建和其它酵母重组质粒载体的构建奠定基础。     

以潮霉素B抗性为选择标记的深黄被孢霉原生质体转化

利用亚硝基胍(MNNG)诱变方法筛选了一株深黄被孢霉潮霉素B敏感型菌株M6-22-4。采用PEG介导的方法,将含有E.coli潮霉素B抗性标记的PD4质粒转入敏感株M6-22-4原生质体,并在潮霉素B浓度为400μg/mL的选择培养基上筛选转化子,获得了1.6~2.8个转化子/μg质粒DNA的转化频率。稳定性实验表明,质粒线性化后所获得的转化子在PDA培养基上传代10代以后,转接到选择平板上有31.6%仍具有HmB抗性;随机挑选了3个转化子,通过PCR方法检测到潮霉素抗性基因的存在,Southern杂交发现,潮霉素抗性基因已经以1~2拷贝数整合到深黄被孢霉M6-22-4染色体上,这是深黄被孢霉转化系统的首次报道。     

杨树腐烂病菌(Cytospora chrysosperma)原生质体遗传转化体系的构建

【目的】通过分析不同酶解条件对金黄壳囊孢菌[Cytospora chrysosperma(Pers.)Fr.]原生质体释放的影响,建立高效制备原生质体及其遗传转化体系的方法,为开展杨树腐烂病菌的致病分子机制研究奠定基础。【方法】以杨树腐烂病菌菌株CFCC 89981为受体,在细胞壁降解酶作用下产生用于转化所需的原生质体,通过PEG(Polyethylene glycol)介导将g GFP DNA导入杨树腐烂病菌的原生质体中获得转化子。经PCR扩增、Southern blot和荧光观察验证g GFP DNA插入到杨树腐烂病菌基因组中并表达出GFP(Green fluorescent protein)蛋白。【结果】以p H 5.5的1.2 mol/L KCl为稳渗剂,杨树腐烂病菌菌丝经Driselase和Lysing enzymes共同酶解4 h可获得1.2×108个/m L原生质体,再生率可达63.74%±9.73%,FDA(Fluorescein diacetate)溶液染色结果显示98%左右的原生质体具有较高的活力。利用PEG介导的遗传转化方法,转化效率可达76个/μg DNA。PCR检测和Southern blot均可在转化子基因组中检测到GFP基因片段,且荧光检测转化子的菌丝均呈绿色荧光,表明GFP基因在杨树腐烂病菌中表达。此外,GFP转化子在无潮霉素抗性的PDA培养基中多代转接后仍稳定遗传并表达GFP蛋白。【结论】通过筛选酶解条件,获得高质量、高活性的杨树腐烂病菌原生质体,并利用PEG介导的转化方法建立了高效稳定的原生质体遗传转化体系。该体系的建立为杨树腐烂病菌的后续研究奠定了技术基础。     

PEG 介导的苹果腐烂病菌原生质体转化

摘要: 【目的】建立PEG 介导的苹果腐烂病菌原生质体遗传转化体系。【方法】本文利用带有hph 基因的质粒,以苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali var.mali) 03-8 为受体菌株,通过PEG 融合法对其原生体进行转化。【结果】于YEPD 内培养48 h 的菌丝,在酶解液浓度为50 mg /mL Driselase + 10 mg /mL Lysing Enzymes 情况下,按10 mL酶液/0. 5 g湿菌体比例,酶解2 h时可以释放出4 × 107 个/mL 原生质体,其转化效率为44 个/μg DNA。对转化子的PCR 检测和Southern 杂交分析表明,hph 基因已经整合进苹果树腐烂病菌的基因组中。转化子在PDA 培养基中继代5 次后,87. 5% 的转化子仍能正常生长,表明外源基因hph 能在苹果树腐烂病菌中稳定遗传。【结论】该转化体系的建立为苹果树腐烂病菌致病相关基因的深入研究奠定了基础。     

运动发酵单胞菌ZM4、CP4菌株基因工程选择标记的研究

尽管质粒和选择标记的使用作为基因工程最基本的一环而为人们所熟知,但对一些特殊菌种（菌株）或研究很少的菌种（菌株）的基因工程操作来说,质粒和选择标记可能仍然是一个并未完全解决的问题,因而需要不断提高认识、不断改进。运动发酵单胞菌Zymomonasmobilis具有突出的产醇性能,但其多种内源质粒和多种抗性的特点,增加了其基因工程操作时质粒和选择标记选用的难度。本研究在测定四个抗生素即Ap、Cm、Te、Km对典型菌株ZM4、CP4的最低生长抑制浓度的基础上,初步确定了这两个菌株基因工程操作时的四个抗生素使用浓度依次分别为300、100、25、350μg／mL（ZM4）和500、100、25、250μg]mL（CP4）;并进一步通过穿梭载体pZB21、宽宿主载体pBBR1MCS-2和整合载体pBR328-ldhR—cml—ldhL的转化,初步分析和证明了这些选择标记和在相应抗生素浓度下的效果：首先,对每一个选择标记基因来说,前述抗生素浓度是适于携带此选择标记基因的质粒的转化筛选和相应转化子培养的;其次,在前述抗生素浓度下,综合筛选平板阳性率和转化效率、培养物菌体形态异常程度等指标,四个选择标记基因中,以Cm和Tc抗性标记基因效果最好,Km抗性标记基因居中,Ap抗性标记基因最差。这些结果为ZM4、CP4基因工程遗传改造用抗性标记基因、质粒、抗生素的选择及转化系统的完善奠定了基础。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).