西藏小型猪部分脏器血管铸型标本制作

目的研究西藏小型猪内脏铸型,对西藏小型猪在相关生物医学研究上的应用提供参考。方法应用过氯乙烯和牙托粉单独或混合填充剂灌注方法制作西藏小型猪心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏和脑铸型研究其血管分布规律。结果西藏小型猪内脏铸型外观完整美观,保持正常解剖状态、位置,充分显示和暴露主干的分支分布,各管道饱满,管道粗细适当,标本色泽鲜艳。结论通过单独或混合灌注过氯乙烯和牙托粉填充剂可以成功制作西藏小型猪铸型标本,所做标本显示的脏器血管分布情况对相关生物医学研究具有重要应用价值。     

安南龟肝脏和肾脏的组织学观察

采用常规石蜡切片对安南龟的肝脏和肾脏进行了组织学观察。研究结果发现,肝脏分为3叶,肝实质内结缔组织少。肝脏由无数肝小叶构成,肝小叶分界不清。肝细胞为多角形的腺上皮细胞,细胞核圆球形,位于中央。胆小管沿着肝细胞索向肝小叶四周放射并连成细长的微细管道。肾脏由肾小体、颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管和收集管6部分构成,肾小体由肾小球和肾小囊组成,在肾小体附近可见致密斑样结构,未见髓袢结构。肾小球由盘曲的毛细血管构成。肾小囊是肾小管的起始端,由内、外两层壁层构成,内层与肾小球的毛细血管紧贴,外层为单层扁平上皮细胞。     

红腹锦鸡肾的组织结构及EGFR、TGF-β、AQP-2在肾脏中的表达

为了解红腹锦鸡肾脏的结构特征,观察表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)、水通道蛋白-2(AQP-2)在肾脏中的表达情况,应用组织学方法及免疫组织化学方法,观察了5只红腹锦鸡肾脏的组织结构,检测了EGFR、TGF-β(TGF-β1,TGF-β2,TGF-β3)、AQP-2在肾中的表达。结果表明:红腹锦鸡肾脏主要由许多肾单位、集合管和少量结缔组织组成。肾单位是肾脏功能结构的基本单位,它由一个肾小体和一个与其连接的上皮性肾小管构成。血管球由一团迂回盘曲的毛细血管丛构成,结构简单;肾小囊足细胞的突起与毛细血管内皮细胞及基膜紧密相贴,三者构成肾小体的滤过屏障;近端小管由单层立方上皮组成,上皮细胞游离面有许多微绒毛,细胞界限不明显,侧面有许多指状突起彼此交错,质膜内褶较少;远端小管上皮细胞基底面有丰富的质膜内褶;集合管上皮细胞有明细胞和暗细胞两种类型;近端小管上皮细胞呈EGFR、TGF-β免疫反应阳性,集合管上皮细胞呈AQP-2免疫反应阳性。EGFR、TGF-β、AQP-2可能发挥着不同的功能,对肾单位的构筑、肾小管和集合管结构的稳定以及肾脏水的平衡等可能有重要的调节作用。     

中国小型猪在生物医药领域的研究进展

小型猪在生理、解剖结构、营养代谢、药物代谢以及疾病发生发展上与人类相似,被广泛应用于人类疾病研究中。我国小型猪资源丰富,不同种群遗传性状稳定并各具特色。但如何结合中国小型猪的特点,建立符合生物医药研究需要的人类疾病小型猪模型仍处于探索阶段。本文对不同品种中国小型猪在人类疾病模型研究中的应用现状进行概述,以期为进一步利用中国小型猪研究人类疾病提供参考和指导。     

西藏小型猪细胞色素b基因序列的比较

目的对西藏小型猪Cyt b-基因序列进行分析,研究其遗传背景及其与国内家猪的亲缘关系。方法提取西藏小型猪和巴马小型猪、贵州香猪、五指山猪的全基因组DNA,设计引物扩增Cyt b基因,测序后进行碱基序列比对,建立亲缘关系树,分析西藏小型猪的遗传背景。结果西藏小型猪等国内部分品种猪的Cyt b基因序列与欧洲猪相比有14个变异位点;但是西藏小型猪与国内品种猪相比存在两个特殊碱基位点即在420位点T→C转换的同时在883位点存在G→A转换。结论西藏小型猪与巴马小型猪、贵州香猪、五指山猪等国内家猪有很近的亲缘关系。同时进一步证实西藏小型猪群体内存在一定的遗传分化。     

中华花龟五种器官组织学观察

利用石蜡切片法对中华花龟的心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺和肾脏等组织器官进行了组织学观察.结果显示心肌的特点是暗带较窄,心肌纤维束状排列.肝脏分3叶,肝实质内结缔组织少,肝小叶分界不清楚.脾脏分被膜和实质两部分,实质由白髓和红髓构成,白髓包括椭球周围淋巴鞘(PELS)和动脉周围淋巴鞘(PALS),红髓由脾索和脾窦组成,未发现淋巴小结和生发中心.肺一对,为长形扁平囊,肺泡囊状,肺泡内可见管壁的结节状膨大.肾脏由肾小体、颈段、近曲小管、中间段、远曲小管和收集管6部分构成,肾小体由肾小球和肾小囊组成,在肾小体附近可见致密斑样结构.     

小熊猫肾脏和输尿管的组织学研究

小熊猫的肾脏呈蚕豆形,表面光滑不分叶,只有1个肾锥体和1个肾盏,无肾盂。肾脏皮质内可见皮质迷路和髓放线。皮质迷路内有近曲小管、远曲小管和肾小体等结构。髓放线内有近端小管直部和远端小管直部。髓质可分为外髓和内髓两个区域。外髓有较多的集合管断面,少量的远端小管直部和细段,较多的直小血管束。内髓部位有大量的细段和乳头管。各种泌尿小管之间有少量的疏松结缔组织构成的间质,间质内有丰富的毛细血管。输尿管横切面呈圆形或卵圆形,管腔呈不规则的裂隙状。管壁由粘膜、肌肉层和外膜组成。并与大熊猫肾脏和输尿管的组织结构作了比较研究。     

小型猪在肾脏疾病研究中的应用

随着对小型猪研究的不断深入,其作为人类疾病模型的优势日益明显,在生物医学研究中的应用也日趋增多。比较解剖学和生理学研究表明,小型猪的诸多生物学特性均与人类极为相似,尤其在肾脏的解剖和功能方面几乎是人类的复制品,使其在复制肾脏疾病模型,研究疾病发病机制和评估治疗策略等中具有无可替代的作用。本文将综述小型猪作为疾病动物模型在肾脏疾病研究中的应用。     

西藏小型猪群体遗传结构分析

目的了解西藏小型猪的群体遗传结构。方法针对所优选出的40个微卫星位点设计引物,对35头南方医科大学饲养的西藏小型猪样本进行PCR扩增,扩增产物采用STR扫描技术进行测定,分析西藏小型猪的群体遗传结构。结果西藏小型猪群体平均有效等位基因数为4.6187,平均杂合度为0.7576,平均多态性信息含量0.7463。结论西藏小型猪群体具有丰富的遗传多样性,符合封闭群动物遗传特性。     

秦岭滑蜥排泄系统组织形态学观察

运用大体解剖和组织切片技术对秦岭滑蜥Scincella tsinlingensis排泄系统进行了组织形态学观察。结果显示:秦岭滑蜥的排泄系统包括肾脏、输尿管、膀胱和泄殖腔。肾脏由被膜与实质构成,实质包括许多泌尿小管与少量结缔组织。泌尿小管包括肾单位与集合管,肾单位的数量较两栖类有了明显增加。结缔组织中分布有少量弹性纤维、网状纤维和大量胶原纤维。输尿管由许多分支的集尿管汇聚形成,包括黏膜与外膜,黏膜由单层柱状上皮过渡为多层鳞状细胞,固有层零散分布有浆细胞,结缔组织中分布有胶原纤维与少量弹性纤维。膀胱由黏膜层、肌层与外膜构成,黏膜上皮为变移上皮,固有层分布有少量的浆细胞。消化道、生殖道和输尿管末端汇聚于泄殖腔,泄殖腔壁由黏膜、肌层和外膜构成,黏膜上皮分布有黏液性细胞和少量浆细胞。秦岭滑蜥的排泄系统与其他卵胎生蜥蜴无明显差别。     

西藏小型猪心脏、呼吸系统组织学观察

目的积累西藏小型猪心脏和呼吸系统的组织学资料,对西藏小型猪在相关生物学研究上的应用提供参考。方法将西藏小型猪心脏和呼吸系统各脏器固定于10％中性甲醛溶液中,常规石蜡切片,HE染色,光镜下观察。结果西藏小型猪心脏壁厚,心内膜下浦肯野纤维粗,束细胞大而清晰,排列规则;心肌纤维粗大,排列紧密,横纹较模糊,润盘少且不清楚,肌间血管丰富;心外膜较厚。西藏小型猪鼻黏膜较厚;气管和支气管假复层柱状纤毛上皮排列紧密,纤毛粗而长,黏膜下腺体量少;肺支气管周围无炎性细胞浸润,肺泡腔内尘细胞极少,肺泡壁和肺间质血管较丰富。结论西藏小型猪心脏、呼吸系统表现出高原动物组织学特点,其这种特点对今后西藏小型猪实验所涉及的组织学判断有重要参考价值。     

Fine structure of the mammalian renal capsule: The atypical smooth muscle cell and its functional meaning

Summary The present electron microscopic study on the fine structure of the renal capsule of some mammals (mouse, rat, mole, guinea pig and rabbit) shows that, although there are some variations in the structure, the general morphology is the same.The renal capsule of these animals consists of two layers, a connective tissue layer and an atypical smooth muscle cell layer, and is bound to the renal parenchyma by a thin peritubular loose connective tissue. The atypical smooth muscle cell is characterized by the existence of fine cytoplasmic filaments usually arranged along the long axis of the cell, and the cells also show a complicated interlocking among adjacent cells. The atypical smooth muscle cells gradually undergo a transition to fibroblasts of the upper connective tissue layer, losing their similarities to smooth muscle cells.When intrarenal pressure is elevated and the renal capsule is distended, the intercellular space among interdigitating or overlapping atypical smooth muscle cells is extensively dilated.Tracers such as horseradish peroxidase and ferritin injected intravenously or intraperitoneally can transverse the renal capsule.From the present study, it is concluded that the renal capsule of mammals possesses common structures, and contains atypical smooth muscle cells. These morphological characteristics suggest that the renal capsule could play a certain role related to the renal function.The author wishes to acknowledge the helpful advices of Prof. T. Yamamoto     

西藏小型猪H-FABP基因的PCR-RFLP研究

目的研究西藏小型猪心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白（H-FABP）基因5’-上游区和第二内含子内的遗传变异。方法应用PCR-RFLP技术测定30头西藏小型猪H-FABP的基因型。结果（1）在5’-上游区的Hinf I-RFLP位点上,西藏小型猪表现出多态性,等位基因h的频率为0．80;（2）在在第二内含子内的Hae Ⅲ-RFLP位点上,西藏小型猪均为DD纯合子;（3）在第二内含子内的Hinf I＊-RFLP位点上,除一头猪表现为bb基因型外,其余猪都表现为BB基因型,等位基因B的频率为0．97;（4）除Hae Ⅲ-RFLP位点外,在其余位点上西藏小型猪均处于Hardy-weinberg不平衡状态。（5）在Hinf I-RFLP中,西藏小型猪表现为中度多态性（0．25〈PIC〈0．5）,而在其他位点的RFLP中表现为低度多态（PIC〈0．25）。结论可以利用西藏小型猪H-FABP基因5’-上游区的多态遗传标记来分析其与肌内脂肪的关系。     

巴马小型猪在医学研究中的应用进展简

广西巴马小型猪作为国内小型猪主要品种之一,具有遗传性稳定、多产、体重较小、体表多覆白毛等特征,组织器官及生化指标与人类相似,已越来越广泛地应用于医学研究领域：猪的心脏解剖与生理特点与人类高度相似,已被广泛应用于心血管系统研究中,在我国,巴马小型猪被用来构建心肌缺血、卵圆孔未闭等心血管疾病模型;猪具有杂食性及与人相似的脂质代谢,可用于研究内分泌疾病,巴马小型猪已用于糖尿病动物模型建立及其遗传易感性、并发症的防治研究等;巴马小型猪的消化系统与人类相似,利用此特点已建立阻塞性慢性胰腺炎、结肠穿孔、胆肠吻合等消化系统疾病模型;巴马小型猪除头、尾外,体表覆以白毛,这一特点使其成为研究皮肤创伤、烧伤修复等的理想动物;小型猪的牙齿解剖结构与人类相似,口裂大,可作为口腔医学研究中的理想动物,巴马小型猪已用来建立牙髓坏死模型及对上颌扩弓方式的研究;类似人的解剖、生理、病理使其成为较为适合的异种移植供体.在中医药研究方面,已用巴马小型猪分别建立了肝脏、脾脏、股动、静脉出血及头颈恶性肿瘤放疗后的腮腺损伤动物模型以研究中药制剂的疗效及机制.     

Some features of the structure and histochemistry of the rat parathyroid gland

Summary Some features of the structure and histochemistry of the rat parathyroid gland have been studied using a variety of histological and histochemical staining methods. The gland is composed of a compact parenchyma consisting essentially of a single cell type. The parenchyma is encapsulated by a connective tissue layer which extends into it and holds abundant branches of blood vessels. In the parenchymal cells four types of protein granules are demonstrated by the tetrazonium, DDD-diazo blue B, alkaline tetrazolium and HNAH-diazo blue B methods respectively. The DDD-diazo blue B reactive granules are considered to relate to the secretory activity of the parenchymal cells in view of their morphology and recent biochemical data on the nature of parathyroid hormone. The cytophysiological significance of the other three types of protein granules was discussed on the basis of their morphological features. Besides protein granules the parenchymal cells contain glycogen, RNA and DNA, and are reactive for alkaline phosphatase. The quantity of these substances and the enzyme activity seem to reflect to a certain extent different states of cellular activity. The parenchymal cells show scanty sudanophilic lipid content in paraffin sections and are devoid of basophilic mucopolysaccharides. Further, the cells are negative for acid phosphatase. In the connective tissue stroma of the gland the vascular endothelial cells show high alkaline phosphatase activity, and a hypothesis is presented as to the physiological significance of this high enzyme activity.     

Biomechanics of the lung parenchyma: critical roles of collagen and mechanical forces.

The biomechanical properties of connective tissues play fundamental roles in how mechanical interactions of the body with its environment produce physical forces at the cellular level. It is now recognized that mechanical interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) have major regulatory effects on cellular physiology and cell-cycle kinetics that can lead to the reorganization and remodeling of the ECM. The connective tissues are composed of cells and the ECM, which includes water and a variety of biological macromolecules. The macromolecules that are most important in determining the mechanical properties of these tissues are collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. Among these macromolecules, the most abundant and perhaps most critical for structural integrity is collagen. In this review, we examine how mechanical forces affect the physiological functioning of the lung parenchyma, with special emphasis on the role of collagen. First, we overview the composition of the connective tissue of the lung and their complex structural organization. We then describe how mechanical properties of the parenchyma arise from its composition as well as from the architectural organization of the connective tissue. We argue that, because collagen is the most important load-bearing component of the parenchymal connective tissue, it is also critical in determining the homeostasis and cellular responses to injury. Finally, we overview the interactions between the parenchymal collagen network and cellular remodeling and speculate how mechanotransduction might contribute to disease propagation and the development of small- and large-scale heterogeneities with implications to impaired lung function in emphysema.